Laksamana Armada (Royal Navy)
Laksamana Armada adalah pangkat pegawai tentera laut lima bintang dan pangkat tertinggi sekali dalam Royal Navy yang dizahirkan secara rasmi pada tahun 1688.[1] Kod pangkat lima bintang NATO ialah OF-10, setaraf dengan Fil Marsyal dalam Tentera Darat British atau Marsyal Tentera Udara Diraja. Selain lantikan kehormat tiada lagi laksamana armada baru yang dinamakan sejak tahun 1995.
Laksamana Armada Admiral of the Fleet | ||
| ||
Negara | United Kingdom | |
Cabang perkhidmatan | Tentera Laut Diraja | |
Singkatan | ADMF | |
Kumpulan pangkat | Pegawai berbendera | |
Pangkat | Lima bintang | |
Kod NATO |
OF-10 | |
Diperkenalkan | 1688 | |
Pangkat rendah seterusnya | Laksamana | |
Persamaan pangkat tentera darat | Fil Marsyal (TD) | |
Persamaan pangkat tentera udara | Marsyal Tentera Udara Diraja (RAF) |
Sejarah
suntingAsal usul pangkat ini boleh dikesan dari Sir John de Beauchamp, Baron Beauchamp de Warwick Pertama, yang telah dilantik 'Laksamana Raja Armada Selatan, Utara dan Barat' pada 18 Julai 1360.[2] Lantikan ini memberikan kuasa memerintah tentera laut Inggeris kepada seseorang buat pertama kalinya; jawatan berkembang menjadi jawatan Laksamana Armada.[3] Pada zaman kapal layar pangkat pelbagai laksamana kemudian digunakan oleh Royal Navy apabila armada dibahagikan kepada tiga bahagian – merah, putih, atau biru. Setiap bahagian ditugaskan seorang Laksamana, yang kemudiannya memerintah seorang Laksamana Madya dan seterusnya seorang Laksamana Muda. Pangkat Laksamana Armada secara rasminya dizahirkan pada tahun 1688: sebelum tarikh ini Laksamana Putih adalah pangkat tertinggi dan dianggap secara tidak rasmi sebagai laksamana armada.[4] Pada abad ke-18, sembilan pangkat asal mula di isi oleh lebih dari seorang pada satu-satu masa. Laksamana merah adalah pangkat tertinggi dan mula dikenali sebagai laksamana armada.
Pada November 1805, satu pangkat baru Laksamana Merah yang berada dibawah Laksamana Armada telah dicipta, pengisytiharan pada muka surat 1373 oleh terbitan 15859 London Gazette menyatakan "Baginda Raja memerintahkan Pangkat Laksamana Merah di hidupkan semula[5] dalam Tentera Laut Baginda Raja..." dan menaikkan 22 orang ke pangkat itu.[6]
Penyusunan armada British kepada skuadron berwarna dibatalkan pada tahun 1864, namun Royal Navy mengekalkan Bendera Putih. Apabila ketua profesional Royal Navy telah diberikan jawatan First Naval Lord pada tahun 1828 (dinamakan semula First Sea Lord pada 1904), pangkat laksamana armada menjadi satu lantikan kehormat bagi First Naval Lord yang bersara membolehkan lebih dari seorang laksamana armada wujud pada satu-satu masa. Adalah lazim bagi Laksamana kanan dalam senarai aktif dilantik sebagai Laksamana Armada (selepas tahun 1870 para Laksamana di wajibkan bersara pada usia 65 tahun) sama ada atau tidak dia berkhidmat sebagai First Naval Lord. Namun, tidak ada Laksamana Armada antara tahun 1854 dan 1857 (Laksamana kanan, Thomas Le Marchant Gosselin[7][8] tidak pernah berkhidmat sejak dia menjadi Kepten pada tahun1809) dan pada kematian Provo Wallis pada 1892 kenaikkan pangkat itu diberikan pada John Edmund Commerell dan bukannya Algernon Frederick Rous de Horsey yang lebih senior. Pada tahun 1914 kriteria ini disemak semula dan pada tahun 1940 Laksamana Armada dikecualikan dari persaraan wajib.[9]
Sejak tahun 1811 lima ahli kerabat Diraja British, selain raja, dan empat ahli kerabat diraja asing telah dilantik sebagai laksamana armada. Daripada kebanyakan wangsa British yang dikurniakan pangkat itu, hanya seorang, Putera Wales (kemudian Raja Edward VII) yang tidak pernah berkhidmat dalam Royal Navy.
