Kempen Filipina (1944–45)
Kempen Filipina, Pertempuran Filipina atau Pembebasan Filipina (Filipino: Kampanya ng Pilipinas, Labanan sa Pilipinas & Liberasyon sa Pilipinas), (Operasi Musketeer I, II, dan III) (Filipino: Operasyon Mosketero I, II, at III), adalah kempen Amerika dan Filipino untuk mengalahkan dan mengusir tentera Imperial Jepun yang menduduki Filipina semasa Perang Dunia II. Tentera Darat Jepun menakluki seluruh Filipina semasa separuh masa pertama tahun 1942. Pembebasan Filipina bermula dengan pendaratan amfibia di timur pulau Leyte Filipina pada 20 Oktober 1944. Amerika Syarikat dan angkatan tentera Komanwel Filipina dalam proses membebaskan wilayah dan pulau-pulau apabila tentera Jepun di Filipina diarah oleh Tokyo untuk menyerahkalah pada 15 Ogos 1945, selepas pengguguran bom atom ke atas tanah besar Jepun dan Pencerobohan Soviet ke atas Manchuria.
| Kempen Filipina (1944–45) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sebahagian daripada Kancah Pasifik Perang Dunia II | |||||||||
 Jeneral Douglas MacArthur, Presiden Osmeña, and staf mendarat di Palo, Leyte pada 20 Oktober 1944. | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Pihak yang terlibat | |||||||||
|
 Hukbalahap | |||||||||
| Komandan dan pemimpin | |||||||||
|
 Chester Nimitz Walter Krueger William Halsey Thomas C. Kinkaid George C. Kenney Basilio J. Valdez Ramon Magsaysay Luis Taruc |
 Sanji Iwabuchi † | ||||||||
| Unit terlibat | |||||||||
Elemen tentera laut: |
Elemen udara: Elemen tentera laut: | ||||||||
| Kekuatan | |||||||||
|
1,250,000 260,715 (1945)[2] |
 529,802[3] | ||||||||
| Kerugian dan korban | |||||||||
|
Tenaga manusia:
Jumlah: 79,104+ mati dan cedera Materiel: 33+ kapal tenggelam
|
Tenaga manusia: ~430,000 semua sebab[12] (80% dari kebuluran atau penyakit)[13] Materiel: 93+ kapal tenggelam1,300 pesawat[7][10] | ||||||||
Kasualti sunting
- Tentera Darat A.S. dan Angkatan Udara TD
| Lokasi | Terbunuh | Cedera | Jumlah |
|---|---|---|---|
| Leyte[5] | 3,602 | 11,991 | 15,584 |
| Luzon[4] | 10,640 | 36,550 | 47,190 |
| Tengah dan Selatan Filipina[6] | 2,070 | 6,990 | 9,060 |
| Jumlah | 16,303 | 55,531 | 71,834 |
- Sekutu Lain
- Jepun
| Lokasi | Terbunuh | Ditawan | Jumlah |
|---|---|---|---|
| Leyte[14] | 80,557 | 828 | 81,456 |
| Luzon[15] | 205,535 | 9,050 | 214,585 |
| Tengah dan Selatan Filipina[6] | 50,260 | 2,695 | 52,955 |
| Jumlah | 336,352 | 12,573 | 348,925 |
- Sekutu Lain
Lihat juga sunting
Nota sunting
Rujukan sunting
- ^ "World War II: Mexican Air Force Helped Liberate the Philippines". History.net. June 12, 2006. Dicapai pada June 12, 2015.
- ^ Schmidt 1982[pautan mati kekal] Retrieved October 22, 2015.
- ^ Chapter 11: Operations of the Eighth Army in the Central and Southern Philippines, pp. 358 Diarkibkan 2020-06-03 di Wayback Machine Retrieved March 10, 2016
- ^ a b "Luzon" Retrieved October 26, 2015
- ^ a b Cannon, Leyte: Return to the Philippines, pp. 368–369
- ^ a b c Smith, Triumph in the Philippines, pp. 692–693
- ^ a b c Tucker, Spencer (2012). Almanac of American Military History, Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. m/s. 1668. ISBN 978-1-59-884530-3.
- ^ "Triumph in the Philippines" pp. 48 & 66 Diarkibkan 2016-12-24 di Wayback Machine Retrieved October 26, 2015
- ^ "Luzon" 93,400 non-combat casualties on Luzon alone. Retrieved October 26, 2015
- ^ a b "Triumph in the Philippines" pp. 48–66 Diarkibkan 2016-12-24 di Wayback Machine Retrieved October 26, 2015
- ^ According to the National World War II Museum, Filipino military deaths during the war numbered 57,000. A significant portion must have fallen in the 1944–45 campaign.
- ^ Final report, progress of demobilization of the Japanese Armed Forces, Part III: Overseas Areas and IV: Air Forces enclosure #44 Diarkibkan 2016-01-05 di Wayback Machine Retrieved March 10, 2016. With 109,890 Japanese military personnel repatriated immediately after the war, that leaves around 419,912 Japanese dead, missing, or still holding out. Also adds 10,000 Leyte Gulf casualties
- ^ American Historical Association: Lessons from Iwo Jima Retrieved November 13, 2015.
- ^ Cannon, Leyte: Return to the Philippines, pp. 351–352
- ^ Smith, Triumph in the Philippines, p. 694
Bacaan lanjut sunting
| Wikimedia Commons mempunyai media berkaitan Kempen Filipina (1944–45) |
- Breuer, William B. (1986). Retaking The Philippines: America's Return to Corregidor & Bataan, 1944–1945. St Martin's Press. ASIN B000IN7D3Q.
- Leary, William M. (2004). We Shall Return!: MacArthur's Commanders and the Defeat of Japan, 1942–1945. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-9105-X.
- "Chapter IX: The Mindoro and Luzon Operations". Reports of General MacArthur: The Campaigns of MacArthur in the Pacific: Volume I. Library of Congress: Department of the Army. m/s. 242–294. Dicapai pada January 5, 2014.
- Mellnik, Stephen Michael (1981). Philippine War Diary, 1939–1945. Van Nostrand Reinhold. ISBN 0-442-21258-5.
- Morison, Samuel Eliot (1958). Leyte: June 1944 – Jan 1945, vol. 12 of History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-58317-0.
- Morison, Samuel Eliot (2001). The Liberation of the Philippines: Luzon, Mindanao, the Visayas 1944–1945, vol. 13 of History of United States Naval Operations in World War II (ed. Reissue). Castle Books. ISBN 0-7858-1314-4.
- Norling, Bernard (2005). The Intrepid Guerrillas of North Luzon. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-9134-3.
- Smith, Robert Ross (2005). Triumph in the Philippines: The War in the Pacific. University Press of the Pacific. ISBN 1-4102-2495-3.