Masalah minda tubuh

Masalah minda tubuh ialah perdebatan mengenai hubungan antara pemikiran dan kesedaran dalam fikiran manusia, dan otak sebagai sebahagian dari tubuh jasmani. Ia berbeza daripada persoalan bagaimana fikiran dan tubuh berfungsi secara kimia dan fisiologi, kerana soalan itu mengandaikan hubungan interaksi dengan hubungan fikiran-tubuh.^[1] Persoalan ini timbul apabila minda dan badan dianggap berbeza, berdasarkan premis bahawa minda dan tubuh berbeza secara fundamental.^[2]

Masalahnya ditangani oleh René Descartes pada abad ke-17, mengakibatkan dualisme Cartesian, dan oleh ahli falsafah pra-Aristotelian,^[3]^[4] dalam falsafah Avicennian,^[5] dan dalam tradisi Asia sebelumnya. Pelbagai pendekatan telah dicadangkan. Kebanyakannya ialah sama ada dualis atau monis. Dualisme mengekalkan perbezaan tegar antara alam fikiran dan perkara. Monisme berpendapat bahawa hanya ada satu realiti, substansi atau intipati yang menyatukan, yang mana semuanya boleh dijelaskan.

Rujukan sunting

^ Skirry, Justin. "Rene Descartes: The Mind-Body Distinction". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ISSN 2161-0002. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 19 November 2016. Dicapai pada 20 December 2016. The real distinction of mind and body based on their completely diverse natures is the root of the famous mind-body problem: how can these two substances with completely different natures causally interact so as to give rise to a human being capable of having voluntary bodily motions and sensations?
^ Skirry, Justin. "Rene Descartes: The Mind-Body Distinction". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ISSN 2161-0002. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 19 November 2016. Dicapai pada 20 December 2016. The real distinction of mind and body based on their completely diverse natures is the root of the famous mind-body problem: how can these two substances with completely different natures causally interact so as to give rise to a human being capable of having voluntary bodily motions and sensations?
^ Robert M. Young (1996). "The mind–body problem". Dalam RC Olby; GN Cantor; JR Christie; MJS Hodges (penyunting). Companion to the History of Modern Science (ed. Paperback reprint of Routledge 1990). Taylor and Francis. m/s. 702–11. ISBN 978-0415145787. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2007-06-14.
^ Robinson, Howard (Nov 3, 2011). Edward N. Zalta (penyunting). "Dualism". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2011 Edition).
^ Henrik Lagerlund (2010). "Introduction". Dalam Henrik Lagerlund (penyunting). Forming the Mind: Essays on the Internal Senses and the Mind/Body Problem from Avicenna to the Medical Enlightenment (ed. Paperback reprint of 2007). Springer Science+Business Media. m/s. 3. ISBN 978-9048175307.

Bibliografi sunting

Feigl, Herbert (1958). "The 'Mental' and the 'Physical'". Dalam Feigl, Herbert; Scriven, Michael; Maxwell, Grover (penyunting). Concepts, Theories, and the Mind–Body Problem. Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science. 2. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. m/s. 370–457. Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (bantuan)CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Gendlin, E. T. (2012a). "Line by Line translation on Aristotle's De Anima, Books I and II" (PDF).CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Gendlin, E. T. (2012b). "Line by Line translation on Aristotle's De Anima, Book III" (PDF).CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Hicks, R. D. (1907). Aristotle, De Anima. Cambridge University Press.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Kim, J. (1995). "Mind–Body Problem", Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Ted Honderich (ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Jaegwon Kim (2010). Essays in the Metaphysics of Mind. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-162506-0.
Turner, Bryan S. (1996). The Body and Society: Exploration in Social Theory.

Pautan luar sunting

Wikibooks: Consciousness Studies
Plato's Middle Period Metaphysics and Epistemology - The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Robert M. Young (1996). "The mind–body problem". Dalam RC Olby; GN Cantor; JR Christie; MJS Hodges (penyunting). Companion to the History of Modern Science (ed. Paperback reprint of Routledge 1990). Taylor and Francis. m/s. 702–11. ISBN 978-0415145787.
The Mind/Body Problem, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Anthony Grayling, Julian Baggini & Sue James (In Our Time, Jan. 13, 2005)

[:02-1] Skirry, Justin. "Rene Descartes: The Mind-Body Distinction". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ISSN 2161-0002. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 19 November 2016. Dicapai pada 20 December 2016. The real distinction of mind and body based on their completely diverse natures is the root of the famous mind-body problem: how can these two substances with completely different natures causally interact so as to give rise to a human being capable of having voluntary bodily motions and sensations?

[:03-2] Skirry, Justin. "Rene Descartes: The Mind-Body Distinction". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ISSN 2161-0002. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 19 November 2016. Dicapai pada 20 December 2016. The real distinction of mind and body based on their completely diverse natures is the root of the famous mind-body problem: how can these two substances with completely different natures causally interact so as to give rise to a human being capable of having voluntary bodily motions and sensations?

[Young-3] Robert M. Young (1996). "The mind–body problem". Dalam RC Olby; GN Cantor; JR Christie; MJS Hodges (penyunting). Companion to the History of Modern Science (ed. Paperback reprint of Routledge 1990). Taylor and Francis. m/s. 702–11. ISBN 978-0415145787. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2007-06-14.

[Robinson2-4] Robinson, Howard (Nov 3, 2011). Edward N. Zalta (penyunting). "Dualism". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2011 Edition).

[Lagerlund-5] Henrik Lagerlund (2010). "Introduction". Dalam Henrik Lagerlund (penyunting). Forming the Mind: Essays on the Internal Senses and the Mind/Body Problem from Avicenna to the Medical Enlightenment (ed. Paperback reprint of 2007). Springer Science+Business Media. m/s. 3. ISBN 978-9048175307.

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