Semasa dua Perang Dunia beberapa pegawai khidmat memegang tauliah aktif sebagai laksamana armada, serta sebagai First Sea Lord. Susulan dari penubuhan jawatan Ketua Turus Pertahanan pada tahun 1959, lima orang pegawai tentera laut dilantik ke jawatan itu menjadi laksamana armada. Sebagai mengiktiraf pengurangan saiz Angkatan Tentera British pasca–Perang Dingin, tiada lagi kenaikkan pangkat dibuat selepas tahun 1995 apabila Sir Benjamin Bathurst telah dilantik laksamana armada pada hari persaraannya sebagai First Sea Lord. Pangkat itu tidak dimansuhkan dan pada 2012 Putera Wales menjadi laksamana armada kehormat (serta Fil Marsyal dan Marsyal Tentera Udara Diraja), sebagai pengiktirafan sokongannya pada Ratu Elizabeth II selaku Pemerintah Tertinggi Angkatan Tentera British. Pada tahun 2014, Lord Boyce, mantan First Sea Lord dan Ketua Turus Pertahanan, juga telah dilantik sebagai laksamana armada kehormat.[10]
Para Laksamana Armada
suntingDilantik |
Imej |
Nama |
Lahir |
Mati |
Nota |
Rujukan |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1688 | George Legge (later Earl of Dartmouth) |
1647 | 1691 | [11] | ||
1690 | Edward Russell (later Earl of Orford) |
1652 | 1727 | [12] | ||
1696 | Sir George Rooke | 1650 | 1709 | circa | [13] | |
13 Januari 1705 | Sir Cloudesley Shovell | 1650 | 1707 | [14] | ||
8 Januari 1708 | Sir John Leake | 1656 | 1720 | [15] | ||
21 Disember 1708 | Sir Stafford Fairborne | 1666 | 1742 | circa | [16] | |
12 November 1709 | Sir Matthew Aylmer | 1650 | 1720 | [17] | ||
14 Mac 1718 | Sir George Byng (later Viscount Torrington) |
1663 | 1733 | [18] | ||
20 Februari 1734 | Sir John Norris | 1670 | 1749 | [19] | ||
1 Julai 1749 | Sir Chaloner Ogle | 1681 | 1750 | [20] | ||
22 November 1751 | James Steuart | 1690 | 1757 | [21] | ||
Mac 1757 | The Hon. George Clinton | 1686 | 1761 | [22] | ||
30 Julai 1761 | The Lord Anson | 1697 | 1762 | [23] | ||
17 Disember 1762 | Sir William Rowley | 1690 | 1768 | circa | [24] | |
15 Januari 1768 | Sir Edward Hawke (later Lord Hawke) |
1705 | 1781 | [25] | ||
24 Oktober 1781 | The Hon. John Forbes | 1714 | 1796 | [26] | ||
12 Mac 1796 | The Earl Howe | 1726 | 1799 | [27] | ||
16 September 1799 | Sir Peter Parker | 1721 | 1811 | [28] | ||
24 Disember 1811 | HRH The Duke of Clarence and St Andrews (later HM King William IV) |
1765 | 1837 | [29] | ||
19 Julai 1821 | The Earl of St Vincent | 1735 | 1823 | acting from May 1814 | [30] | |
28 Jun 1830 | William Williams-Freeman | 1742 | 1832 | [31] | ||
22 Julai 1830 | The Lord Gambier | 1756 | 1833 | [32] | ||
22 Julai 1830 | Sir Charles Pole | 1757 | 1830 | [32] | ||
24 April 1833 | Sir Charles Nugent | 1759 | 1844 | [33] | ||
8 Januari 1844 | Sir James Hawkins-Whitshed | 1762 | 1849 | [34] | ||
