Perang Kemerdekaan Algeria

Perang Algeria; الثورة الجزائرية; Tagrawla Tadzayrit; Guerre d'Algérie
	Sebahagian daripada Perang Dingin dan penyahjajahan Afrika
	; Collage of the French war in Algeria
Tarikh	1 November 1954 – 19 Mac 1962; (7 tahun, 4 bulan, 2 minggu dan 4 hari)
Lokasi	Algeria
Keputusan	Buntu perang,; kemenangan politik bagi FLN,; Perjanjian Évian,; negara Algeria merdeka,; Berakhirnya empayar jajahan Perancis; Runtuhnya Republik Perancis Keempat kemudiannya pembentukan Republik Perancis Kelima
Perubahan; wilayah	Independence of Algeria
Pihak yang terlibat
Komandan dan pemimpin
Kekuatan
Kerugian dan korban
	300,000 (including 55,000 to 60,000 civilians) Algerian casualties; 1 juta warga Eropah terpaksa melarikan diri 2 juta warga Algeria dipindahkan

Perang Kemerdekaan Algeria, juga dikenali sebagai Perang Algeria ataupun Revolusi Algeria (Arab: الثورة الجزائريةcode: ar is deprecated Ath-Thawra Al-Jazā’iriyya; Perancis: Guerre d'Algériecode: fr is deprecated ) ialah peperangan antara Perancis dan gerakan-gerakan kemerdekaan Algeria dari tahun 1954 hingga 1962 yang membawa kepada kemerdekaan Algeria daripada pemerintahan Perancis. Sebuah perang pembebasan yang penting, perang ini merupakan sebuah konflik yang kompleks yang ditandai peperangan gerila, pertempuran maquis, terorisme, penggunaan penyiksaan oleh kedua-dua pihak, dan operasi anti-pengganas. Konflik ini juga merupakan perang saudara antara orang Algeria yang setai dengan Algeria Perancis dan lawan mereka, para pemberontak Muslim Algeria.^[19]

Latar belakang sunting

Strategi perang sunting

Kesan terhadap politik Algeria sunting

Rujukan sunting

^ The Algerian War 1954–62, By Martin Windrow, Mike Chappell, page 11
^ Introduction to Comparative Politics, By Mark Kesselman, Joel Krieger, William Joseph, page 108
^ Contracting States: Sovereign Transfers in International Relations, By Alexander Cooley, Hendrik Spruyt, page 63
^ Christian A. Herter: The American Secretaries of State and Their Diplomacy By George Bernard Noble, page 155
^ Alec G. Hargreaves (2005). Memory, Empire, and Postcolonialism: Legacies of French Colonialism. Lexington Books. m/s. 1. ISBN 978-0-7391-0821-5. The death knell of the French empire was sounded by the bitterly fought Algerian war of independence, which ended in 1962.
^ "The French defeat in the war effectively signaled the end of the French Empire" Collective Memory: France and the Algerian War (1954–1962) Jo McCormack – 2010 [1]
Paul Allatson; Jo McCormack (2008). Exile Cultures, Misplaced Identities. Rodopi. m/s. 117. ISBN 978-90-420-2406-9. The Algerian War came to an end in 1962, and with it closed some 130 years of French colonial presence in Algeria (and North Africa). With this outcome, the French Empire, celebrated in pomp in Paris in the Exposition coloniale of 1931 and exalted in de Gaulle's description of “la France de Dunkerque à Tlemcen” [Greater France stretching from Dunkerque to Tlemcen], received its decisive death blow.
^ Yves Beigbeder (2006). Judging War Crimes And Torture: French Justice And International Criminal Tribunals And Commissions (1940-2005). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. m/s. 35. ISBN 978-90-04-15329-5. The independence of Algeria in 1962, after a long and bitter war, marked the end of the French empire are just some of the reasons why France has preferred to look towards a Eurocentric future, rather than confront the painful aspects of its colonial past.
^ Martin Windrow, The Algerian War 1954–62. p. 17
^ http://www.lefigaro.fr/mon-figaro/2012/03/19/10001-20120319ARTFIG00743-algerie-une-guerre-d-appeles.php
^ Travis, Hannibal (2013). Genocide, Ethnonationalism, and the United Nations: Exploring the Causes of Mass Killing Since 1945. Routledge. m/s. 137.
^ [2] Page 6 "The Algerian Ministry of War Veterans gives the figure of 152,863 FLN killed"
^ [3] Diarkibkan 2016-11-07 di Wayback Machine "The Algerian Ministry of War Veterans calculates 152,863 Front de Libération Nationale (FLN) deaths(french sources), and although the death toll among Algerian civilians may never be accurately known estimate of 1500000 to 2000000 were killed Page 576
^ A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962 – Alistair Horne – P358 (4,300 Algerian from the FLN and MNA killed in metropolitan France)
^ Stapleton, T.J. (2013). A Military History of Africa [3 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. m/s. 1–272. ISBN 9780313395703. Dicapai pada 2017-01-13.
^ From "Algeria: War of independence". Mass Atrocity Endings.:
He also argues that the least controversial of all the numbers put forward by various groups are those concerning the French soldiers, where government numbers are largely accepted as sound. Most controversial are the numbers of civilians killed. On this subject, he turns to the work of Meynier, who, citing French army documents (not the official number) posits the range of 55,000–60,000 deaths. Meynier further argues that the best number to capture the harkis deaths is 30,000. If we add to this, the number of European civilians, which government figures posit as 2,788.

