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[[ImageFail:Palaisgeneva.jpg|thumb|right|370px|The ''[[Palais des Nations]]'' in [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]], built between 1929 and 1938, was constructed as the League's headquarters. Today, it serves as the [[United Nations]]' [[Europe]]an headquarters and flies the [[Flag of the United Nations|UN flag]].]]
 
== Asal-usul ==
[[ImageFail:Origin of the League of Nations.png|thumb|right|250px|''A commemorative card depicting President Wilson and the "Origin of the League of Nations"'']]
 
The concept of a peaceful community of nations had previously been described in [[Immanuel Kant]]’s ''[[Perpetual Peace]]''. The idea of the actual League of Nations appears to have originated with [[Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs|British Foreign Secretary]] [[Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon|Edward Grey]], and it was enthusiastically adopted by the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Woodrow Wilson]] and his advisor [[Colonel]] [[Edward M. House]] as a means of avoiding bloodshed like that of World War I. The creation of the League was a centrepiece of Wilson's [[Fourteen Points|Fourteen Points for Peace]], specifically the final point: "A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike."
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The League held its first meeting in [[New York City]] on [[10 January]] [[1920]]. Its first action was to ratify the [[Treaty of Versailles]], officially ending World War I. The headquarters of the League moved to [[Geneva]] on [[November 1]], [[1920]], where the first general assembly of the League was held on [[November 15]], [[1920]] with representatives from 41 nations in attendance.
 
== Simbol-simbol ==
[[ImageFail:League of nations symbol.gif|thumb|right|A semi-official emblem of League of Nations used from 1939 to 1941]]
 
The League of Nations did not have an official [[flag]] or [[logo]]. Proposals for adopting an official symbol were made during the League's beginning in 1920, but the member states never reached agreement. However, League of Nations organizations used varying logos and flags (or none at all) in their own operations. An international contest was held in 1929 to find a design, which again failed to produce a symbol. One of the reasons for this failure may have been the fear by the member states that the power of the supranational organization might supersede them.
 
Finally, in 1939, a semi-official emblem emerged: two five-pointed [[star (disambiguation)|starstars]]s within a blue [[pentagon]]. The pentagon and the five-pointed stars were supposed to symbolise the five [[continent]]s and the [[race (historical definitions)|five races]] of mankind. In a bow on top and at the bottom, the flag had the names in [[English language|English]] (''League of Nations'') and [[French language|French]] (''Société des Nations''). This flag was used on the building of the [[1939 New York World's Fair|New York World's Fair]] in 1939 and 1940.
 
== Bahasa-bahasa ==
Bahasa-bahasa rasmi Liga Bangsa adalah [[bahasa Perancis|Perancis]], [[bahasa Inggeris|Inggeris]] dan [[bahasa Sepanyol|Sepanyol]] (bermula pada tahun 1920). Pada awal tahun 1920-an, terdapat cadangan untuk Liga Bangsa menerima [[Esperanto]] sebagai bahasa kerjanya. Sepuluh delegasi menerima cadangan ini dengan hanya satu tentangan dari delegasi Perancis, [[Gabriel Hanotaux]]. Hanotaux tidak suka bagaimana bahasa Perancis hilang kedudukannya sebagai bahasa antarabangsa dan melihat Esperanto sebagai satu ancaman. Dua tahun kemudian, Liga Bangsa mencadangkan negara-negara ahlinya untuk memasukkan Esperanto di dalam kurikulum pendidikan mereka.
 
== Struktur ==
The League had three principal organs: a [[secretariat]] (headed by the [[general secretary|General Secretary]] and based in [[Geneva]]), a Council and an Assembly, and many Agencies and Commissions. Authorisation for any action required both a unanimous vote by the Council and a majority vote in the Assembly.
 
=== Sekretariat ===
The staff of the League's secretariat was responsible for preparing the agenda for the Council and Assembly and publishing reports of the meetings and other routine matters, effectively acting as the [[civil service]] for the League.
 
