Palestin (wilayah)

Palestin (Bahasa Arab: فلسطين Falasṭīn, Bahasa Ibrani: פלשתינה Palestina) juga disebut bumi Palestin ialah sebuah wilayah geografi di Asia Barat yang meliputi wilayah-wilayah Palestin iaitu Tebing Barat, Genting Gaza dan Palestin yang diduduki atau Israel, dan sebahagian takrif meliputi juga bahagian barat Jordan.

Nama Palestin digunakan oleh penulis Yunani kuno dan ia digunakan menjadi wilayah Syria Palaestina di bawah empayar Rom, Palaestina Prima di bawah empayar Byzantine, dan daerah Jund Filastin di bawah pemerintahan Islam. Wilayah ini meliputi kebanyakan wilayah yang disebut dalam kitab samawi sebagai Tanah Israel (Ibrani: ארץ־ישראלcode: he is deprecated Eretz-Yisra'el), Tanah Suci atau Tanah Yang Dijanjikan, dan menggambarkan bahagian selatan kawasan luas yang dicatatkan seperti Canaan, Syam, Syria dan Levant.

Terletak di pertembungan Mesir, Syria dan Semenanjung Arab, dan menjadi tempat kelahiran bagi ajaran Yahudi dan Kristian, wilayah ini mempunyai sejarah yang menyesakkan bagi agama, kebudayaan, perdagangan dan politik. Ia dikawal oleh banyak pemerintahan, termasuklah Mesir Purba, Kanaan, Bani Israel dan Yahuda, Assyria, Babylonia, Achaemenid, Yunani Purba, Kerajaan Hasmonayim Yahudi, Rom, Parthia, Sasan, Byzantine, Khalifah Rasyidin, Umayyah, Abbasiyah dan Fatimiyah, Tentera salib, Ayyubiyah, Mamluk, Mongol, Uthmaniyah, British, dan negara-negara masa kini seperti Israel, Jordan, Mesir dan Palestin.

Sempadan wilayah ini berubah-ubah mengikut sejarah. Kini secara politiknya ia merangkumi negara-negara Israel dan Palestin.

Sejarah

Sejarah Palestin bermula sejarak zaman prasejarah. Selepas pembubaran Empayar Turki Uthmaniyyah pada 1922 selepas Perang Dunia Pertama, Liga Bangsa telah membahagikan tanah jajahan empayar tersebut antara Tentera Bersekutu. Bahagian yang dikenali sebagai Israel, Jordan, Tebing Barat dan Genting Gaza hari ini diserahkan kepada pihak British sebagai Palestin Bermandat British.

Pada 1948, Negeri Israel diisytiharkan merdeka dan menduduki tanah di Palestin Bermandat yang dibahagikan kepada "negara Yahudi" di bawah Rancangan Pemecahan Bahagian PBB 1947 (tidak termasuk Tebing Barat). Cetusan Perang Arab-Israel 1948 pula mengubah lagi sempadan di tanah suci itu. Berikutan perang itu, Genting Gaza diilhakkan oleh Mesir, manakala Tebing Barat diilhakkan oleh Jordan. Perjanjian Gencatan Senjata 1949 yang dimeterai oleh Israel dan negara-negara Arab menentukan sempadan antara Israel, Genting Gaza dan Tebing Barat.

Perang Enam Hari 1967 melihatkan Israel menceroboh Semenanjung Gaza, Tebing Barat, Bukit Golan, Syria dan Semenanjung Sinai dalam satu operasi ketenteraan (tetapi Sinai diserahkan semula kepada Mesir). Sehingga kini, Israel menjajah kebanyakan kawasan di Tebing Barat. Banyak petempatan Yahudi juga dibina sejak pengiilhakan tersebut.

