Raj British
Raj British (rāj dalam Hindustan: राज, Urdu: راج, disebut: /rɑːdʒ/, harfiahnya "raja"[1]) ialah satu nama yang diberikan bagi tempoh pemerintahan penjajah British di Asia Selatan di antara tahun 1858 hingga 1947;[2] ia juga boleh merujuk kepada pemerintahan itu sendiri dan juga rantau di bawah pemerintahan.[3] Rantau itu, biasanya dipanggil India dalam penggunaan kontemporari, termasuk kawasan-kawasan yang ditadbir terus oleh Britain,[4] serta negeri bangsawan yang diperintah oleh raja-raja individu di bawah keagungan Mahkota British. Selepas tahun 1876, kesatuan politik yang terhasil secara rasmi dipanggil Empayar India dan mengeluarkan pasport di bawah nama itu. Sebagai India, ia adalah ahli pengasas Liga Bangsa, Pertubuhan Bangsa Bersatu, dan ahli dalam Sukan Olimpik Musim Panas pada 1900, 1920, 1928, 1932, dan 1936.
.svg)
 East Indiaman Repulse (1820) | |
| Penjajahan di India | |
|---|---|
| Portugal di India | 1510–1961 |
| Belanda di India | 1605–1825 |
| Denmark di India | 1620–1869 |
| Perancis di India | 1759–1954 |
| British India 1613–1947 | |
| Syarikat India Timur | 1612–1757 |
| Pemerintahan syarikat di India | 1757–1857 |
| British Raj | 1858–1947 |
| Pemerintahan British di Burma | 1824–1867 |
| Negeri beraja | 1765–1947 |
| Pembahagian India | |
Sistem pentadbiran bergabenor telah dimulakan pada tahun 1858 apabila pemerintahan Syarikat Hindia Timur British dipindahkan kepada kemahkotaan Ratu Victoria (dan kemudian pada tahun 1877 diistiharkan sebagai Maharani India). Ia berlangsung sehingga tahun 1947, apabila Empayar India British telah dipecahkan menjadi dua buah negara berdaulat: Kesatuan India (kemudian Republik India) dan Penguasaan Pakistan (kemudian Republik Islam Pakistan, separuh bahagian timur, yang mana kemudian menjadi Republik Rakyat Bangladesh). Wilayah Burma di kawasan timur di Empayar India dijadikan jajahan berasingan pada tahun 1937 dan mendapat kemerdekaan pada tahun 1948.
Nota sunting
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, 1989: from Skr. rāj: to reign, rule; cognate with L. rēx, rēg-is, OIr. rī, rīg king (see RICH).
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, 1989. "b. spec. the British dominion or rule in the Indian sub-continent (before 1947). In full, British raj.
- ^ *Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, 1989. Examples: 1955 Times 25 Aug. 9/7 It was effective against the British raj in India, and the conclusion drawn here is that the British knew that they were wrong. 1969 R. MILLAR Kut xv. 288 Sir Stanley Maude had taken command in Mesopotamia, displacing the raj of antique Indian Army commanders. 1975 H. R. ISAACS in H. M. Patel et al. Say not the Struggle Nought Availeth 251 The post-independence régime in all its incarnations since the passing of the British Raj. For the latter usage, see: Google Scholar references: ("British Raj" in the primary sense of "British India," i.e. "regions of India under British rule") 1. "The important case of Islamic economics was a consciously constructed effort arising directly out of the anti-colonial struggle in the British Raj" 2 "... time" (1882: v). In keeping with the purpose of the Gazetteer (and indeed all such Gazetteers published for provinces in the British Raj), Atkinson's treatment ..." 3. "... Robert D’Arblay Gybbon-Monypenny, who had been born in the British Raj and educated at Sandhurst, afterwards seeing active service in the First World War ..." 4. "... In contrast, during the independence struggle in the British raj, the emphasis had always been on nationalism..." ("British Raj" in the second sense of "British India," i.e. "the British in India") 5. "Koch and the Europeans were entertained at clubs in the British Raj from which native Indians (called "wogs" for "worthy oriental gentleman") were excluded. ..." 6. "... prejudice and vindictiveness towards one's own race and, especially, toward someone of a different race who, as a servant in the British Raj, occupies a ..."
