Menes
Menes (kk 3200-3000 SM; [6] /ˈmiːniːz/ ; Mesir Purba: mnj, mungkin disebut */maˈnij/ ; [7] Bahasa Yunani Kuno: Μήνης [8] ) ialah firaun dari Tempoh Dinasti Awal Mesir purba yang dikreditkan oleh tradisi klasik dengan menyatukan Mesir Hulu dan Hilir dan sebagai pengasas Dinasti Pertama.[9]
| Menes (kk. 3200–3000 SM)[1] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Africanus: Mênês Eusebius: Mênês | ||||
| ||||
| Kartusy Menes di Senarai Raja Abydos | ||||
| Firaun Mesir | ||||
| Pengganti | Hor-Aha | |||
|
| ||||
Identiti Menes adalah subjek perdebatan yang berterusan, walaupun konsensus Mesir utama mengenalpastikan Menes dengan penguasa Naqada III Narmer[8][10][11][12] (kemungkinan besar) atau firaun pertama Dinasti Hor-Aha. [13] Kedua-dua firaun itu dikreditkan dengan penyatuan Mesir ke pelbagai peringkat oleh pelbagai pihak.
Kehidupan sunting
| Menes dalam hieroglif | |||||||||
|
Narmer dan Menes sunting
Ketiadaan hampir apa-apa sebutan mengenai Menes dalam rekod arkeologi[8] dan perbandingan bukti Narmer, angka protodenis dikreditkan oleh keturunan dan dalam rekod arkeologi dengan tuntutan tegas[10] kepada penyatuan Mesir Hulu dan Hilir, telah menimbulkan teori mengaitkan Menes dengan Narmer.
Dalam catatan Pliny, Menes dikreditkan sebagai pencipta penulisan di Mesir.
Kematian sunting
Menurut Manetho, Menes memerintah selama 62 tahun dan dibunuh oleh badak air.[14][15]
Lihat juga sunting
- Mannus, angka leluhur dalam mitologi Jermanik
- Minos, raja Kreta, anak Zeus dan Europa
- Manu (Hinduisme), leluhur manusia
- Nu'u, watak mitos Hawaii yang membina sebuah bahtera dan melarikan diri dari Banjir Besar
- Nüwa, dewi dalam mitologi Cina paling terkenal kerana mencipta manusia
- Nuh
- Min (dewa)
- Narmer
- Hor-Aha
- Thinis
Nota sunting
Rujukan sunting
- ^ Kitchen, KA (1991). "The Chronology of Ancient Egypt". World Archaeology. 23 (2): 201–8. doi:10.1080/00438243.1991.9980172.
- ^ Edwards 1971, m/s. 13.
- ^ Lloyd 1994, m/s. 7.
- ^ Cervelló-Autuori 2003, m/s. 174.
- ^ Edwards 1971, m/s. 11.
- ^ Kitchen, KA (1991). "The Chronology of Ancient Egypt". World Archaeology. 23 (2): 201–8. doi:10.1080/00438243.1991.9980172.
- ^ Loprieno, Antonio (1995). Ancient Egyptian: A linguistic introduction. Cambridge University press. ISBN 0-521-44384-9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- ^ a b c Edwards 1971.
- ^ Beck dll. 1999.
- ^ a b Lloyd 1994.
- ^ Cervelló-Autuori 2003.
- ^ Heagy 2014.
- ^ Seidlmayer 2010.
- ^ Manetho, Fr. 6, 7a, 7b. Text and translation in Manetho, translated by W.G. Waddell (Cambridge: Harvard University, 1940), pp.26-35
- ^ Verbrugghe & Wickersham 2001, m/s. 131.
Bibliografi sunting
- Beck, Roger B; Black, Linda; Krieger, Larry S; Naylor, Phillip C; Shabaka, Dahia Ibo (1999), World history: Patterns of interaction, Evanston, IL: McDougal Littell, ISBN 0-395-87274-X
- Cervelló-Autuori, Josep (2003), "Narmer, Menes and the seals from Abydos", Egyptology at the dawn of the twenty-first century: proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Egyptologists, 2, Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, ISBN 978-977-424-714-9.
- Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca historica, 1
- Dow, Alexander (1774), Sethona: a tragedy, as it is performed at the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane, London: T. Becket
- Edwards, IES (1971), "The early dynastic period in Egypt", The Cambridge Ancient History, 1, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Elder, Edward (1849), "Menes", dalam Smith, William (penyunting), Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, 2, Boston: Charles C. Little & James Brown.
- Faber, George Stanley (1816), "The origin of pagan idolatry: ascertained from historical testimony and circumstantial evidence", 3, London: F&C Rivingtons, 2.
- Gardiner, Alan (1961), Egypt of the Pharaohs, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- of Halicarnassus, Herodotus, The Histories.
- Heagy, Thomas C. (2014), "Who was Menes?", Archeo-Nil, 24: 59–92CS1 maint: ref=harv (link). Available online "[1]"..
- Lloyd, Alan B. (1994) [1975], Herodotus: Book II, Leiden: EJ Brill, ISBN 90-04-04179-6.
- Maspero, Gaston (1903), Sayce, Archibald Henry (penyunting), History of Egypt, Chaldea, Syria, Babylonia, and Assyria, 9, Kessinger Publishing, ISBN 9780766135017.
- ——— (1910) [1894], Sayce, Archibald Henry (penyunting), The dawn of civilization: Egypt and Chaldæa, London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, ISBN 978-0-7661-7774-1.
- Manley, Bill (1997), The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Egypt, London: Penguin, ISBN 0-14-051331-0.
- Rachewiltz, Boris de (1969), "Pagan and magic elements in Ezra Pound's works", dalam Hesse, Eva (penyunting), New approaches to Ezra Pound, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
- Ryholt, Kim (2009), "Egyptian historical literature from the Greco-Roman period", dalam Fitzenreiter, Martin (penyunting), Das Ereignis, Geschichtsschreibung zwischen Vorfall und Befund, London: Golden House.
- Schulz, Regine; Seidel, Matthias (2004), Egypt: The World of the Pharaohs, HF Ullmann, ISBN 978-3-8331-6000-4.
- Shaw, Ian; Nicholson, Paul (1995), The Dictionary of Ancient Egypt, Harry N Abrams, ISBN 0-8109-9096-2.
- Seidlmayer, Stephan (2010) [2004], "The Rise of the State to the Second Dynasty", Egypt: The World of the Pharaohs, ISBN 978-3-8331-6000-4.
- Verbrugghe, Gerald Paul; Wickersham, John Moore (2001) [1996], Berossos and Manetho, introduced and translated: Native Traditions in Ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt, Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, ISBN 978-0-472-08687-0.
- Waddell, Laurence A (1930), Egyptian civilization: Its Sumerian origin, London, ISBN 978-0-7661-4273-2.
Pautan luar sunting
- Menes, Ancient Egypt.
- "The Contendings of Horus and Seth", Egypt, IL: Reshafim.
- "Menes", Ancient Egyptian Civilization (image), Aldokkan.
- "Menes" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905.