Peta Baitulmaqdis Timur

Pemerintahan Saidina Umar

Semasa pemerintahan khalifah Khulafa al-Rasyidin kedua, Saidina Umar, empayar Islam berkembang dengan pesat; menawan Mesopotamia dan sebahagian kawasan Parsi daripada Empayar Sasan (berjaya menamatkan Empayar Parsi), dan menawan Mesir, Palestin, Syria, Afrika Utara, dan Armenia daripada Byzantine (Rom Timur). Ada di antara pertempuran ini menunjukkan ketangkasan tentera Islam seperti Perang Yarmuk yang menyaksikan tentera Islam yang berjumlah 40,000 orang menumpaskan tentera Byzantine yang berjumlah 120,000 orang. Hal ini mengakhiri pemerintahan Byzantine di selatan Asia Kecil.

Pada tahun 637, selepas pengempungan Baitulmaqdis yang agak lama, tentera Islam berjaya menakluk kota tersebut. Paderi besar Baitulmaqdis iaitu Sophronius menyerahkan kunci kota itu kepada Saidina Umar. Beliau kemudiannya mengajak Saidina Umar supaya bersembahyang di dalam gereja besar Kristian iaitu gereja Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Saidina Umar menolak dan sebaliknya menunaikan solat tidak beberapa jauh daripada gereja tersebut kerana tidak ingin mencemarkan status gereja tersebut sebagai pusat keagamaan Kristian. 50 tahun kemudian, sebuah masjid yang digelar Masjid Umar dibina di tempat Saidina Umar menunaikan solat.

Saidina Umar banyak melakukan reformasi terhadap sistem pemerintahan Islam seperti menubuhkan pentadbiran baru di kawasan yang baru ditakluk dan melantik panglima-panglima perang yang berkebolehan. Semasa pemerintahannya juga kota Basra dan Kufah dibina.

Geografi

Peta Wilayah Tebing Barat dan Semenanjung Gaza

Palestin terletak di bagian barat benua Asia yang membentang antara garis lintang meridian 15-34 dan 40-35 ke arah timur, dan antara garis lintang meridian 30-29 dan 15-33 ke arah utara.

Palestin membentuk bahagian tenggara dari kesatuan geografi yang besar di belahan timur dunia Arab yang disebut dengan negeri Syam. Selain Palestin, negeri Syam terdiri dari Lubnan, Syria dan Jordan. Pada awalnya negara-negara ini mempunyai perbatasan yang kolektif di luar perbatasannya dengan Mesir.

Perbatasan Palestin dimulai dengan Lubnan di Ras El-Nakoura di wilayah laut Mediterranian (Laut Tengah) dan dengan garis lurus mengarah ke timur sampai ke daerah di setelah kota kecil Lubnan iaitu kota Bent Jubayel, di mana garis pemisah antara kedua negara ini miring ke utara dengan sudut yang hampir lurus. Pada titik ini, perbatasan berada mengitari mata air sungai Jordan yang menjadi bagian dari Palestin dalam jalan kecil yang membatasinya dari wilayah Timur dengan wilayah Syria dan danau Al Hola, Lout dan Tabariyya.

Perbatasan dengan Jordan dimulai di wilayah selatan tasik Tabariyya pada pembuangan sungai Yarmouk. Terus sepanjang sungai Jordan. Dari mata air sungai Jordan, perbatasan ini ke arah selatan membelah pertengahan Laut Mati secara geometrikal dan lembah Arabah, hingga sampai pada daerah Aqaba.

Perbatasan dengan Mesir dapat digambarkan dengan garis yang hampir membentuk garis lurus yang membelah antara daerah semi-pulau Seena dan padang pasir An-Naqab. Perbatasan ini dimulai di Rafah di Laut Tengah hingga sampai ke daerah Taba di Teluk Aqaba.

Di bahagian Barat, Palestin terletak di sebelah perairan lepas antarabangsa dari Laut Tengah dengan jarak sekitar 250 km dari Ras El-Nakoura di belah selatan hingga Rafah di bahagian selatan.