Over the life of the League from 1920–19461920–1946, the three Secretaries General were:
* Sir [[James Eric Drummond, 16th Earl of Perth]] (U.K.) (1920-1933)
* [[Joseph Avenol]] (France) (1933-1940)
* [[Seán Lester]] (Ireland) (1940-1946)
The General Secretary wrote annual reports on the work of the League.
 
The first president was Paul Hymans, a well-known Belgian politician.
 
=== Majlis ===
The League Council had the authority to deal with any matter affecting [[world peace]]. The Council began with four permanent members (the [[United Kingdom]], [[France]], [[Italy]], [[Japan]]) and four non-permanent members elected by the Assembly every three years. The first four non-permanent members were [[Belgium]], [[Brazil]], [[Greece]] and [[Spain]]. [[United States]] was meant to be the fifth permanent member, but the [[United States Senate]] was dominated by the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] after the [[U.S. Senate election, 1918|1918 election]] and voted on [[March 19]], [[1920]] against the [[Ratification|ratification]] of the [[Treaty of Versailles]], so the fifth permanent seat was taken by [[Republic of China|China]]. The composition and the number of members of the Council subsequently, with the number of non-permanent members increasing to six on [[September 22]] [[1922]] and to nine on [[September 8]] [[1926]]. [[Weimar Republic|Germany]] joined the League and became a sixth permanent member of the Council on [[September 8]] [[1926]], taking the Council to a total of fifteen members. With the departure of Germany and Japan from the League, their places were taken by new non-permanent members.
 
The Council met in ordinary sessions four times a year, and in extraordinary sessions when required. In total, 107 public sessions were held between 1920 and 1939.
 
=== Perhimpunan ===
 
Each member was represented and had one vote in the League Assembly. Individual member states did not always have representatives in [[Geneva]]. The Assembly held its sessions once a year in September.
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[[Eamon de Valera]] was the President of the Council of the League of Nations at its 68th and Special Sessions in September and October 1932, and President of the Assembly of the League of Nations in 1938. [[C.J. Hambro]] was President in 1939 and 1946.
 
=== Perbadanan lain ===
The League oversaw the [[Permanent Court of International Justice]] and several other agencies and commissions created to deal with pressing international problems. These were the [[arms control|Disarmament]] Commission, the [[World Health Organization|Health Organization]], the [[International Labour Organization]], the [[#Mandates|Mandates]] Commission, the Permanent Central [[Opium]] Board, the Commission for [[Refugee]]s, and the [[Slavery]] Commission. While the League itself is generally branded a failure, several of its Agencies and Commissions had successes within their respective mandates.
 
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Several of these institutions were transferred to the United Nations after the [[Second World War]]. In addition to the International Labour Organisation, the Permanent Court of International Justice became a UN institution as the [[International Court of Justice]], and the Health Organization was restructured as the [[World Health Organization]].
 
== Mandat-mandat ==
{{main|League of Nations Mandate}}
 
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; '''An "A" Mandate''' : This was a territory which "''had reached a stage of development where their existence as independent nations can be provisionally recognised, subject to the rendering of administrative advice and assistance by a "Mandatory" until such time as they are able to stand alone. The wishes of these communities must be a principal consideration in the selection of the Mandatory.''" These were mainly parts of the old Ottoman Empire.
; '''A "B" Mandate''' : This was a territory which "''was at such a stage that the Mandatory must be responsible for the administration of the territory under conditions which will guarantee:''
:* ''Freedom of [[conscience]] and [[religion]]''
:* ''The maintenance of [[social control|public order]] and [[public morality|morals]]''
:* ''Prohibition of abuses such as the [[slave trade]], the arms traffic and the [[distilled beverage|liquor]] traffic''
:* ''The prevention of the establishment of fortifications or military and naval bases and of military training of the natives for other than political purposes and the defence of territory''
:* ''Equal opportunities for the trade and commerce of other Members of the League.''"
; '''A "C" Mandate''' : This was a territory "''which, owing to the sparseness of their population, or their small size, or their remoteness from the centres of civilisation, or their geographical contiguity to the territory of the Mandatory, and other circumstances, can be best administered under the laws of the Mandatory.''"
(Quotations taken from ''The Essential Facts About the League of Nations'', a handbook published in [[Geneva]] in 1939).
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In addition to the Mandates, the League itself governed the [[Saarland]] for 15 years, before it was returned to [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] following a plebiscite, and the [[free city]] of [[Gdańsk|Danzig]] (now [[Gdańsk]], [[Poland]]) from [[15 November]] [[1920]] to [[1 September]] [[1939]].
 
