Wikipedia

Tentera Heathen Besar

Tentera Heathen Besar atau Tentera Denmark Besar[a], juga dikenali oleh pihak Anglo-Saxon sebagai Great Heathen Army (Bahasa Inggeris Tua: mycel hæþen here), merupakan sebuah perikatan para pahlawan Norse, bukan sahaja berasal daripada Denmark tetapi juga termasuk kumpulan-kumpulan perang daripada Norway dan Sweden, yang menyertai sebuah pasukan yang disatukan untuk menyerbu empat buah kerajaan beraja Anglo-Saxon yang terletak di England pada tahun AD 865.

Sebuah peta laluan yang digunakan oleh Tentera Heathen Besar pada tahun 865 sehingga 878

Sejak kurun ke-8, Viking banyak terlibat dalam misi-misi "serang-dan-lari" yang tertumpu pada pusat kekayaan seperi biara. Tentera Heathen Besar berbeza daripada serbuan ini di mana saiznya adalah lebih besar dan dibentuk untuk menduduki dan penakluk kawasan yang lebih luas.

Nama Tentera Heathen Besar diterbitkan daripada Sejarah Anglo-Saxon pada tahun 865. Legenda menyatakan bahawa tentera ini diketuai oleh empat daripada lima orang anak lelaki Ragnar Lodbrok, iaitu Hvitserk, Ivar the Boneless, Bjorn Ironside dan kemungkinan Ubba.[b] Kempen serangan dan penaklukan untuk menentang kerajaan beraja Anglo-Saxon berlangsung selama 14 tahun. Sumber-sumber yang terselamat tidak memberi sebarang indikasi pasti jumlahnya, tetapi antara pasukan terbesar pernah diwujudkan.

Nota sunting

  1. ^ The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle called the Vikings Danes, Pagans or Northmen. However, it should not be assumed that they were purely Danish as they could also be derived from Sweden, Norway and Frisia.[1]
  2. ^ The Danish historian Saxo Grammaticus gives Ragnar no less than 10 sons; however, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle says that only three took part in the invasion. It is likely that the sagas of Ragnar and his sons, although based in history, were a literary invention.[2] [3] The historical foundation is more likely found in the French and English chronicles.[3]

Rujukan sunting

  1. ^ Heath. The Vikings, pp. 3-4
  2. ^ Friis-Jensen.The Making of Christian Myths in the Periphery of Latin Christendom (c. 1000-1300)|p. 198
  3. ^ a b Munch. Norse Mythology - Legends of Gods and Heroes. pp. 357-359.

Sumber sunting

  • Æthelweard (1858). Giles Tr., J.A (penyunting). Six Old English Chronicles: Æthelweard's Chronicle. London: Henry G. Bohn.
  • Asser (1983). "Life of King Alfred". Dalam Keynes, Simon; Lapidge, Michael (penyunting). Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred & Other Contemporary Sources. Penguin Classics. ISBN 978-0-14-044409-4.
  • Brøndsted, Johannes; Skov, Kalle (1965). The Vikings. London: Pelican Books.
  • Carver, Martin, penyunting (1992). "Antiquity Volume 66 Number 250". York: Antiquity Trust. Cite journal requires |journal= (bantuan)
  • Forte, Angelo; Oram, Richard D; Pedersen, Frederik (2005). Viking Empires. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-5218-29922.
  • Friis-Jensen, Karsten (2006). Mortensen, Lars Boje (penyunting). In the Presence of the Dead. Saint Canute the Duke in Saxo Grammaticus's Gesta Danorum. The Making of Christian Myths in the Periphery of Latin Christendom (c. 1000-1300). Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 978-8-7635-0407-2.
  • Gardiner, Juliet, penyunting (2000). The Penguin Dictionary of British History (New Ed). London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-1405-1473-5.
  • Halsall, Guy (2003). Warfare and Society in the Barbarian West 450–900. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-41523-940-0.
  • Heath, Ian (1985). The Vikings. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8504-5565-6.
  • Hjardar, Kim; Vike, Vegard (2001). Vikings at war. Oslo: Spartacus. ISBN 978-82-430-0475-7.
  • Holman, Elizabeth (2009). The A to Z of the Vikings. Plymouth, England: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6813-7.
  • Hooper, Nicholas; Bennett, Matthew (1996). "The Vikings in the Ninth Century". The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare The Middle Ages, 768–1487. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-05214-4049-3.
  • Horspool, David (2006). Why Alfred Burned the Cakes. London: Profile Books. ISBN 978-1-86197-786-1.
  • Jones, Gwyn (1984). A History of the Vikings. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-215882-6.
  • Kirby, D.P. (2000). The Earliest English Kings. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-24211-0.
  • Klæsøe, Iben Skibsted, penyunting (2012). Viking Trade and Settlement in Western Europe. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 978-87-635-0531-4.
  • Lavelle, Ryan (2003). Fortifications in Wessex c. 800-1066. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 978-1-84176-639-3.
  • Munch, Peter Andreas (1926). Norse Mythology Legends of Gods and Heroes. New York: The American-Scandinavian foundation.
  • Nelson, Janet L., penyunting (1991). The Annals of St-.Bertin (Ninth-Century Histories, Vol. 1 (Manchester Medieval Sources Series): Annals of St-.Bertin vol. 1. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-719-03426-8.
  • Oliver, Neil (2012). Vikings. A History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-86787-6.
  • Reuter, Timothy (2003). Alfred the Great: Papers from the Eleventh-Centenary Conferences (Studies in Early Medieval Britain). Aldershot, Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-0957-5.
  • Ridyard, Susan J. (1988). The Royal Saints of Anglo-Saxon England: a Study of West Saxon & East Anglian Cults. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30772-7.
  • Sawyer, Peter (1962). The Age of the Vikings. London: Edward Arnold.
  • Sawyer, Peter (2001). The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings (ed. 3rd). Oxford: OUP. ISBN 978-0-19-285434-6.
  • Sawyer, Peter (1989). Kings and Vikings: Scandinavia and Europe, A.D. 700–1100. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-04590-2.
  • Smyth, Alfred P. (2002). The Medieval Life of King Alfred the Great: A Translation and Commentary on the Text Attributed to Asser. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Paulgrave Houndmills. ISBN 978-0-333-69917-1.
  • Starkey, David (2004). The Monarchy of England Volume I. London: Chatto & Windus. ISBN 978-0-7011-7678-5.
  • Stenton, F. M. (1971). Anglo-Saxon England (ed. 3rd). Oxford: OUP. ISBN 978-0-19-280139-5.
  • Welch, Martin (1992). Anglo-Saxon England. London: English Heritage. ISBN 978-0-7134-6566-2.

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