9 November 1846 | Sir George Martin | 1764 | 1847 | [35] | ||
13 Oktober 1849 | Sir Thomas Byam Martin | 1773 | 1854 | [36] | ||
1 Julai 1851 | Sir George Cockburn | 1772 | 1853 | [37] | ||
8 Disember 1857 | Sir Charles Ogle | 1775 | 1858 | [38] | ||
25 Jun 1858 | Sir John West | 1774 | 1862 | [39] | ||
20 Mei 1862 | Sir William Gage | 1777 | 1864 | [40] | ||
10 November 1862 | Sir Graham Hamond | 1779 | 1862 | [41] | ||
27 April 1863 | Sir Francis Austen | 1774 | 1865 | [42] | ||
27 April 1863 | Sir William Parker | 1781 | 1866 | [43] | ||
11 Januari 1864 | Sir Lucius Curtis | 1786 | 1869 | [44] | ||
12 September 1865 | Sir Thomas Cochrane | 1789 | 1872 | [45] | ||
30 November 1866 | Sir George Seymour | 1787 | 1870 | [46] | ||
30 Januari 1868 | Sir James Gordon | 1782 | 1869 | on the Retired List | [47] | |
15 Januari 1869 | Sir William Bowles | 1780 | 1869 | [48] | ||
2 Julai 1869 | Sir George Sartorius | 1790 | 1885 | [49] | ||
21 Januari 1870 | Sir Fairfax Moresby | 1786 | 1877 | [50] | ||
20 Oktober 1872 | Sir Houston Stewart | 1791 | 1875 | [51] | ||
11 Disember 1875 | Sir Provo Wallis | 1791 | 1892 | [52] | ||
22 Januari 1877 | Sir Henry Codrington | 1808 | 1877 | [53] | ||
5 Ogos 1877 | Sir Henry Keppel | 1809 | 1904 | [54] | ||
27 Disember 1877 | The Earl of Lauderdale | 1803 | 1878 | [55] | ||
27 Disember 1877 | Sir Rodney Mundy | 1805 | 1884 | [55] | ||
15 Jun 1879 | Sir James Hope | 1808 | 1881 | [56] | ||
15 Jun 1879 | Sir Thomas Symonds | 1813 | 1894 | [56] | ||
10 Jun 1881 | Sir Alexander Milne, Bt. | 1806 | 1896 | on the Retired List | [57] | |
1 Disember 1881 | Sir Charles Elliot | 1818 | 1895 | [58] | ||
29 April 1885 | Sir Alfred Ryder | 1820 | 1888 | [59] | ||
18 Julai 1887 | YTM Putera Wales (kemudian Baginda Raja Edward VII) |
1841 | 1910 | kehormat bagi bukan royalti Tentera Laut | [60] | |
1 Mei 1888 | Sir Geoffrey Hornby | 1825 | 1895 | [61] | ||
8 Disember 1888 | Lord John Hay | 1827 | 1916 | First Sea Lord 1886 | [62] | |
2 Ogos 1889 | Baginda Kaiser Wilhelm II dari Jerman | 1859 | 1941 | kehormat, bagi kerabat diraja asing | [63] | |
13 Februari 1892 | Fail:VCJohnEdmundCommerell.jpg | Sir John Commerell | 1829 | 1901 | [64] | |
3 Jun 1893 | HRH The Duke of Edinburgh (later Duke Alfred of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha) |
1844 | 1900 | [65] | ||
20 Februari 1895 | The Earl of Clanwilliam | 1832 | 1907 | [66] | ||
23 Ogos 1897 | Sir Algernon Lyons | 1833 | 1908 | [67] | ||
29 November 1898 | Sir Frederick Richards | 1833 | 1912 | First Sea Lord 1893–1899 | [68] | |
13 Januari 1899 | Sir Nowell Salmon | 1835 | 1912 | [69] | ||
3 Oktober 1902 | Sir James Erskine | 1838 | 1911 | [70] | ||
