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Hadiah Nobel dalam Fisiologi atau Perubatan: Perbezaan antara semakan

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17,150 suntingan
KLITE789 (bincang | sumb.)
17,150 suntingan
Baris 529:
|[[Howard Florey, Baron Florey|Howard Walter Florey]]
|[[Australia]]
|-
|1946
|
|[[Hermann Joseph Muller]]
|[[Amerika Syarikat]]
|"pengemuan penghasilan [[mutasi]] melalui [[penyinaran]] [[sinar X]]"<ref name="nobel-1946">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1946/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1946
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=3|1947
|[[File:Carl Ferdinand Cori.jpg|75px]]
|[[Carl Ferdinand Cori]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|rowspan=2|"penemuan perjalanan penukaran [[glikogen]] bermangkin"<ref name = "nobel-1947"/>
|-
|[[File:Gerty Theresa Cori.jpg|75px]]
|[[Gerty Theresa Cori|Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz]]
| Amerika Syarikat
|-
|[[File:Bernado Houssay.JPG|75px]]
|[[Bernardo Houssay|Bernardo Alberto Houssay]]
|[[Argentina]]
|"penemuan peranan [[hormon]] lobus [[pituitari anterior]] dalam metabolisme [[glukosa|gula]]"<ref name="nobel-1947">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1947/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|1948
|
|[[Paul Hermann Müller]]
|Switzerland
|"penemuan kecekapan tinggi [[DDT]] sebagai [[racun serangga|racun sentuh]] terhadap sesetengah [[artropod]]"<ref name="nobel-1948">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1948/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1948
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|1949
|
|[[Walter Rudolf Hess]]
|Switzerland
|"penemuan organisasi fungsi [[otak tengah]] sebagai penyelaras aktiviti organ-organ dalaman"<ref name = "nobel-1949"/>
|-
|[[File:Moniz.jpg|75px]]
|[[António Egas Moniz|Antonio Caetano De Abreu Freire Egas Moniz]]
|[[Portugal]]
|"penemuan nilai terapeutik [[lobotomi]] dalam psikosis tertentu"<ref name="nobel-1949">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1949/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1949
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=3|1950
|
|[[Philip Showalter Hench]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|rowspan=3|"penemuan mereka berkaitan [[hormon]] [[korteks adrenal]], struktur dan kesan biologinya"<ref name="nobel-1950">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1950/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1950
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[Edward Calvin Kendall]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|-
|
|[[Tadeus Reichstein|Tadeusz Reichstein]]
|Switzerland
|-
|1951
|
|[[Max Theiler]]
|[[Afrika Selatan|Kesatuan Afrika Selatan]]
|"penemuannya berkenaan [[demam kuning]] dan cara pencegahannya"<ref name="nobel-1951">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1951/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1951
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|1952
|[[Image:Selman Waksman NYWTS.jpg|75px]]
|[[Selman Waksman|Selman Abraham Waksman]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|"penemuan [[streptomisin]], [[antibiotik]] pertama yang berkesan melawan [[tuberkulosis]]"<ref name="nobel-1952">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1952/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1952
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|1953
|
|[[Hans Adolf Krebs]]
|United Kingdom
|"penemuan [[kitaran asid sitrik]]"<ref name = "nobel-1953"/>
|-
|[[File:Portrait of Fritz Albert Lipmann (1899-1986), Biochemist (2551001689).jpg|75px]]
|[[Fritz Albert Lipmann]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|"penemuan [[koenzim A]] dan kepentingannya untuk metabolisme perantaraan"<ref name="nobel-1953">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1953/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1953
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=3|1954
|rowspan=3|
|[[John Franklin Enders]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|rowspan=3|"penemuan kebolehan [[virus]] [[poliomielitis]] bertumbuh dalam kultur pelbagai jenis tisu"<ref name="nobel-1954">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1954/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1954
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|[[Frederick Chapman Robbins]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|-
|[[Thomas Huckle Weller]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|-
|1955
|
|[[Hugo Theorell|Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell]]
|Sweden
|"penemuannya berkenaan sifat cara tindakan enzim pengoksidaan"<ref name="nobel-1955">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1955/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1955
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=3|1956
|
|[[André Frédéric Cournand]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|rowspan=3|"penemuan mereka berkenaan [[pengkateteran jantung]] dan perubahan patologi dalam [[sistem peredaran]]"<ref name="nobel-1956">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1956/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1956
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[Werner Forssmann]]