Meynier's work cited was: Meynier,, Gilbert. "Histoire intérieure du FLN. 1954–1962".CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
^ Cutts, M.; Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2000). The State of the World's Refugees, 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action. Oxford University Press. m/s. 38. ISBN 9780199241040. Dicapai pada 2017-01-13. Referring to Evans, Martin. 2012. Algeria: France’s Undeclared War. New York: Oxford University Press.
^ "Algeria – The Revolution and Social Change". countrystudies.us. Dicapai pada 2017-01-13.
^ Windrow, Martin (1997-11-15). The Algerian War 1954–62. m/s. 13. ISBN 1 85532 658 2.
^ Guy Pervillé, Pour une histoire de la guerre d´Algérie, chap. "Une double guerre civile", Picard, 2002, pp.132–139

Pautan luar sunting

Algerian War Reading Diarkibkan 2005-04-15 di Wayback Machine
Photos of the Algerian War of Independence (in French) Diarkibkan 2009-02-14 di Wayback Machine
Algerian National Liberation
Pacification in Algeria: 1956–1958 by David Galula
Cinq Colonnes à la une, Rushes Interview Pied-Noir, ORTF, July 1 1962 Diarkibkan 2008-12-11 di Wayback Machine
Cinq Colonnes à la une, Rétrospective Algérie, ORTF, June 9 1963 Diarkibkan 2008-12-11 di Wayback Machine (concerning these INA archives, see also Benjamin Stora's warning about the conditions of creation of these images)
Audiovisual National Institute's declassified Algeria War archives (hundreds of free video: news rushes, interviews, official speeches, retrospectives, etc.)
Algerian War Retrospective

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[1] The Algerian War 1954–62, By Martin Windrow, Mike Chappell, page 11

[2] Introduction to Comparative Politics, By Mark Kesselman, Joel Krieger, William Joseph, page 108

[3] Contracting States: Sovereign Transfers in International Relations, By Alexander Cooley, Hendrik Spruyt, page 63

[4] Christian A. Herter: The American Secretaries of State and Their Diplomacy By George Bernard Noble, page 155

[Hargreaves2005-5] Alec G. Hargreaves (2005). Memory, Empire, and Postcolonialism: Legacies of French Colonialism. Lexington Books. m/s. 1. ISBN 978-0-7391-0821-5. The death knell of the French empire was sounded by the bitterly fought Algerian war of independence, which ended in 1962.

[6] "The French defeat in the war effectively signaled the end of the French Empire" Collective Memory: France and the Algerian War (1954–1962) Jo McCormack – 2010 [1]
Paul Allatson; Jo McCormack (2008). Exile Cultures, Misplaced Identities. Rodopi. m/s. 117. ISBN 978-90-420-2406-9. The Algerian War came to an end in 1962, and with it closed some 130 years of French colonial presence in Algeria (and North Africa). With this outcome, the French Empire, celebrated in pomp in Paris in the Exposition coloniale of 1931 and exalted in de Gaulle's description of “la France de Dunkerque à Tlemcen” [Greater France stretching from Dunkerque to Tlemcen], received its decisive death blow.

[Beigbeder2006-7] Yves Beigbeder (2006). Judging War Crimes And Torture: French Justice And International Criminal Tribunals And Commissions (1940-2005). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. m/s. 35. ISBN 978-90-04-15329-5. The independence of Algeria in 1962, after a long and bitter war, marked the end of the French empire are just some of the reasons why France has preferred to look towards a Eurocentric future, rather than confront the painful aspects of its colonial past.

[French_Army_strength-8] Martin Windrow, The Algerian War 1954–62. p. 17

[9] ttp://www.lefigaro.fr/mon-figaro/2012/03/19/10001-20120319ARTFIG00743-algerie-une-guerre-d-appeles.php

[10] Travis, Hannibal (2013). Genocide, Ethnonationalism, and the United Nations: Exploring the Causes of Mass Killing Since 1945. Routledge. m/s. 137.

[11] [2] Page 6 "The Algerian Ministry of War Veterans gives the figure of 152,863 FLN killed"

[12] [3] Diarkibkan 2016-11-07 di Wayback Machine "The Algerian Ministry of War Veterans calculates 152,863 Front de Libération Nationale (FLN) deaths(french sources), and although the death toll among Algerian civilians may never be accurately known estimate of 1500000 to 2000000 were killed Page 576

[13] A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962 – Alistair Horne – P358 (4,300 Algerian from the FLN and MNA killed in metropolitan France)

[google-14] Stapleton, T.J. (2013). A Military History of Africa [3 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. m/s. 1–272. ISBN 9780313395703. Dicapai pada 2017-01-13.

[civilians-15] From "Algeria: War of independence". Mass Atrocity Endings.:
He also argues that the least controversial of all the numbers put forward by various groups are those concerning the French soldiers, where government numbers are largely accepted as sound. Most controversial are the numbers of civilians killed. On this subject, he turns to the work of Meynier, who, citing French army documents (not the official number) posits the range of 55,000–60,000 deaths. Meynier further argues that the best number to capture the harkis deaths is 30,000. If we add to this, the number of European civilians, which government figures posit as 2,788.

Meynier's work cited was: Meynier,, Gilbert. "Histoire intérieure du FLN. 1954–1962".CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)

[google4-16] Cutts, M.; Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2000). The State of the World's Refugees, 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action. Oxford University Press. m/s. 38. ISBN 9780199241040. Dicapai pada 2017-01-13. Referring to Evans, Martin. 2012. Algeria: France’s Undeclared War. New York: Oxford University Press.

[countrystudies-17] "Algeria – The Revolution and Social Change". countrystudies.us. Dicapai pada 2017-01-13.

[18] Windrow, Martin (1997-11-15). The Algerian War 1954–62. m/s. 13. ISBN 1 85532 658 2.

[19] Guy Pervillé, Pour une histoire de la guerre d´Algérie, chap. "Une double guerre civile", Picard, 2002, pp.132–139

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