== Kejayaan ==
The League is generally considered to have failed in its mission to achieve disarmament, prevent war, settle disputes through diplomacy, and improve global welfare. However, it achieved significant successes in a number of areas.
 
=== Kepulauan Åland ===
{{main|History of Åland}}
 
[[Åland]] is a collection of around 6,500 islands mid-way between [[Sweden]] and [[Finland]]. The islands are exclusively [[Swedish language|Swedish]]-speaking, but Finland had sovereignty in the early 1900s. During the period from 1917 onwards, most residents wished the islands to become part of Sweden; Finland, however, did not wish to cede the islands. The Swedish government raised the issue with the League in 1921. After close consideration, the League determined that the islands should remain a part of Finland, but be governed autonomously, averting a potential war.
 
=== Albania ===
The border between [[Albania]] and [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] remained in dispute after the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, and Yugoslavian forces occupied some Albanian territory. After clashes with Albanian tribesmen, the Yugoslav forces invaded further. The League sent a commission of representatives from various powers to the region. The commission found in favour of Albania, and the Yugoslav forces withdrew in 1921, albeit under protest. War was again prevented.
 
=== Silesia Atas-atasan ===
The Treaty of Versailles had ordered a [[plebiscite]] in [[Upper Silesia]] to determine whether the territory should be part of [[Weimar Republic|Germany]] or [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]]. In the background, strong-arm tactics and discrimination against Poles led to [[riot]]ing and eventually to the first two [[Silesian Uprisings]] (1919 and 1920). In the plebiscite, roughly 59.6% (around 500,000) of the votes were cast for joining Germany, and this result led to the [[Third Silesian Uprising]] in 1921. The League was asked to settle the matter. In 1922, a six-week investigation found that the land should be split; the decision was accepted by both countries and by the majority of Upper Silesians.
 
=== Memel ===
The port city of [[Klaipėda|Memel]] (now Klaipėda) and the surrounding area was placed under League control after the end of the World War I and was governed by a [[France|French]] general for three years. However, the population was mostly [[Lithuania]]n, and the Lithuanian government placed a claim to the territory, with Lithuanian forces invading in 1923. The League chose to cede the land around Memel to Lithuania, but declared the port should remain an international zone; Lithuania agreed. While the decision could be seen as a failure (in that the League reacted passively to the use of force), the settlement of the issue without significant bloodshed was a point in the League's favour.
 
=== Greece dan Bulgaria ===
{{main|War of the Stray Dog}}
 
After an incident between sentries on the border between [[Greece]] and [[Bulgaria]] in 1925, Greek troops invaded their neighbour. Bulgaria ordered its troops to provide only token resistance, trusting the League to settle the dispute. The League did indeed condemn the Greek invasion, and called for both Greek withdrawal and compensation to Bulgaria. Greece complied, but complained about the disparity between their treatment and that of [[Italy]] (see [[#Corfu|Corfu]], below).
 
=== Saar ===
[[Saarland|Saar]] was a province formed from parts of [[Prussia]] and the [[Rhenish Palatinate]] that was established and placed under League control after the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. A plebiscite was to be held after fifteen years of League rule, to determine whether the region should belong to [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] or France. 90.3% of votes cast were in favour of becoming part of Germany in that 1935 referendum, and it became part of Germany again.
 