|[[Jerman Barat|Republik Persekutuan Jerman]]
|-
|
|[[Dickinson W. Richards]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|-
|1957
|
|[[Daniel Bovet]]
|[[Itali]]
|"penemuannya berkaitan [[antihistamin|sebatian sintetik yang menghalang tindakan bahan-bahan badan tertentu]], khususnya tindakannya pada sistem vaskular dan otot rangka"<ref name="nobel-1957">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1957/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1957
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=3|1958
|[[File:George W. Beadle.jpg|75px]]
|[[George Wells Beadle]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|rowspan=2| "penemuan mereka bahawa [[gen]] bertindak dengan mengawal kejadian kima tertentu"<ref name = "nobel-1958"/>
|-
|[[File:Edward Lawrie Tatum.jpg|75px]]
|[[Edward Lawrie Tatum]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|-
|
|[[Joshua Lederberg]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|"penemuannya berkenaan [[gabungan semula genetik]] dan organisasi [[gen|bahan genetik]] [[bakteria]]"<ref name="nobel-1958">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1958/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1958
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|1959
|[[File:Arthur Kornberg.jpg|75px]]
|[[Arthur Kornberg]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|rowspan=2|"penemuan mekanisme dalam sintesis biologi [[asid ribonukleik]] dan [[asid deoksibonukleik]]"<ref name="nobel-1959">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1959/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[Severo Ochoa]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|-
|rowspan=2|1960
|[[File:Burnet 2jpg.jpg|75px]]
|Sir [[Frank Macfarlane Burnet]]
|Australia
|rowspan=2|"penemuan [[tolerans imunologi]] perolehan"<ref name="nobel-1960">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1960/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1960
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[Peter Medawar|Peter Brian Medawar]]
|United Kingdom
|-
|1961
|
|[[Georg von Békésy]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|"penemuan mekanisme rangsangan fizikal dalam [[koklea]]"<ref name="nobel-1961">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1961/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1961
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=3|1962
|[[Image:Francis Crick.png|75px]]
| [[Francis Crick|Francis Harry Compton Crick]]
|United Kingdom
|rowspan=3|"penemuan mereka berkenaan struktur molekul [[asid nukleik]] dan kepentingannya untuk pemindahan maklumat dalam bahan hidup"<ref name="nobel-1962">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1962/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:JamesDWatson.jpg|75px]]
|[[James D. Watson|James Dewey Watson]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|-
|
|[[Maurice Wilkins|Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins]]
|[[New Zealand]]<br>United Kingdom
|-
|rowspan=3|1963
|
|Sir [[John Carew Eccles]]
|Australia
|rowspan=3|"penemuan mereka berkenaan mekanisme ionik yang terlibat dalam pengujaan dan perencatan dalam bahagian periferi dan tengah [[membran sel]] [[saraf]]"<ref name="nobel-1963">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1963/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1963
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Alan L. Hodgkin.jpg|75px]]
|[[Alan Lloyd Hodgkin]]
|United Kingdom
|-
|[[Image:Andrew huxley trinity.png|75px]]
|[[Andrew Huxley|Andrew Fielding Huxley]]
|United Kingdom
|-
|rowspan=2|1964
|rowspan=2|
|[[Konrad Emil Bloch|Konrad Bloch]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|rowspan=2|"penemuan mereka berkenaan mekanisme dan pengawalan [[kolesterol]] dan [[metabolisme]] [[asid lemak]]"<ref name="nobel-1964">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1964/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1964
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|[[Feodor Felix Konrad Lynen|Feodor Lynen]]
|Republik Persekutuan Jerman
|-
|rowspan=3|1965
|rowspan=3|
|[[François Jacob]]
|Perancis
|rowspan=3|"penemuan mereka berkenaan [[Transkripsi (genetik)|kawalan enzim genetik]] dan [[provirus|sintesis virus]]"<ref name="nobel-1965">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1965/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1965
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|[[André Michel Lwoff|André Lwoff]]
|Perancis
|-
|[[Jacques Monod]]
|Perancis
|-
|rowspan=2|1966
|rowspan=2|
|[[Francis Peyton Rous|Peyton Rous]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|"penemuan [[virus]] penyebab [[tumor]]"<ref name = "nobel-1966"/>
|-
|[[Charles Brenton Huggins]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|"penemuannya berkenaan [[Terapi hormon (onkologi)|rawatan hormon]] bagi [[penyakit barah prostat]]"<ref name="nobel-1966">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1966/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1966
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=3|1967
|rowspan=3|
|[[Ragnar Granit]]
|Sweden
|rowspan=3|"penemuan mereka berkenaan proses penglihatan fisiologi dan kimia utama dalam [[mata]]"<ref name="nobel-1967">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1967/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1967