- ^ First the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland then, after 1927, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Rujukan dan bacaan lanjut sunting
Buku teks umum kontemporari sunting
- Bandyopadhyay, Sekhar (2004), From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India, New Delhi and London: Orient Longmans. Pp. xx, 548., ISBN 8125025960.
- Bose, Sugata; Jalal, Ayesha (2003), Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy, London and New York: Routledge, 2nd edition. Pp. xiii, 304, ISBN 0415307872.
- Brown, Judith M. (1994), Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. xiii, 474, ISBN 0198731132.
- Hyam, Ronald (2007), Britain's Declining Empire: The Road to Decolonisation 1918-1968., Cambridge University Press., ISBN 0521866499.
- Copland, Ian (2001), India 1885-1947: The Unmaking of an Empire (Seminar Studies in History Series), Harlow and London: Pearson Longmans. Pp. 160, ISBN 0582381738.
- Judd, Dennis (2004), The Lion and the Tiger: The Rise and Fall of the British Raj, 1600-1947, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. xiii, 280, ISBN 0192803581.
- Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2004), A History of India, 4th edition. Routledge, Pp. xii, 448, ISBN 0415329205.
- Ludden, David (2002), India And South Asia: A Short History, Oxford: Oneworld Publications. Pp. xii, 306, ISBN 1851682376
- Markovits, Claude (ed) (2005), A History of Modern India 1480-1950 (Anthem South Asian Studies), Anthem Press. Pp. 607, ISBN 1843311526CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link).
- Metcalf, Barbara; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2006), A Concise History of Modern India (Cambridge Concise Histories), Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. Pp. xxxiii, 372, ISBN 0521682258.
- Peers, Douglas M. (2006), India under Colonial Rule 1700-1885, Harlow and London: Pearson Longmans. Pp. xvi, 163, ISBN 058231738 Check
|isbn=value: length (bantuan). - Robb, Peter (2004), A History of India (Palgrave Essential Histories), Houndmills, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Pp. xiv, 344, ISBN 0333691296.
- Sarkar, Sumit (1983), Modern India: 1885-1947, Delhi: Macmillan India Ltd. Pp. xiv, 486, ISBN 0333904257.
- Spear, Percival (1990), A History of India, Volume 2, New Delhi and London: Penguin Books. Pp. 298, ISBN 0140138366.
- Stein, Burton (2001), A History of India, New Delhi and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pp. xiv, 432, ISBN 0195654463.
- Wolpert, Stanley (2003), A New History of India, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. 544, ISBN 0195166787.
Monograf dan koleksi sunting
- Anderson, Clare (2007), Indian Uprising of 1857–8: Prisons, Prisoners and Rebellion, New York: Anthem Press, Pp. 217, ISBN 9781843312499, diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2009-02-11, dicapai pada 2011-03-21
- Ansari, Sarah (2005), Life after Partition: Migration, Community and Strife in Sindh: 1947–1962, Oxford and London: Oxford University Press, Pp. 256, ISBN 019597834X
- Baker, David, Colonialism in an Indian Hinterland: The Central Provinces, 1820–1920, Delhi and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pp. xiii, 374, ISBN 0195630491
- Bayly, C. A. (1990), Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire (The New Cambridge History of India), Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 248, ISBN 0521386500.
- Bayly, C. A. (2000), Empire and Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780-1870 (Cambridge Studies in Indian History and Society), Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 426, ISBN 0521663601
- Brown; Louis, Wm. Roger, penyunting (2001), Oxford History of the British Empire: The Twentieth Century, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. 800, ISBN 0199246793
- Butalia, Urvashi (1998), The Other Side of Silence: Voices from the Partition of India, Durham, NC: Duke University Press, Pp. 308, ISBN 0822324946
- Chandavarkar, Rajnarayan (1998), Imperial Power and Popular Politics: Class, Resistance and the State in India, 1850-1950, (Cambridge Studies in Indian History & Society). Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 400, ISBN 0521596920.
- Chatterji, Joya (1993), Bengal Divided: Hindu Communalism and Partition, 1932–1947, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 323, ISBN 0521523281.
- Copland, Ian (2002), Princes of India in the Endgame of Empire, 1917-1947, (Cambridge Studies in Indian History & Society). Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 316, ISBN 0521894360.
- Fay, Peter W. (1993), The Forgotten Army: India's Armed Struggle for Independence, 1942-1945., Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press., ISBN 0472083422.