30 Ogos 1903 | Sir Charles Hotham | 1843 | 1925 | [71] | ||
16 Jun 1904 | Lord Walter Kerr | 1839 | 1927 | First Sea Lord 1899–1904 | [72] | |
20 Februari 1905 | Sir Edward Seymour | 1840 | 1929 | [73] | ||
5 Disember 1905 | Sir John Fisher (later Lord Fisher) |
1841 | 1920 | First Sea Lord 1905–1910 and 1914–1915 | [74] | |
1 Mac 1907 | Sir Arthur Wilson | 1842 | 1921 | First Sea Lord 1910–1911 | [75] | |
11 Jun 1908 | Baginda Tsar Nicholas II dari Rusia | 1868 | 1918 | kehormat, bagi kerabat diraja asing | [76] | |
2 Disember 1908 | Sir Gerard Noel | 1845 | 1918 | [77] | ||
27 Januari 1910 | HRH Prince Henry of Prussia | 1862 | 1929 | honorary, to foreign royalty | [78] | |
30 April 1910 | Sir Arthur Fanshawe | 1847 | 1936 | [79] | ||
6 Mei 1910 | Baginda Raja George V | 1865 | 1936 | [80] | ||
20 Mac 1913 | Sir William May | 1849 | 1930 | [81] | ||
5 Mac 1915 | The Honourable Sir Hedworth Meux | 1856 | 1929 | [82] | ||
2 April 1917 | Sir George Callaghan | 1852 | 1920 | [83] | ||
3 April 1919 | The Viscount Jellicoe (kemudian Earl Jellicoe) |
1859 | 1935 | First Sea Lord 1916–1918 | [84] | |
3 April 1919 | Sir David Beatty (kemudian Earl Beatty) |
1871 | 1936 | First Sea Lord 1919–1927 | [85] | |
31 Julai 1919 | Sir Henry Jackson | 1855 | 1929 | First Sea Lord 1915–1916 | [86] | |
1 November 1919 | Sir Rosslyn Wemyss (later Lord Wester Wemyss) |
1864 | 1933 | First Sea Lord 1918–1919 | [87] | |
24 November 1920 | Sir Cecil Burney, Bt. | 1858 | 1929 | [88] | ||
5 Julai 1921 | Sir Doveton Sturdee, Bt. | 1859 | 1925 | [89] | ||
19 Ogos 1921 | Fail:LudwigBattenberg.jpg | The Marquess of Milford Haven | 1854 | 1921 | First Sea Lord 1912–1914. On the Retired List | [90] |
31 Julai 1924 | Sir Charles Madden, Bt. | 1862 | 1935 | First Sea Lord 1927–1930 | [91] | |
8 Mei 1925 | The Honourable Sir Somerset Gough-Calthorpe | 1864 | 1937 | [92] | ||
24 November 1925 | Sir John de Robeck, Bt. | 1862 | 1928 | [93] | ||
21 Januari 1928 | Sir Henry Oliver | 1865 | 1965 | [94] | ||
31 Julai 1929 | Sir Osmond Brock | 1869 | 1947 | [95] | ||
8 Mei 1930 | Sir Roger Keyes, Bt. (later Lord Keyes) |
1872 | 1945 | [96] | ||
21 Januari 1933 | Sir Frederick Field | 1871 | 1945 | First Sea Lord 1930–1933 | [97] | |
31 Julai 1934 | Sir Reginald Tyrwhitt, Bt. | 1870 | 1951 | [98] | ||
8 Mei 1935 | Sir Ernle Chatfield (later Lord Chatfield) |
1873 | 1967 | First Sea Lord 1933–1938 | [99] | |
21 Januari 1936 | Edward VIII | Baginda Raja1894 | 1972 | [100] | ||
12 Julai 1936 | Sir John Kelly | 1871 | 1936 | [101] | ||
11 Disember 1936 | George VI | Baginda Raja1895 | 1952 | [102] | ||
21 Januari 1938 | The Earl of Cork and Orrery | 1873 | 1967 | [103] | ||
7 Julai 1939 | Sir Roger Backhouse | 1878 | 1939 | First Sea Lord 1938–1939 | [104] | |