=== Mosul ===
The League successfully - parcicularly for the British and other oil-seekers - resolved a dispute between [[Iraq]] and [[Turkey]] over the control of the former Ottoman province of [[Mosul]] in 1926. According to the UK, which was awarded a League of Nations [[League of Nations#Mandates|A-mandate]] over Iraq in 1920 and therefore represented Iraq in its foreign affairs, Mosul belonged to Iraq; on the other hand, the new Turkish republic claimed the province as part of its historic heartland. A three person League of Nations committee was sent to the region in 1924 to study the case and in 1925 recommended the region to be connected to Iraq, under the condition that the UK would hold the mandate over Iraq for another 25 years, to assure the autonomous rights of the [[Kurd]]ish population. The League Council adopted the recommendation and it decided on [[16 December]] [[1925]] to award Mosul to Iraq. Although Turkey had accepted the League of Nations arbitration in the [[Treaty of Lausanne]] in 1923, it rejected the League's decision. Nonetheless, the UK, Iraq and Turkey made a treaty on [[5 June]] [[1926]], that mostly followed the decision of the League Council and also assigned Mosul to Iraq.
 
=== Kejayaan lain ===
The League also worked to combat the international trade in [[opium]] and [[sexual slavery]] and helped alleviate the plight of [[refugee]]s, particularly in Turkey in the period to 1926. One of its innovations in this area was its 1922 introduction of the [[Nansen passport]], an internationally recognised identity card for stateless refugees. Many of the League's successes were accomplished by its various Agencies and Commissions.
 
[[ImageFail:League of Nations cartoon from Punch - Project Gutenberg eText 16619.png|thumbnail|'''''Moral Suasion.'''''<br />''The Rabbit. "My offensive equipment being practically nil, it remains for me to fascinate him with the power of my eye."''<br />Cartoon from [[Punch (magazine)|Punch]] magazine, July 28th 1920, satarising the perceived weakness of the League.]]
 
== Kelemahan-kelemahan general ==
The League did not, in the long term, succeed. The outbreak of World War II was the immediate cause of the League's demise, but there was also a variety of other, more fundamental, flaws.
 
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On [[23 June]] [[1936]], in the wake of the collapse of League efforts to restrain Italy's war of conquest against Abyssinia, [[British Prime Minister]] [[Stanley Baldwin]] told the [[House of Commons]] that [[collective security]] "failed ultimately because of the reluctance of nearly all the nations in Europe to proceed to what I might call military sanctions.... [T]he real reason, or the main reason, was that we discovered in the process of weeks that there was no country except the aggressor country which was ready for war.... [I]f collective action is to be a reality and not merely a thing to be talked about, it means not only that every country is to be ready for war; but must be ready to go to war at once. That is a terrible thing, but it is an essential part of collective security." It was an accurate assessment and a lesson which clearly was applied in the formation of the [[North Atlantic Treaty Organisation]], which stood as the League's successor insofar as its role as guarantor of the security of Western Europe was concerned.
 
== Kegagalan spesifik ==
The general weaknesses of the League are illustrated by its specific failures.
 
[[ImageFail:Selassiegeneva.gif|frame|In 1935, Emperor [[Haile Selassie]] of [[Ethiopia]] condemns the Italian [[Abyssinia crisis|invasion of Abyssinia]] in his address to the League.]]
 
=== Cieszyn ===
{{main articles|[[History of Cieszyn and Tesin]] and [[Border conflicts between Poland and Czechoslovakia]]}}
 
[[Cieszyn]] ([[German language|German]] Teschen, [[Czech language|Czech]] Těšín) is a region between [[Poland]] and today's [[Czech Republic]], important for its [[coal mine]]s. [[Czechoslovakia]]n troops moved to Cieszyn in 1919 to take over control of the region while Poland was defending itself from invasion of Bolshevik Russia. The League intervened, deciding that Poland should take control of most of the town, but that Czechoslovakia should take one of the town's suburbs, which contained the most valuable coal mines and the only railroad connecting Czech lands and Slovakia. The city was divided into Polish Cieszyn and Czech [[Český Těšín]]. Poland refused to accept this decision; although there was no further violence, the diplomatic dispute continued for another 20 years.
 