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|[[Haldan Keffer Hartline]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|-
|[[George Wald]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|-
|rowspan=3|1968
|[[Image:Robert W. Holley..jpg|75px]]
|[[Robert W. Holley]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|rowspan=3|"pentafsiran [[kod genetik]] dan fungsinya dalam [[Biosintesis protein|sintesis protein]]"<ref name="nobel-1968">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1968/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|[[Image:Har Gobind Khorana.jpg|75px]]
|[[Har Gobind Khorana]]
|India
|-
|[[Image:MNirenberg.jpg|75px]]
|[[Marshall Warren Nirenberg|Marshall W. Nirenberg]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|-
|rowspan=3|1969
|[[Image:Max Delbruck.jpg|75px]]
|[[Max Delbrück]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|rowspan=3|"penemuan mereka berkenaan mekanisme replikasi dan struktur genetik [[virus]]"<ref name="nobel-1969">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1969/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1969
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|[[Image:Alfred D. Hershey 1969.jpg|75px]]
|[[Alfred Hershey|Alfred D. Hershey]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|-
|
|[[Salvador Luria|Salvador E. Luria]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|-
|rowspan=3|1970
|[[File:Axelrod01.jpg|75px]]
|[[Julius Axelrod]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|rowspan=3|"penemuan mereka berkenaan [[Pengutus saraf|penghantaran humoral dalam terminal saraf]] dan mekanisme penyimpanan, pengeluaran dan pentakaktifannya"<ref name="nobel-1970">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1970/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1970
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[Ulf von Euler]]
|Sweden
|-
|
|Sir [[Bernard Katz]]
|United Kingdom
|-
|1971
|
|[[Earl Wilbur Sutherland, Jr.|Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|"penemuannya berkenaan mekanisme tindakan-tindakan [[hormon]]"<ref name="nobel-1971">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1971/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1971
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|1972
|rowspan=2|
|[[Gerald Edelman|Gerald M. Edelman]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|rowspan=2|"penemuan mereka berkenaan struktur kimia [[antibodi]]"<ref name="nobel-1972">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1972/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1972
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|[[Rodney Robert Porter|Rodney R. Porter]]
|United Kingdom
|-
|rowspan=3|1973
|
|[[Karl von Frisch]]
|Republik Persekutuan Jerman
|rowspan=3|"penemuan mereka berkenaan organisasi dan pemerolehan corak perilaku individu dan sosial"<ref name="nobel-1973">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1973/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1973
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Image:Lorenz and Tinbergen1.jpg|75px|Nikolaas Tinbergen (left), Konrad Lorenz (right)]]
|[[Konrad Lorenz]]
|Austria
|-
|[[Nikolaas Tinbergen]]
|United Kingdom
|-
|rowspan=3|1974
|rowspan=3|
|[[Albert Claude]]
|[[Belgium]]
|rowspan=3|"penemuan mereka berkenaan [[organel|organisasi struktur dan fungsi sel]]"<ref name="nobel-1974">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1974/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1974
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|[[Christian de Duve]]
|Belgium
|-
|[[George Emil Palade|George E. Palade]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|-
|rowspan=3|1975
|[[Image:DavidBaltimore2008.JPG|75px]]
|[[David Baltimore]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|rowspan=3|"penemuan mereka berkenaan interaksi antara [[virus tumor]] dan bahan genetik sel"<ref name="nobel-1975">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1975/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1975
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Renato Dulbecco in 1966.jpg|75px]]
|[[Renato Dulbecco]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|-
|[[File:Howard M. Temin.jpg|75px]]
|[[Howard Martin Temin]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|-
|rowspan=2|1976
|
|[[Baruch Samuel Blumberg|Baruch S. Blumberg]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|rowspan=2|"penemuan mereka berkenaan mekanisme baru untuk asal-usul dan penyebaran [[penyakit berjangkit]]"<ref name="nobel-1976">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1976/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1976
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[Daniel Carleton Gajdusek|D. Carleton Gajdusek]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|-
|rowspan=3|1977
|
|[[Roger Guillemin]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|rowspan=2|"penemuan mereka berkenaan penghasilan [[hormon peptida]] dalam [[otak]]"<ref name = "nobel-1977"/>
|-
|[[File:Schally portrait.jpg|75px]]
|[[Andrew Schally|Andrew V. Schally]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|-
|