31 Julai 1939 | Sir Dudley Pound | 1877 | 1943 | First Sea Lord 1939–1943 | [105] | |
8 Mei 1940 | Sir Charles Forbes | 1880 | 1960 | [106] | ||
21 Januari 1943 | Sir Andrew Cunningham (kemudian Viscount Cunningham dari Hyndhope) |
1883 | 1963 | First Sea Lord 1943–1946 | [107] | |
22 Oktober 1943 | Sir John Tovey (later Lord Tovey) |
1885 | 1971 | [108] | ||
8 Mei 1945 | Sir James Somerville | 1882 | 1949 | [109] | ||
21 Januari 1948 | Sir John Cunningham | 1885 | 1965 | First Sea Lord 1946–1948 | [110] | |
22 Oktober 1948 | Lord Fraser dari North Cape | 1888 | 1981 | First Sea Lord 1948–1951 | [111] | |
20 Mac 1949 | Sir Algernon Willis | 1889 | 1976 | [112] | ||
22 April 1952 | Sir Arthur Power | 1889 | 1960 | [113] | ||
1 Jun 1952 | Sir Philip Vian | 1894 | 1968 | [114] | ||
15 Januari 1953 | YTM Duke Edinburgh | 1921 | Lord High Admiral United Kingdom 2011–kini | [115] | ||
1 Mei 1953 | Sir Rhoderick McGrigor | 1893 | 1959 | First Sea Lord 1951–1955 | [116] | |
22 April 1955 | Sir George Creasy | 1895 | 1972 | [117] | ||
22 Oktober 1956 | Earl Mountbatten dari Burma | 1900 | 1979 | First Sea Lord 1955–1959 Ketua Turus Pertahanan 1959–1965 | [118] | |
10 Mei 1960 | Sir Charles Lambe | 1900 | 1960 | First Sea Lord 1959–1960 | [119] | |
23 Mei 1962 | Sir Caspar John | 1903 | 1984 | First Sea Lord 1960–1963 | [120] | |
12 Ogos 1968 | Sir Varyl Begg | 1908 | 1995 | First Sea Lord 1966–1968 | [121] | |
30 Jun 1970 | Sir Michael Le Fanu | 1913 | 1970 | First Sea Lord 1968–1970 | [122] | |
12 Mac 1971 | Sir Peter Hill-Norton (later Lord Hill-Norton) |
1915 | 2004 | First Sea Lord 1970–1971 Chief of the Defence Staff 1971–73 | [123] | |
1 Mac 1974 | Sir Michael Pollock | 1916 | 2006 | First Sea Lord 1971–1974 | [124] | |
9 Februari 1977 | Sir Edward Ashmore | 1919 | 2016 | First Sea Lord 1977-1977 Chief of the Defence Staff 1977 | [125] | |
6 Julai 1979 | Sir Terence Lewin (later Lord Lewin) |
1920 | 1999 | First Sea Lord 1977–1979 Chief of the Defence Staff 1979–1982 | [126] | |
1 Disember 1982 | Sir Henry Leach | 1923 | 2011 | First Sea Lord 1979–1982 | [127] | |
2 Ogos 1985 | Sir John Fieldhouse (later Lord Fieldhouse) |
1928 | 1992 | First Sea Lord 1982–1985 Chief of the Defence Staff 1985–1988 | [128] | |
12 April 1988 | HM King Olav V of Norway | 1903 | 1991 | honorary, to foreign royalty | [129] | |
25 Mei 1989 | Sir William Staveley | 1928 | 1997 | First Sea Lord 1985–1989 | [130] | |
2 Mac 1992 | Sir Julian Oswald | 1933 | 2011 | First Sea Lord 1989–1993 | [131] | |
10 Julai 1995 | Sir Benjamin Bathurst | 1936 | First Sea Lord 1993–1995 | [132] | ||
16 Jun 2012 | YTM Putera Wales | 1948 | Pangkat kehormat | [133] | ||
