Penyamaran tentera

Penyamaran tentera atau dipanggil pemakaian celoreng ialah penggunaan penyamaran oleh sesebuah pasukan tentera untuk melindungi anggota dan peralatan daripada pemerhatian tentera musuh. Pada praktiknya, ia bermaksud menerapkan warna dan material kepada semua jenis peralatan tentera, termasuk kenderaan, kapal, pesawat, posisi meriam dan pakaian tempur, samada menyembunyikan ia daripada pemerhatian (kriptik), atau menjadikannya tampak sebagai sesuatu yang lain (kemimikan). Perkataan slanga Perancis camouflage diangkat kedalam penggunaan biasa bahasa Inggeris semasa Perang Dunia I apabila konsep perdayaan visual berkembang menjadi satu bahagian penting taktik tentera moden. Dalam peperangan, artileri jarak jauh dan pemerhatian dari udara digabungkan untuk memperluaskan medan tembakan meriam, dan penyamaran telah digunakan secara meluas untuk mengurangkan bahaya menjadi sasaran atau untuk membuat kejutan. Oleh itu, penyamaran tentera adalah satu bentuk perdayaan tentera.

Penyamaran pertama kali dipraktikkan dalam bentuk yang mudah pada pertengahan kurun ke-18 oleh unit-unit jäger- atau raifal. Tugas mereka memerlukan mereka menjadi tidak mudah dilihat, dan telah dibekalkan dengan pakaian seragam warna hijau dan kemudian warna kusam yang lain. Dengan adanya pelbagai senjata jarak jauh dan lebih tepat, terutamanya raifal boleh ulang, penyamaran telah diterima untuk pakaian seragam semua ketumbukan tentera, diperluaskan pada kebanyakkan bentuk kelengkapan tentera termasuk kapal dan pesawat. Banyak kain penyamaran moden memaparkan penglihatan yang bukan hanya cahaya yang boleh dilihat tetapi juga berhampiran sinar inframerah, untuk bersembunyi daripada alat pandang malam. Penyamaran bukan sahaja visual; haba, bunyi, magnetisme dan juga bau boleh digunakan untuk menyasarkan senjata, dan mungkin sengaja disembunyikan. Sesetengah bentuk penyamaran mempunyai elemen-elemen loreng ketakberubahan, direka untuk meloreng corak pada jarak yang berbeza, biasanya corak penyamaran digital yang diperbuat dari piksel.

Penyamaran untuk kelengkapan dan posisi telah dibangunkan secara meluas untuk kegunaan tentera Perancis pada tahun 1915, kemudian diikuti oleh tentera-tentera lain dalam Perang Dunia I. Dalam kedua-dua perang dunia, artis-artis telah direkrut sebagai pegawai penyamaran. Penyamaran kapal dibuat melalui skema penyamaran silau yang mudah dilihat semasa Perang Dunia I, tetapi sejak penciptaan radar, penyamaran kapal kurang diambil perhatian. Pesawat, terutamanya dalam Perang Dunia II, kerap di cat dengan warna skema yang berbeza atas dan bawah, bagi menyamarkan mereka antara bumi dan langit.

Corak penyamaran tentera telah popular menerusi fesyen dan seni dari awal tahun 1915. Corak penyamaran muncul dalam kerja artis seperti Andy Warhol dan Ian Hamilton Finlay, kadangkala dengan pesanan anti-perang. Dalam fesyen, ramai pereka utama telah mengeksploitasi gaya dan simbolisme penyamaran, dan pakaian tentera atau meniru kedua-duanya sebagai pakaian jalanan dan sebagai simbol protes politik.

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Camouflage (1944 film), filem latihan penyamaran Perang Dunia II yang diterbitkan oleh Angkatan Udara Tentera Darat AS

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Sumber sunting

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Templat:Camouflage