- Gilmartin, David. 1988. Empire and Islam: Punjab and the Making of Pakistan. Berkeley: University of California Press. 258 pages. ISBN 0520062493.
- Gould, William (2004), Hindu Nationalism and the Language of Politics in Late Colonial India, (Cambridge Studies in Indian History and Society). Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 320, ISBN 0521830613.
- Hyam, Ronald (2007), Britain's Declining Empire: The Road to Decolonisation 1918-1968., Cambridge University Press., ISBN 0521866499. Check
|isbn=value: invalid character (bantuan). - Jalal, Ayesha (1993), The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 334 pages, ISBN 0521458501.
- Khan, Yasmin (2007), The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 250 pages, ISBN 0300120788
- Khosla, G. D. (2001), "Stern Reckoning", dalam Page, David; Inder Singh, Anita; Moon, Penderal; Khosla, G. D.; Hasan, Mushirul (penyunting), The Partition Omnibus: Prelude to Partition/the Origins of the Partition of India 1936-1947/Divide and Quit/Stern Reckoning, Delhi and Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0195658507
- Low, D. A. (1993), Eclipse of Empire, Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press. Pp. xvi, 366, ISBN 0521457548.
- Low, D. A. (2002), Britain and Indian Nationalism: The Imprint of Amibiguity 1929-1942, Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 374, ISBN 0521892619.
- Low, D. A., penyunting (2004), Congress & the Raj: Facets of the Indian Struggle 1917-47, Second Edition, New Delhi and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pp. xviii, 513, ISBN 0195683676.
- Metcalf, Thomas R. (1991), The Aftermath of Revolt: India, 1857-1870, Riverdale Co. Pub. Pp. 352, ISBN 8185054991
- Metcalf, Thomas R. (1997), Ideologies of the Raj, Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press, Pp. 256, ISBN 0521589371
- Nehru, Jawaharlal (1946), The Discovery of India, The John Day company, OCLC 186312138
- Pandey, Gyanendra (2002), Remembering Partition: Violence, Nationalism and History in India, ISBN 0521002508 Text "publisher: Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 232" ignored (bantuan)
- Porter, Andrew, penyunting (2001), Oxford History of the British Empire: Nineteenth Century, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. 800, ISBN 0199246785
- Ramusack, Barbara (2004), The Indian Princes and their States (The New Cambridge History of India), Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 324, ISBN 0521039894
- Shaikh, Farzana (1989), Community and Consensus in Islam: Muslim Representation in Colonial India, 1860—1947, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 272., ISBN 0521363284.
- Talbot; Singh, Gurharpal Singh, penyunting (1999), Region and Partition: Bengal, Punjab and the Partition of the Subcontinent, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. 420, ISBN 0195790510 Text "editor2-last-Ian" ignored (bantuan).
- Talbot, Ian (2002), Khizr Tiwana: The Punjab Unionist Party and the Partition of India, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. 216., ISBN 0195795512.
- Wainwright, A. Martin (1993), Inheritance of Empire: Britain, India, and the Balance of Power in Asia, 1938-55, Praeger Publishers. Pp. xvi, 256, ISBN 0275947335.
- Wolpert, Stanley (2006), Shameful Flight: The Last Years of the British Empire in India, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. 272, ISBN 0195151984.