13 Jun 2014 | The Lord Boyce | 1943 | Chief of the Defence Staff 2001–2003. Honorary rank | [134] |
Lihat juga
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- ^ 1, St. George Tucker. Vol. (1996). Blackstone's commentaries: with notes of reference to the constitution and laws, of the federal government of the United States, and of the Commonwealth of Virginia; with an appendix to each volume, containing short tracts upon such subjects as appeared necessary to form a connected view of the laws of Virginia as a member of the federal union (ed. Originally published: Philadelphia : William Young Birch, and Abraham Small, 1803.). Union, NJ: Lawbook Exchange. m/s. xxxiii. ISBN 9781886363168.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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- ^ Heathcote, p. 21
- ^ "No. 34651". The London Gazette. 4 August 1939. m/s. 5393.
- ^ "No. 34849". The London Gazette. 14 May 1940. m/s. 2892.
- ^ Heathcote, p. 60
- ^ "No. 36255". The London Gazette. 19 November 1943. m/s. 5088.
- ^ Heathcote, p. 233
- ^ "No. 38210". The London Gazette. 17 February 1948. m/s. 1128.
- ^ Heathcote, p. 90
- ^ "No. 38595". The London Gazette. 26 April 1949. m/s. 2052.
- ^ "No. 39571". The London Gazette. 13 June 1952. m/s. 3238.
- ^ "No. 39606". The London Gazette. 25 July 1952. m/s. 3999.
- ^ Heathcote, p. 210
- ^ Heathcote, p. 162
- ^ "No. 40487". The London Gazette. 24 May 1955. m/s. 3011.
- ^ "No. 40927". The London Gazette. 16 November 1956. m/s. 6492.
- ^ "No. 42058". The London Gazette (Supplement). 7 June 1960. m/s. 4037.
- ^ "No. 42704". The London Gazette. 15 June 1962. m/s. 4777.
- ^ Heathcote, p. 29
- ^ "No. 45138". The London Gazette (Supplement). 26 June 1970. m/s. 7183.
- ^ "No. 45331". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 March 1971. m/s. 2937.
- ^ "No. 46225". The London Gazette (Supplement). 4 March 1974. m/s. 2887.
- ^ "No. 47160". The London Gazette (Supplement). 1 March 1977. m/s. 2825.
- ^ "No. 47904". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 July 1979. m/s. 8998.
- ^ "No. 49174". The London Gazette (Supplement). 22 November 1982. m/s. 15293.
- ^ Heathcote, p.78
- ^ "No. 51297". The London Gazette (3rd supplement). 12 April 1988. m/s. 4327.
- ^ Heathcote, p. 235
- ^ Heathcote, p. 204
- ^ Heathcote, p. 23
- ^ "No. 60350". The London Gazette. 7 December 2012. m/s. 23557.
- ^ "2014 Birthday Honours for service personnel and defence civilians". Ministry of Defence. 13 June 2014. Dicapai pada 22 June 2014.
Sumber
sunting- Heathcote, Tony (2002). The British Admirals of the Fleet 1734–1995. Pen & Sword Ltd. ISBN 0-85052-835-6.
Pautan luar
sunting- Kategori berkenaan Laksamana Armada (Royal Navy) di Wikimedia Commons