Analogi

Analogi (dari Yunani analogia, "perkadaran", dari ana- "ke atas, menurut" [juga "terhadap", "baru"] + logos "nisbah" [juga "perkataan, ucapan, mengira"]^[1]^[2]) ialah proses kognitif untuk memindahkan maklumat atau makna daripada subjek tertentu (analog atau sumber) kepada yang lain (sasaran) atau ungkapan linguistik yang sepadan dengan proses sedemikian. Dalam erti kata yang lebih sempit, analogi ialah inferens atau hujah dari satu butir ke butir yang lain, berbanding deduksi, aruhan dan penculikan, di mana sekurang-kurangnya satu premis, atau kesimpulan, bersifat umum dan bukannya khusus. Istilah analogi juga boleh merujuk kepada hubungan antara sumber dan sasaran itu sendiri, yang selalunya (walaupun tidak selalu) persamaan, seperti dalam tanggapan biologi analogi.

Rujukan sunting

^ [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?7%3Aentry%3Da)nalogi%2Fa Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones, with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1940) on Perseus Digital Library. "Archived copy". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2016-04-23. Dicapai pada 2018-05-21.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ analogy, Online Etymology Dictionary. Diarkibkan 2010-03-24 di Wayback Machine

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Cajetan, Tommaso De Vio, (1498), De Nominum Analogia, P.N. Zammit (ed.), 1934, The Analogy of Names, Koren, Henry J. and Bushinski, Edward A (trans.), 1953, Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press.
Chalmers, D.J. et al. (1991). Chalmers, D.J., French, R.M., Hofstadter, D., High-Level Perception, Representation, and Analogy.
Coelho, Ivo (2010). "Analogy." ACPI Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Ed. Johnson J. Puthenpurackal. Bangalore: ATC. 1:64-68.
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Cornuéjols, A. (1996). Analogy, principle of economy and computational complexity.* Doumas, L. A. A., Hummel, J.E., and Sandhofer, C. (2008). A Theory of the Discovery and Predication of Relational Concepts. Psychological Review, 115, 1-43.
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Forbus, K. et al. (1998). Analogy just looks like high-level perception.* Gentner, D. (1983). Structure-mapping: A theoretical framework for analogy. Cognitive Science, 7, 155–170. (Reprinted in A. Collins & E. E. Smith (Eds.), Readings in cognitive science: A perspective from psychology and artificial intelligence. Palo Alto, CA: Kaufmann).
Gentner, D., Holyoak, K.J., Kokinov, B. (Eds.) (2001). The Analogical Mind: Perspectives from Cognitive Science. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, ISBN 0-262-57139-0
Hofstadter, D. (2001). Analogy as the Core of Cognition, in Dedre Gentner, Keith Holyoak, and Boicho Kokinov (eds.) The Analogical Mind: Perspectives from Cognitive Science, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2001, pp. 499–538.
Holland, J.H., Holyoak, K.J., Nisbett, R.E., and Thagard, P. (1986). Induction: Processes of Inference, Learning, and Discovery. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, ISBN 0-262-58096-9.
Holyoak, K.J., and Thagard, P. (1995). Mental Leaps: Analogy in Creative Thought. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, ISBN 0-262-58144-2.
Holyoak, K.J., and Thagard, P. (1997). The Analogical Mind.
Hummel, J.E., and Holyoak, K.J. (2005). Relational Reasoning in a Neurally Plausible Cognitive Architecture
Itkonen, E. (2005). Analogy as Structure and Process. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
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Keane, M.T. Ledgeway; Duff, S (1994). "Constraints on analogical mapping: a comparison of three models" (PDF). Cognitive Science. 18 (3): 287–334. doi:10.1016/0364-0213(94)90015-9.
Keane, M.T. (1997). "What makes an analogy difficult? The effects of order and causal structure in analogical mapping". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 123 (4): 946–967. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.23.4.946.
Lamond, G. (2006). Precedent and Analogy in Legal Reasoning, in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Langacker, Ronald W. (1987). Foundations of Cognitive grammar. Vol. I, Theoretical prerequisites. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Little, J (2000). "Analogy in Science: Where Do We Go From Here?". Rhetoric Society Quarterly. 30: 69–92. doi:10.1080/02773940009391170. S2CID 145500740.
Little, J (2008). "The Role of Analogy in George Gamow's Derivation of Drop Energy". Technical Communication Quarterly. 17 (2): 1–19. doi:10.1080/10572250701878876. S2CID 32910655.
Melandri, Enzo. La linea e il circolo. Studio logico-filosofico sull'analogia (1968), Quodlibet, Macerata 2004 prefazione di Giorgio Agamben.
Morrison, C., and Dietrich, E. (1995). Structure-Mapping vs. High-level Perception.
Pessali, H.; Dalto, F. and Fernández, R. (2015). Analogies we suffer by: the case of the state as a household. In: Tae-Hee Jo; Zdravka Todorova (Org.). Advancing the Frontiers of Heterodox Economics: Essays in Honor of Frederic S. Lee. Nova Iorque: Routledge, p. 281-295.
Perelman, Ch, Olbrechts-Tyteca, L. (1969), The New Rhetoric: A Treatise on Argumentation, Notre Dame 1969.
Ross, J.F., (1982), Portraying Analogy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ross, J.F. (October 1970). "Analogy and The Resolution of Some Cognitivity Problems". The Journal of Philosophy. 67 (20): 725–746. doi:10.2307/2024008. JSTOR 2024008.
Ross, J.F. (September 1961). "Analogy as a Rule of Meaning for Religious Language". International Philosophical Quarterly. 1 (3): 468–502. doi:10.5840/ipq19611356.
Ross, J.F., (1958), A Critical Analysis of the Theory of Analogy of St Thomas Aquinas, (Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms Inc).
Shelley, C. (2003). Multiple analogies in Science and Philosophy. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Turney, P.D.; Littman, M.L. (2005). "Corpus-based learning of analogies and semantic relations". Machine Learning. 60 (1–3): 251–278. arXiv:cs/0508103. doi:10.1007/s10994-005-0913-1. S2CID 9322367.
Turney, P.D. (2006). "Similarity of semantic relations". Computational Linguistics. 32 (3): 379–416. arXiv:cs/0608100. doi:10.1162/coli.2006.32.3.379. S2CID 2468783.

Pautan luar sunting

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy "Analogy and Analogical Reasoning", by Paul Bartha.
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy "Medieval Theories of Analogy", by E. Jennifer Ashworth.
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy "Precedent and Analogy in Legal Reasoning", by Grant Lamond.
Dictionary of the History of Ideas Analogy in Early Greek Thought.
Dictionary of the History of Ideas Analogy in Patristic and Medieval Thought.
Computational approaches to computing temporal analogy.

[1] [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?7%3Aentry%3Da)nalogi%2Fa Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones, with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1940) on Perseus Digital Library. "Archived copy". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2016-04-23. Dicapai pada 2018-05-21.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)

[2] y, Online Etymology Dictionary. Diarkibkan 2010-03-24 di Wayback Machine

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