Neanderthal

Neanderthal; Julat zaman: Pleistosen
	Tulang neanderthal terpacak, AMNH
Pengelasan saintifik
Alam:	Animalia
Filum:	Chordata
Kelas:	Mamalia
Order:	Primates
Keluarga:	Hominidae
Genus:	Homo
Spesies:	H. neanderthalensis
Nama binomial
	Homo neanderthalensis; King, 1864
Sinonim
	Palaeoanthropus neanderthalensis H. s. neanderthalensis

Neanderthal (sebutan bahasa Inggeris: /neɪˈændərtɑːl/, juga dengan /niː-/ dan /-θɔːl/), atau Neandertal, ialah anggota genus Homo yang telah pupus dan berasal dari zaman Pleistosen. Spesimennya ditemui di Eropah dan Asia Barat dan Tengah. Neanderthal dapat diklasifikan sebagai subspesies manusia (Homo sapiens neanderthalensis) atau spesies yang berlainan (Homo neanderthalensis).^[1] Jejak proto-Neanderthal pertama muncul di Eropah 600,000 sehingga 350,000 tahun yang lalu.^[2]

Rujukan sunting

^ Tattersall I, Schwartz JH (1999). "Hominids and hybrids: the place of Neanderthals in human evolution". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 (13): 7117–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.13.7117. PMID 10377375. on the view that these distinctive hominids merit species recognition in their own right as Homo neanderthalensis (e.g., refs. 4 and 5), at least as many still regard them as no more than a strange variant of our own species, Homo sapiens (6, 7) Available on-line
^ J. L. Bischoff; dll. (2003). "The Sima de los Huesos Hominids Date to Beyond U/Th Equilibrium (>350 kyr) and Perhaps to 400–500 kyr: New Radiometric Dates". J. Archaeol. Sci. 30 (30): 275. doi:10.1006/jasc.2002.0834. Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (bantuan)

Pautan luar sunting

Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Smithsonian Diarkibkan 2007-09-11 di Wayback Machine
Archaelogy Info
MNSU Diarkibkan 2010-10-23 di Wayback Machine
"Humans and Neanderthals interbred" Diarkibkan 2009-02-22 di Wayback Machine: Modern humans contain a little bit of Neanderthal, according to a new theory, because the two interbred and became one species. (Cosmos magazine, November 2006)
BBC.co.uk - 'Neanderthals "mated with modern humans": A hybrid skeleton showing features of both Neanderthal and early modern humans has been discovered, challenging the theory that our ancestors drove Neanderthals to extinction', BBC (April 21, 1999)

BBC.co.uk - 'Neanderthals "had hands like ours": The popular image of Neanderthals as clumsy, backward creatures has been dealt another blow', Helen Briggs, BBC (March 27, 2003)

IndState.edu Diarkibkan 2001-03-03 di Wayback Machine - 'Neanderthals: A Cyber Perspective', Kharlena María Ramanan, Indiana State University (1997)
Krapina.com - 'Krapina: The World's Largest Neanderthal Finding Site'
Neanderthal.de - 'Neanderthal Museum'
Neanderthal DNA - 'Neanderthal DNA' Includes Neanderthal mtDNA sequences
The Cryptid Zoo - 'Neanderthals and Neanderthaloids in Cryptozoology' (modern sightings promoted by the pseudoscience of cryptozoology)
UniZH.ch - 'Comparing Neanderthals and modern humans: Neanderthals differ from anatomically modern Homo sapiens in a suite of cranial features' (cranio-facial reconstructions), Institut für Informatik der Universität Zürich
WebShots.com - 'IMG_6922 The Neandertal foot prints' (photo of ~25K years old fossilized footprints discovered in 1970 on volcanic layers near Demirkopru Dam Reservoir, Manisa, Turkey)
interactive database on the archaeology and anthropology of Neanderthals Diarkibkan 2007-09-29 di Wayback Machine
Did free trade cause the extinction of Neanderthals?
Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA can show conflicting phylogenetic histories
Neanderthal manifactured pitch
Homo neanderthalensis reconstruction Diarkibkan 2006-09-26 di Wayback Machine - Electronic articles published by the Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History.
CBS article on latest scientific speculation about Neanderthals in Gibraltar.
Neanderthal bone gives DNA clues
Scientists decode Neanderthal genes Diarkibkan 2007-01-03 di Wayback Machine
Scientists Build 'Frankenstein' Neanderthal Skeleton
A NEANDERTHAL'S DNA TALE Diarkibkan 2008-03-06 di Wayback Machine
'Bone and Stone' A digitally enhanced single frame philatelic exhibit dedicated to the Neanderthal.
How Neanderthal molar teeth grew
Mousterian Tools of Neanderthals From Europe - World Museum of Man Diarkibkan 2010-02-03 di Wayback Machine
The Way We Are
Link to picture of the Neanderthal trace near Gediz River in Turkey
Link to Cross-Eyed stereoview of Neanderthal fossil cast in Chicago Field Museum Diarkibkan 2009-02-24 di Wayback Machine

Templat:Arkeologi-stub

[1] Tattersall I, Schwartz JH (1999). "Hominids and hybrids: the place of Neanderthals in human evolution". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 (13): 7117–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.13.7117. PMID 10377375. on the view that these distinctive hominids merit species recognition in their own right as Homo neanderthalensis (e.g., refs. 4 and 5), at least as many still regard them as no more than a strange variant of our own species, Homo sapiens (6, 7) Available on-line

[2] J. L. Bischoff; dll. (2003). "The Sima de los Huesos Hominids Date to Beyond U/Th Equilibrium (>350 kyr) and Perhaps to 400–500 kyr: New Radiometric Dates". J. Archaeol. Sci. 30 (30): 275. doi:10.1006/jasc.2002.0834. Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (bantuan)

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