=== Vilna ===
{{main|Polish-Lithuanian War}}
After World War I, Poland and [[Lithuania]] both regained the independence that they had lost during the [[partitions of Poland]] in 1795. Though both countries shared centuries of common history in the [[Polish-Lithuanian Union]] and [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]], rising Lithuanian [[nationalism]] prevented the recreation of the former federated state. The city of [[Vilnius|Vilna]] ([[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] Vilnius, [[Polish language|Polish]] Wilno) was made the capital of Lithuania, despite being mainly Polish in ethnicity.
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Lithuanian authorities declined to accept the Polish authority over Wilno and treated it as a constitutional capital. It wasn't until the [[1938 ultimatum]], when Lithuania resolved diplomatic relations with Poland and thus de facto accepted the borders of its neighbour.
 
=== Ruhr ===
{{main|Occupation of the Ruhr}}
Under the Treaty of Versailles, Germany had to pay reparations. They could pay in money or in goods at a set value; however, in 1922 Germany was not able to make its payment. [[1923|The next year]], France and [[Belgium]] chose to act upon this, and invaded the industrial heartland of Germany, the [[Ruhr Area|Ruhr]], despite this being in direct contravention of the League's rules. With France being a major League member, and the United Kingdom hesitant to oppose its close ally, nothing was done in the League despite the clear breach of League rules. This set a significant precedent &ndash; the League rarely acted against major powers, and occasionally broke its own rules.
 
=== Corfu ===
One major boundary settlement that remained to be made after World War I was that between [[Greece]] and [[Albania]]. The [[Conference of Ambassadors]], a ''[[de facto]]'' body of the League, was asked to settle the issue. The Council appointed [[Italy|Italian]] general [[Enrico Tellini]] to oversee this. While examining the Greek side of the border, Tellini and his staff were murdered. Italian leader [[Benito Mussolini]] was incensed, and demanded the Greeks pay reparations and execute the murderers. The Greeks, however, did not actually know who the murderers were.
 
On [[31 August]] [[1923]], Italian forces occupied the island of [[Corfu]], part of Greece, with fifteen people being killed. Initially, the League condemned Mussolini's invasion, but also recommended Greece pay compensation, to be held by the League until Tellini's killers were found. Mussolini, though he initially agreed to the League's terms, set about trying to change them. By working on the Conference of Ambassadors, he managed to make the League change its decision. Greece was forced to apologise and compensation was to be paid directly and immediately. Mussolini was able to leave Corfu in triumph. By bowing to the pressure of a large country, the League again set a dangerous and damaging example. This was one of the league's major failures.
 
=== Krisis Manchuria ===
{{main|Manchuria Crisis}}
 
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The Chinese government asked the League for help, but the long voyage around the world for League officials to investigate the matter themselves delayed matters. When they arrived, the officials were confronted with Chinese assertions that the Japanese had invaded unlawfully, while the Japanese claimed they were acting to keep peace in the area. Despite Japan's high standing in the League, the [[Lytton Report]] declared Japan to be in the wrong and demanded Manchuria be returned to the Chinese. However, before the report was voted upon by the Assembly, Japan announced intentions to invade more of China. When the report passed 42-1 in the Assembly (only Japan voted against), Japan left the League. Economic sanctions were powerless, since Japan's major trading partner was the U.S., which was not a member of the League and declined to cooperate with it out of fear of war. The United Kingdom, concerned about the security of its large commercial interests in China as well as its Asian colonies, was reluctant to anger Japan over a region that was not central to its own interests. Once again, the League bowed to the more powerful, and showed its weakness.
 