|[[Rosalyn Sussman Yalow|Rosalyn Yalow]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|"pembangunan [[radioimunoassai]] [[hormon peptida]]"<ref name="nobel-1977">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1977/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=3|1978
|[[File:Werner Arber 2008.jpg|75px]]
|[[Werner Arber]]
|Switzerland
|rowspan=3|"penemuan [[enzim pembatasan]] dan aplikasinya dalam masalah [[genetik molekul]]"<ref name="nobel-1978">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1978/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1978
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[Daniel Nathans]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|-
|[[Image:Hamilton Smith.jpg|75px]]
|[[Hamilton O. Smith]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|-
|rowspan=2|1979
|
|[[Allan McLeod Cormack|Allan M. Cormack]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|rowspan=2|"pembangunan [[Tomografi komputer sinar X|tomografi bantuan komputer]]"<ref name="nobel-1979">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1979/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1979
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[Godfrey Hounsfield|Godfrey N. Hounsfield]]
|United Kingdom
|-
|rowspan=3|1980
|[[File:Barujbenacerraf.gif|75px]]
|[[Baruj Benacerraf]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|rowspan=3|"penemuan mereka berkenaan [[kompleks kehistoserasian major|struktur ditentu genetik pada permukaan sel]] yang mengawal [[Sistem imun|tindak balas imunologi]]"<ref name="nobel-1980">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1980/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1980
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[Jean Dausset]]
|Perancis
|-
|
|[[George Davis Snell|George D. Snell]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|-
|rowspan=3|1981
|
|[[Roger W. Sperry]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|"penemuannya berkenaan pengkhususan fungsi [[hemisfera serebrum]]"<ref name = "nobel-1981"/>
|-
|
|[[David H. Hubel]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|rowspan=2|"penemuan mereka berkenaan pemprosesan maklumat dalam [[sistem penglihatan]]"<ref name="nobel-1981">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1981/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1981
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[Torsten N. Wiesel]]
|Sweden
|-
|rowspan=3|1982
|
|[[Sune Bergström|Sune K. Bergström]]
|Sweden
|rowspan=3|"penemuan mereka berkenaan [[prostaglandin]] dan bahan-bahan aktif biologi yang berkaitan"<ref name="nobel-1982">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1982/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1982
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[Bengt I. Samuelsson]]
|Sweden
|-
|
|[[John Robert Vane|John R. Vane]]
|United Kingdom
|-
|1983
|
|[[Barbara McClintock]]
|Amerika Syarikat
| "penemuan [[transposon|unsur-unsur genetik bergerak]]"<ref name="nobel-1983">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1983/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=3|1984
|
|[[Niels Kaj Jerne|Niels K. Jerne]]
|Denmark
|rowspan=3|"teori-teori berkenaan kekhususan dalam pembangunan dan kawalan [[sistem imun]] serta penemuan prinsip penghasilan [[antibodi monoklon]]"<ref name="nobel-1984">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1984/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1984
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[Georges J. F. Köhler|Georges J.F. Köhler]]
|Republik Persekutuan Jerman
|-
|
|[[César Milstein]]
|[[Argentina]]<br>United Kingdom
|-
|rowspan=2|1985
|[[Image:Mike Brown 2003.jpg|75px]]
|[[Michael Stuart Brown|Michael S. Brown]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|rowspan=2|"penemuan mereka berkenaan pengawalan [[metabolisme]] [[kolesterol]]"<ref name="nobel-1985">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1985/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1985
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|[[Image:Joe Goldstein.JPG|75px]]
|[[Joseph L. Goldstein]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|-
|rowspan=2|1986
|[[Image:Stanley Cohen-Biochemist.jpg|75px]]
|[[Stanley Cohen (biokimia)|Stanley Cohen]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|rowspan=2|"penemuan [[faktor pertumbuhan]]"<ref name="nobel-1986">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1986/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1986
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Rita Levi-Montalcini in 1965.jpg|75px]]
|[[Rita Levi-Montalcini]]
|Itali<br>Amerika Syarikat
|-
|1987
|
|[[Susumu Tonegawa]]
|[[Jepun]]
|"penemuan prinsip genetik penjanaan kepelbagaian [[antibodi]]"<ref name="nobel-1987">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1987/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1987
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=3|1988
|rowspan=3|
|Sir [[James W. Black]]
|United Kingdom
|rowspan=3|"penemuan prinsip-prinsip penting untuk [[Farmakologi|rawatan perubatan]]"<ref name="nobel-1988">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1988/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|[[Gertrude B. Elion]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|-