Rencana dalam jurnal atau koleksi sunting
- Banthia, Jayant; Dyson, Tim (1999), "Smallpox in Nineteenth-Century India", Population and Development Review, 25 (4): 649–689
- Brown, Judith M. (2001), "India", dalam Brown, Judith M.; Louis, Wm. Roger (penyunting), Oxford History of the British Empire: The Twentieth Century, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, m/s. 421–446, ISBN 0199246793
- Caldwell, John C (1998), "Malthus and the Less Developed World: The Pivotal Role of India", Population and Development Review, 24 (4): 675–696
- Derbyshire, I. D. (1987), "Economic Change and the Railways in North India, 1860-1914", Population Studies, 21 (3): 521–545
- Drayton, Richard (2001), "Science, Medicine, and the British Empire", dalam Winks, Robin (penyunting), Oxford History of the British Empire: Historiography, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, m/s. 264–276, ISBN 0199246807
- Dyson, Tim (1991), "On the Demography of South Asian Famines: Part I", Population Studies, 45 (1): 5–25
- Dyson, Tim (1991), "On the Demography of South Asian Famines: Part II", Population Studies, 45 (2): 279–297
- Frykenberg, Robert E. (2001), "India to 1858", dalam Winks, Robin (penyunting), Oxford History of the British Empire: Historiography, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, m/s. 194–213, ISBN 0199246807
- Gilmartin, David (1994), "Scientific Empire and Imperial Science: Colonialism and Irrigation Technology in the Indus Basin", The Journal of Asian Studies, 53 (4): 1127–1149
- Goswami, Manu (1998), "From Swadeshi to Swaraj: Nation, Economy, Territory in Colonial South Asia, 1870 to 1907", Comparative Studies in Society and History, 40 (4): 609–636
- Harnetty, Peter (1991), "'Deindustrialization' Revisited: The Handloom Weavers of the Central Provinces of India, c. 1800-1947", Modern Asian Studies, 25 (3): 455–510
- Heuman, Gad (2001), "Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Abolition", dalam Winks, Robin (penyunting), Oxford History of the British Empire: Historiography, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, m/s. 315–326, ISBN 0199246807
- Klein, Ira (1988), "Plague, Policy and Popular Unrest in British India", Modern Asian Studies, 22 (4): 723–755
- Klein, Ira (2000), "Materialism, Mutiny and Modernization in British India", Modern Asian Studies, 34 (3): 545–580
- Kubicek, Robert (2001), "British Expansion, Empire, and Technological Change", dalam Porter, Andrew (penyunting), Oxford History of the British Empire: The Nineteenth Century, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, m/s. 247–269, ISBN 0199246785
- Moore, Robin J. (2001a), "Imperial India, 1858-1914", dalam Porter, Andrew (penyunting), Oxford History of the British Empire: The Nineteenth Century, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, m/s. 422–446, ISBN 0199246785
- Moore, Robin J. (2001b), "India in the 1940s", dalam Winks, Robin (penyunting), Oxford History of the British Empire: Historiography, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, m/s. 231–242, ISBN 0199246807
- Raj, Kapil (2000), "Colonial Encounters and the Forging of New Knowledge and National Identities: Great Britain and India, 1760-1850", Osiris, 2nd Series, 15 (Nature and Empire: Science and the Colonial Enterprise): 119–134
- Ray, Rajat Kanta (1995), "Asian Capital in the Age of European Domination: The Rise of the Bazaar, 1800-1914", Modern Asian Studies, 29 (3): 449–554
- Raychaudhuri, Tapan (2001), "India, 1858 to the 1930s", dalam Winks, Robin (penyunting), Oxford History of the British Empire: Historiography, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, m/s. 214–230, ISBN 0199246807
- Robb, Peter (1997), "The Colonial State and Constructions of Indian Identity: An Example on the Northeast Frontier in the 1880s", Modern Asian Studies, 31 (2): 245–283
- Roy, Tirthankar (2002), "Economic History and Modern India: Redefining the Link", The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 16 (3): 109–130
- Simmons, Colin (1985), "'De-Industrialization', Industrialization and the Indian Economy, c. 1850-1947", Modern Asian Studies, 19 (3): 593–622
- Singh, Manmohan (2005), In acceptance of an Honorary Degree from Oxford University on 8 July 2005, The Hindu, dicapai pada September 28, 2010
- Talbot, Ian (2001), "Pakistan's Emergence", dalam Winks, Robin (penyunting), Oxford History of the British Empire: Historiography, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, m/s. 253–263, ISBN 0199246807
- Tinker, Hugh (1968), India in the First World War and after. Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 3, No. 4, 1918-19: From War to Peace. (Oct., 1968), pp. 89-107, Sage Publications, ISSN: 00220094.
- Tomlinson, B. R. (2001), "Economics and Empire: The Periphery and the Imperial Economy", dalam Porter, Andrew (penyunting), Oxford History of the British Empire: The Nineteenth Century, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, m/s. 53–74, ISBN 0199246785
- Washbrook, D. A. (2001), "India, 1818-1860: The Two Faces of Colonialism", dalam Porter, Andrew (penyunting), Oxford History of the British Empire: The Nineteenth Century, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, m/s. 395–421, ISBN 0199246785
- Watts, Sheldon (1999), "British Development Policies and Malaria in India 1897-c. 1929", Past and Present (165): 141–181
- Wylie, Diana (2001), "Disease, Diet, and Gender: Late Twentieth Century Perspectives on Empire", dalam Winks, Robin (penyunting), Oxford History of the British Empire: Historiography, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, m/s. 277–289, ISBN 0199246807
Sejarah klasik dan gazetir sunting
- Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. II (1908), The Indian Empire, Historical, Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. xxxv, 1 map, 573.
- Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III (1907), The Indian Empire, Economic (Chapter X: Famine, pp. 475–502, Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. xxxvi, 1 map, 520.
- Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV (1907), The Indian Empire, Administrative, Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. xxx, 1 map, 552.
- Lovett, Sir Verney (1920), A History of the Indian Nationalist Movement, New York, Frederick A. Stokes Company, ISBN 81-7536-249-9
- Majumdar, R. C.; Raychaudhuri, H. C.; Datta, Kalikinkar (1950), An Advanced History of India, London: Macmillan and Company Limited. 2nd edition. Pp. xiii, 1122, 7 maps, 5 coloured maps. Text "authorlink1" ignored (bantuan).
- Smith, Vincent A. (1921), India in the British Period: Being Part III of the Oxford History of India, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press. 2nd edition. Pp. xxiv, 316 (469-784) Text "authorlink1" ignored (bantuan).
Sumber ketiga sunting
- Oldenburg, Philip (2007), ""India: Movement for Freedom"", Encarta Encyclopedia External link in
|chapter=(bantuan). Archived 2009-10-31. - Wolpert, Stanley (2007), "India: British Imperial Power 1858-1947 (Indian nationalism and the British response, 1885-1920; Prelude to Independence, 1920-1947)", Encyclopædia Britannica External link in
|chapter=(bantuan).
Bacaan berkaitan sunting
- Bairoch, Paul, Economics and World History, University of Chicago Press, 1995
- Bhatia, B. M., Famines in India: A study in Some Aspects of the Economic History of India with Special Reference to Food Problem, Delhi: Konark Publishers Pvt. Ltd, 1985
- Bowle, John, The Imperial Achievement, Secker & Warburg, London, 1974, ISBN 978-0316104098
- Chapman, Pat Taste of the Raj, Hodder & Stoughton, London—ISBN 0340680350 (1997)
- Coates, Tim, (series editor), The Amritsar Massacre 1919 - General Dyer in the Punjab (Official Reports, including Dyer's Testimonies), Her Majesty's Stationary Office (HMSO) 1925, abridged edition, 2000, ISBN 0-11-702412-0
- Davis, Mike, Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World 2001, ISBN 1-85984-739-0
- Dutt, Romesh C. Open Letters to Lord Curzon on Famines and Land Assessments in India, first published 1900, 2005 edition by Adamant Media Corporation, Elibron Classics Series, ISBN 1-4021-5115-2
- Dutt, Romesh C. The Economic History of India under early British Rule, first published 1902, 2001 edition by Routledge, ISBN 0-415-24493-5
- Forbes, Rosita, India of the Princes', London, 1939
- Forrest, G. W., CIE, (editor), Selections from The State Papers of the Governors-General of India - Warren Hastings (2 vols), Blackwell's, Oxford, 1910
- James, Lawrence, Raj - The Making and Unmaking of British India, London, 1997, ISBN 0-316-64072-7
- Keay, John, The Honourable Company - A History of the English East India Company, HarperCollins, London, 1991, ISBN 0-00-217515-0
- Moorhouse, Geoffrey, India Britannica, Book Club Associates, UK, 1983
- Morris, Jan with Simon Winchester, Stones of Empire - The Buildings of the Raj, Oxford University Press, 1st edition 1983 (paperback edition 1986, ISBN 0-19-282036-2
- Sen, Amartya, Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlements and Deprivation, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1982
- Srivastava, H.C., The History of Indian Famines from 1858-1918, Sri Ram Mehra and Co., Agra, 1968
- Voelcker, John Augustus, Report on the Improvement of Indian Agriculture, Indian Government publication, Calcutta, 2nd edition, 1897.
- Woodroffe, Sir John, Is India Civilized - Essays on Indian Culture, Madras, 1919.
Pautan luar sunting
| Wikimedia Commons mempunyai media berkaitan Raj British |