=== Perang Chaco ===
{{main|Chaco War}}
The League failed to prevent the Chaco War between [[Bolivia]] and [[Paraguay]] in 1932 over the arid [[Chaco Boreal]] region of [[South America]]. Although the region was sparsely populated, it gave control of the [[Paraguay River]] which would have given one of the two landlocked countries access to the [[Atlantic Ocean]], and there was also speculation, later proved incorrect, that the Chaco would be a rich source of [[petroleum]]. Border skirmishes throughout the late 1920s culminated in an all-out war in 1932, when the Bolivian army, following the orders of President [[Daniel Salamanca Urey]], attacked a Paraguayan garrison at [[Vanguardia]]. Paraguay appealed to the League of Nations, but the League did not take action when the Pan-American conference offered to mediate instead.
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The war was a disaster for both sides, causing 100,000 casualties and bringing both countries to the brink of economic disaster. By the time a ceasefire was negotiated on [[12 June]] [[1935]], Paraguay had seized control over most of the region. This was recognized in a 1938 truce by which Paraguay was awarded three-quarters of the Chaco Boreal.
 
=== Perang Saudara Sepanyol ===
{{main|Perang Saudara Sepanyol}}
Pada [[17 Julai]] [[1936]], konflik bersenjata meletus di antara ''Republikan'' (kerajaan sayap kiri Sepanyol) dan ''Nasionalis'' (pemberontak sayap kanan, kebanyakkannya pegawai [[Tentera Darat Sepanyol]]). [[Alvarez del Vayo]], Menteri Luar Sepanyol, merayu kepada Liga Bangsa pada bulan September 1936 mendapatkan persenjataan bagi mempertahankan integriti wilayah dan kemerdekaan politik Itali. Bagaimanapun, Liga Bangsa tidak dapat campur tangan dalam [[Perang Saudara Sepanyol]] mahupun menghalang penglibatan luar dalam konflik ini. Hitler dan Mussolini terus menerus membantu pemberontak Nasionalis yang diketuai oleh [[Francisco Franco|Jeneral Franco]], manakala Kesatuan Soviet pula membantu pengikut setia Sepanyol. Liga Bangsa telah mencuba untuk menghalang penglibatan sukarela antarabangsa.
 
=== Pencerobohan Abyssinia Itali ===
{{main|Krisis Abyssinia}}
 
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As was the case with Manchuria, the vigor of the major powers in responding to the crisis in Abyssinia was tempered by their perception that the fate of this poor and far-off country, inhabited by non-Europeans, was not a central interest of theirs.
 
=== Axis re-armament ===
The League was powerless and mostly silent in the face of major events leading to World War II such as Hitler's re-militarisation of the [[Rhineland]], occupation of the [[Sudetenland]] and annexation of [[Austria]]. As with Japan, both Germany in 1933 &ndash; using the failure of the [[World Disarmament Conference]] to agree to arms parity between France and Germany as a pretext &ndash; and Italy in 1937 simply withdrew from the League rather than submit to its judgment. The League commissioner in [[Gdansk|Danzig]] was unable to deal with German claims on the city, a significant contributing factor in the outbreak of World War II in 1939. The final significant act of the League was to expel the [[Soviet Union]] in December 1939 after it [[Winter War|invaded Finland]].
 
== Demise and Legacy ==
With the onset of World War II, it was clear that the League had failed in its purpose &ndash; to avoid any future world war. During the war, neither the League's Assembly nor Council was able or willing to meet, and its secretariat in [[Geneva]] was reduced to a skeleton staff, with many offices moving to North America.
 