|[[George H. Hitchings]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|-
|rowspan=2|1989
|rowspan=2|
|[[J. Michael Bishop]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|rowspan=2|"penemuan asal-usul punca sel [[onkogen]] [[retrovirus]]"<ref name="nobel-1989">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1989/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1989
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|[[Harold E. Varmus]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|-
|rowspan=2|1990
|rowspan=2|
|[[Joseph Murray|Joseph E. Murray]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|rowspan=2|"penemuan mereka berkenaan [[Pemindahan organ|pemindahan organ dan sel]] dalam rawatan penyakit manusia"<ref name="nobel-1990">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1990/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1990
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|[[E. Donnall Thomas]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|-
|rowspan=2|1991
|[[Image:Erwin neher 2007 lindau.jpg|75px]]
|[[Erwin Neher]]
|Republik Persekutuan Jerman
|rowspan=2|"kerana penemuan mereka berkenaan fungsi [[saluran ion]] tunggal dalam sel"<ref name="nobel-1991">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1991/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1991
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[Bert Sakmann]]
|Republik Persekutuan Jerman
|-
|rowspan=2|1992
|rowspan=2|
|[[Edmond H. Fischer]]
|Switzerland<br>Amerika Syarikat
|rowspan=2|"kerana penemuan mereka berkenaan [[pemfosforilan]] [[protein]] berbalik sebagai mekanisme kawalan biologi"<ref name="nobel-1992">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1992/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1992
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|[[Edwin G. Krebs]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|-
|rowspan=2|1993
|rowspan=2|
|[[Richard J. Roberts]]
|United Kingdom
|rowspan=2|"penemuan [[gen terbelah]]"<ref name="nobel-1993">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1993/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1993
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|[[Phillip Allen Sharp|Phillip A. Sharp]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|-
|rowspan=2|1994
|rowspan=2|
|[[Alfred G. Gilman]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|rowspan=2|"penemuan [[G-protein]] dan peranan protein ini dalam [[transduksi isyarat]] dalam sel"<ref name="nobel-1994">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1994/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1994
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|[[Martin Rodbell]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|-
|rowspan=3|1995
|
|[[Edward B. Lewis]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|rowspan=3|"penemuan mereka berkenaan kawalan genetik pada awal [[perkembangan embrio]]"<ref name="nobel-1995">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1995/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1995
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|[[Image:Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard mg 4383.jpg|75px]]
|[[Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard]]
|Republik Persekutuan Jerman
|-
|[[Image:Eric F. Wieschaus.jpg|75px]]
|[[Eric F. Wieschaus]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|-
|rowspan=2|1996
|rowspan=2|
|[[Peter C. Doherty]]
|Australia
|rowspan=2|"penemuan mereka berkenaan kekhususan [[kompleks kehistoserasian major|pertahanan imun berantara sel]]"<ref name="nobel-1996">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1996/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1996
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|[[Rolf M. Zinkernagel]]
|Switzerland
|-
|1997
|
| [[Stanley B. Prusiner]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|"penemuan [[Prion]] - prinsip jangkitan biologi yang baru"<ref name="nobel-1997">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1997/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1997
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=3|1998
|
|[[Robert F. Furchgott]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|rowspan=3|"penemuan mereka berkenaan [[oksida nitrik]] sebagai molekul pengisyaratan dalam sistem kardiovaskular"<ref name="nobel-1998">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1998/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1998
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[Louis J. Ignarro]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|-
|[[Image:Ferid Murad.jpg|75px]]
|[[Ferid Murad]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|-
|1999
|[[File:Gunter Blobel 2008 1.JPG|75px]]
|[[Günter Blobel]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|"penemuan bahahwa [[protein]] mempunyai isyarat intrinsik yang mengawal pengangkutan dan penyetempatannya dalam sel"<ref name="nobel-1999">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1999/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1999
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=3|2000
|rowspan=2|
|[[Arvid Carlsson]]
|Sweden
