Impresionisme

Impresionisme ialah satu pergerakan seni kurun ke-19 yang berasal daripada sekumpulan pelukis Paris. Pameran berdikari lukisan dan seni mereka mengetengahkan mereka pada tahun 1870 dan 1880-an mahupun mereka menghadapi kritikan keras daripada masyarakat seni konvensional Perancis.

Nama gaya ini berasal daripada tajuk lukisan Claude Monet, Impression, soleil levant ("Impression, Sunrise", "Tanggapan, Terbit matahari"), yang menyebabkan pengkritik seni, Louis Leroy, mencipta perkataan itu dalam sebuah ulasan satira dalam akhbar Paris, Le Charivari.

Ciri-ciri lukisan Impresionisme termasuk coretan kecil, nipis dan yang dapat dilihat, gubahan terbuka, penekanan pada gambaran tepat cahaya yang berubah-ubah (sering kali menyerlahkan kesan peredaran masa), subjeknya yang biasa, penyelitan pergerakan sebagai unsur penting pengalaman dan pencerapan manusia, dan sudut pandang yang luar biasa. Perkembangan Impresionisme dalam seni tampak diikuti oleh gaya seakan dalam media lain seperti muzik (muzik Impresionisme) dan kesusasteraan.

Galeri sunting

Sampel karya pelukis Impresionis utama sunting

Edgar Degas (1834–1917), Dancer with a Bouquet of Flowers (Star of the Ballet), 1878
Berthe Morisot, Vue du petit port de Lorient 1869 oil on canvas, National Gallery of Art, Washington DC
Mary Cassatt, Lydia Leaning on Her Arms, 1879,
Alfred Sisley, Vue du canal Saint-Martin, 1870, oil on canvas, Musée d'Orsay, Paris
Camille Pissaro, Boulevard Montmartre, 1897, Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg, Russia
Paul Cezanne, Jas de Bouffan, 1876, Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg, Russia
Claude Monet, Haystacks, (Sunset), Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
Edgar Degas, L'Absinthe, 1876, Musée d'Orsay, Paris
Édouard Manet (1832–1883), The Plum, 1878, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
Armand Guillaumin (1841–1927), Sunset at Ivry (Soleil couchant à Ivry) 1873, Musee d'Orsay
Gustave Caillebotte, (1848–1894), Paris Street, Rainy Day, 1877. Art Institute of Chicago
Frédéric Bazille (1841–1870), Paysage au bord du Lez, 1870, Minneapolis Institute of Art
Edgar Degas, Dancers at The Bar, 1888, The Phillips Collection, Washington, D.C.
Edgar Degas, Woman in the Bath, 1886, Hill-Stead Museum, Farmington, Connecticut

Nota sunting

Rujukan sunting

Baumann, Felix; Karabelnik, Marianne, et al. (1994). Degas Portraits. London: Merrell Holberton. ISBN 1-85894-014-1
Denvir, Bernard (1990). The Thames and Hudson Encyclopaedia of Impressionism. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-20239-7
Gordon, Robert; Forge, Andrew (1988). Degas. New York: Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 0-8109-1142-6
Gowing, Lawrence, with Adriani, Götz; Krumrine, Mary Louise; Lewis, Mary Tompkins; Patin, Sylvie; Rewald, John (1988). Cézanne: The Early Years 1859-1872. New York: Harry N. Abrams.
Moskowitz, Ira; Sérullaz, Maurice (1962). French Impressionists: A Selection of Drawings of the French 19th Century. Boston and Toronto: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-58560-2
Rewald, John (1973). The History of Impressionism (4th, Revised Ed.). New York: The Museum of Modern Art. ISBN 0-87070-360-9
Richardson, John (1976). Manet (3rd Ed.). Oxford: Phaidon Press Ltd. ISBN 0-7148-1743-0
Rosenblum, Robert (1989). Paintings in the Musée d'Orsay. New York: Stewart, Tabori & Chang. ISBN 1-55670-099-7
Moffett, Charles S. (1986). "The New Painting, Impressionism 1874-1886". Geneva: Richard Burton SA.

Pautan luar sunting

Hecht Museum Diarkibkan 2008-06-14 di Wayback Machine
Mauclair, Camille (1903): The French Impressionists (1860-1900), sebuah buku elektronik bebas di Projek Gutenberg
Museumsportal Schleswig-Holstein Diarkibkan 2007-03-12 di Wayback Machine
Suburban Pastoral The Guardian, 24 February 2007
Impressionism: Paintings collected by European Museums (1999) was an art exhibition co-organized by the High Museum of Art, Atlanta, the Seattle Art Museum, and the Denver Art Museum, touring from May through December 1999. Online guided tour