After its failure to prevent one war, it was decided to create a new body to fulfill the League's role, but to take it further. This body was to be the [[United Nations]]. Many League bodies, for instance the [[International Labour Organisation]], continued to function and eventually became affiliated with the UN. At a meeting of the Assembly in 1946, the League dissolved itself and its services, mandates, and property were transferred to the UN.
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The structure of the United Nations was intended to make it more effective than the League. The principal [[Allies]] in World War II (UK, USSR, France, US, and China) became permanent members of the [[UN Security Council]], giving the new "Great Powers" significant international influence, mirroring the League Council. Decisions of the UN Security Council are binding on all members of the UN; however, unanimous decisions are not required, unlike the League Council. Permanent members of the UN Security Council were given a [[veto]] to protect their vital interests, which has prevented the UN acting decisively in many cases. Similarly, the UN does not have its own standing armed forces, but the UN has been more successful than the League in calling for its members to contribute to armed interventions, such as the [[Korean War]], and [[peacekeeping]] in the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|former Yugoslavia]]. However, the UN has in some cases been forced to rely on economic sanctions. The UN has also been more successful than the League in attracting members from the nations of the world, making it more representative. The US was a prime instigator of the creation of the UN, as it was for the League, but the US did not remain aloof from the UN, becoming the central member.
 
== Trivia ==
 
* Pemimpin komunis [[Sweden]], [[Fredrik Ström]] merujuk ''Liga Bangsa'' sebagai ''Imperialis Antarabangsa''.
 
== Lihat juga ==
* [[Ahli-ahli Liga Bangsa]]
* [[Henry Cabot Lodge]], [[Senat Amerika Syarikat|Senator Republikan A.S.]] yang mengetuai penentangan ke atas penyertaan A.S. dke dalam Liga Bangsa
* ''[[Palais des Nations]]'', dibina sebagai ibu pejabat Liga Bangsa
 
== Rujukan ==
* Walters, F.P. (1952). "A History of the League of Nations".
* Walsh, Ben (1997). ''Modern World History''. John Murray (Publishers) Ltd.. ISBN 0-7195-7231-2.
* ''The Essential Facts About the League of Nations'', published in Geneva, with ten editions between 1933 and 1940
* George Gill (1996) ''The League of Nations from 1929 to 1946: From 1929 to 1946 (Partners for Peace Series)''. Avery Publishing Group. ISBN 0-89589529-29637637-3
* [http://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/3DA94AAFEB9E8E76C1256F340047BB52/$file/sdn_chronology.pdf League of Nations chronology], Retrieved [[21 January]] [[2006]].
* Marbeau, M. (2001). "La Société des Nations". Presses Universitaires de France. ISBN 2-13-051635-1
* Pfeil, A (1976). "Der Völkerbund".
 
== Pautan luar ==
{{wikisourcecat}}
{{commons|League of Nations}}
* [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/leagcov.htm Covenant of the League of Nations]
* [http://www.indiana.edu/~league/ League of Nations Photo archive]
* [http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/history/A0829149.html League of Nations] Article from Factmonster/Information Please
* [http://atlasgeo.span.ch/fotw/flags/league.html Proposed flags for the League]
* [http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWleague.htm League of Nations] article at Spartacus
* [http://www.revision-notes.co.uk/revision/835.html Background of the League of Nations]
* [http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/lego-nat.htm Map of League of Nations members]
* [http://worldatwar.net/timeline/other/league18-46.html League of Nations timeline]
* [http://www.indiana.edu/~league/tcassemblies.htm Table of Assemblies] Dates of each annual assembly, links to list of members of each country's delegation
* [http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/ww40.htm Woodrow Wilson's Appeal for Support of the League of Nations] 1919 speech
* [http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/wilsonleagueofnations.htm Wilson's Final Address in Support of the League of Nations] Speech made [[25 September]] [[1919]]
* [http://130.18.140.19/stennis/lodge.html Senator Henry Cabot Lodge speaks out against the League of Nations] August 1919 speech
* [http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/leagueofnations.htm leagueofnations] (History Learning Site)
* [http://www.unog.ch/80256EE60057D930/(httpPages)/1247483E6FED755A80256EF8004FE8FD?OpenDocument History (1919-1946)] from the [[United Nations Office at Geneva]]
 
[[Kategori: Liga Bangsa-bangsa]]
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[[mr:लीग ऑफ नेशन्स]]
[[mn:Үндэстнүүдийн Лиг]]
[[my:နိုင်ငံပေါင်းချုပ် အသင်းကြီး]]
[[nl:Volkenbond]]
[[ja:国際連盟]]