|rowspan=3|"penemuan mereka berkenaan [[transduksi isyarat]] dalam [[sistem saraf]]"<ref name="nobel-2000">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2000/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2000
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|[[Paul Greengard]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|-
|[[Image:Eric Richard Kandel.jpg|75px]]
|[[Eric Kandel|Eric R. Kandel]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|-
|rowspan=3|2001
|
|[[Leland H. Hartwell]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|rowspan=3|"penemuan pengawal utama [[kitaran sel]]"<ref name="nobel-2001">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2001/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2001
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|[[Image:Tim hunt.jpg|75px]]
|[[Tim Hunt]]
|United Kingdom
|-
|[[Image:Plos nurse.jpg|75px]]
|Sir [[Paul Nurse|Paul M. Nurse]]
|United Kingdom
|-
|rowspan=3|2002
|
|[[Sydney Brenner]]
|United Kingdom
|rowspan=3|"penemuan mereka berkenaan 'pengawalan genetik perkembangan organ dan [[apoptosis|kamtian sel terancang]]'"<ref name="nobel-2002">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[H. Robert Horvitz]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|-
|[[Image:Plos sulston.jpg|75px]]
|[[John E. Sulston]]
|United Kingdom
|-
|rowspan=2|2003
|
|[[Paul Lauterbur]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|rowspan=2|"penemuan mereka berkenaan [[pengimejan resonans magnetik]]"<ref name="nobel-2003">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2003/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2003
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|[[Image:Peter Mansfield Leipzig.jpg|75px]]
|Sir [[Peter Mansfield]]
|United Kingdom
|-
|rowspan=2|2004
|
|[[Richard Axel]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|rowspan=2|"penemuan [[penerima bau]] dan organisasi [[sistem olfaktori]]"<ref name="nobel-2004">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2004/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2004
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:LindaBuck cropped 1.jpg|75px]]
|[[Linda B. Buck]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|-
|rowspan=2|2005
|rowspan=2|
|[[Barry Marshall|Barry J. Marshall]]
|Australia
|rowspan=2|"penemuan bakteria ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' dan peranannya dalam [[gastritis]] dan [[penyakit ulser peptik]]"<ref name="nobel-2005">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2005/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2005
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|[[Robin Warren|J. Robin Warren]]
|Australia
|-
|rowspan=2|2006
|[[File:Andrew Fire, Stanford University.jpg|75px]]
|[[Andrew Fire|Andrew Z. Fire]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|rowspan=2|"penemuan [[gangguan RNA]] - pelenyapan gen oleh RNA bebenang ganda dua"<ref name="nobel-2006">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2006/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2006
| accessdate = 2007-07-28
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[Craig Mello|Craig C. Mello]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|-
|rowspan=3|2007
|[[Image:Mario Capecchi UTHSCSA.JPG|75px]]
|[[Mario Capecchi|Mario R. Capecchi]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|rowspan=3|"penemuan prinsip-prinsip memasukkan pengubahsuaian gen tertentu dalam tikus melalui penggunaan [[sel dasar embiro]]."<ref name="nobel-2007">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2007/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2007
| accessdate = 2007-10-08
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Martin_Evans_Nobel_Prize.jpg|75px]]
|Sir [[Martin Evans|Martin J. Evans]]
|United Kingdom
|-
|
|[[Oliver Smithies]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|-
|rowspan=3|2008
|[[File:Harald zur Hausen-press conference Dec 06th, 2008-6.jpg|75px]]
|[[Harald zur Hausen]]
|Jerman
|"penemuan virus papiloma manusia yang menyebabkan [[penyakit barah serviks]]"<ref name="nobel-2008">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2008/index.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2008
| accessdate = 2008-10-06
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref><br />
|-
|[[File:Françoise Barré-Sinoussi-press conference Dec 06th, 2008-1.jpg|75px]]
|[[Françoise Barré-Sinoussi]]
|Perancis
|rowspan=2|"penemuan [[HIV|virus kurang daya tahan manusia]]"<ref name="nobel-2008"/>
|-
|[[Image:LucMontagnier1995 065.jpg|75px]]
|[[Luc Montagnier]]
|Perancis
|-
|rowspan=3|2009
|[[Image:Elizabeth Blackburn 2009-01.JPG|75px]]
||[[Elizabeth H. Blackburn]]
|Amerika Syarikat<br>Australia
|rowspan=3|"penemuan cara [[kromosom]] dilindungi oleh [[telomer]] dan [[enzim]] [[telomeras]]"<ref name="nobel-2009">
{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2009/
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009
| accessdate = 2009-10-05
| publisher = Yayasan Nobel
}}</ref><br />
|-
|[[Image:Carol_Greider_2009-01.JPG|75px]]
|[[Carol W. Greider]]
|Amerika Syarikat
|-
|[[Image:JSzostak.jpg|75px]]
|[[Jack W. Szostak]]
|Amerika Syarikat<br>United Kingdom
|}
 
Diambil daripada "https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadiah_Nobel_dalam_Fisiologi_atau_Perubatan"