Kerana lokasinya terletak di pertengahan negara-negara Arab, Palestin membentuk kombinasi geografi yang natural dan humanistik bagi medan daratan yang luas yang memuat kehidupan orang-orang asli Badui di wilayah selatan dan gaya pendudukan yang sudah lama di bagian utara. Tanah Palestin mempunyai keistimewaan dibanding dengan daerah lain kerana merupakan sebahagian dari tempat tinggalnya manusia pertama, tempat diturunkannya semua agama samawi, tempat di mana peradaban kuno muncul, menjadi jambatan aktiviti komersil dan tempat penyusupan ekspedisi ketenteraan di sepanjang era bersejarah yang berbeza. Lokasi strategik yang dinikmati Palestin memungkinkannya untuk faktor penghubung antara berbagai benua bagi dunia kuno Asia, Afrika dan Eropah. Palestin juga menjadi tempat yang dijadikan pintu masuk bagi perjalanan ke tempat-tempat jiran. Ia menjadi jambatan penghubung bagi manusia sejak dahulu kala, sebagaimana ia juga menikmati lokasi sentral yang memikat seluruh orang yang mau bermukim dan hidup dalam kemakmuran. Maka dari itu sangat alami kalau Palestin menjadi pusat bagi kerakusan banyak orang yang ingin berkuasa dan mengeksploitasi keistimewaannya.

Politik

Gambaran keseluruhan pentadbiran dan kedaulatan di kawasan Palestin Bermandat (1923–1948)
Kawasan		Ditadbir oleh	Pengiktirafan sebagai pentadbir	Kedaulatan dituntut oleh	Pengiktirafan tuntutan
Genting Gaza		Pihak Berkuasa Palestin (PNA) (dipimpin Hamas); di bawah pendudukan Israel	Saksi Perjanjian Oslo II	Negara Palestin	137 negara anggota PBB
Tebing Barat	Kawasan A	PNA (dipimpin Fatah); di bawah pendudukan Israel
	Kawasan B	PNA (dipimpin Fatah) dan tentera Israel; di bawah pendudukan Israel
	Kawasan C	Tentera Israel (warga Palestin) di bawah pendudukan Israel, dan undang-undang kepungan Israel (penempatan Israel)
	Baitulmaqdis Timur	Kerajaan Israel	Honduras, Guatemala, Nauru, dan Pertubuhan Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu (PBB)		China, Russia
Baitulmaqdis Barat			Australia, Russia, Czechia, Honduras, Guatemala, Nauru, dan Pertubuhan Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu	PBB, sebagai sebuah kota antarabangsa bersama-sama Baitulmaqdis Timur	Pelbagai negara anggota PBB dan Kesatuan Eropah. Kedaulatan bersama juga disokong secara meluas.
Bukit Golan			Amerika Syarikat	Syria	Semua negara anggota PBB kecuali Amerika Syarikat.
Israel (rasmi)			163 negara anggota PBB	Israel	163 negara anggota PBB

Sempadan

Perubahan Palestin terkini

1916–1922 proposals: Three proposals for the post World War I administration of Palestine. The red line is the "International Administration" proposed in the 1916 Sykes–Picot Agreement, the dashed blue line is the 1919 Zionist Organization proposal at the Paris Peace Conference, and the thin blue line refers to the final borders of the 1923–48 Mandatory Palestine.

1937 proposal: The first official proposal for partition, published in 1937 by the Peel Commission. An ongoing British Mandate was proposed to keep "the sanctity of Baitulmaqdis and Bethlehem", in the form of an enclave from Baitulmaqdis to Jaffa, including Lydda and Ramle.

1947 (proposal): Proposal per the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine (UN General Assembly Resolution 181 (II), 1947), prior to the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. The proposal included a Corpus Separatum bagi Baitulmaqdis, extraterritorial crossroads between the non-contiguous areas, and Jaffa as an Arab exclave.

1947 (actual): Palestin Bermandat, showing Jewish-owned regions in Palestine as of 1947 in blue, constituting 6% of the total land area, of which more than half was held by the JNF and PICA. The Jewish population had increased from 83,790 in 1922 to 608,000 in 1946.

1949–1967 (sempadan sebenar): Kawasan Tebing Barat yang diilhak Jordan (hijau terang) dan Genting Gaza yang diduduki Mesir (hijau gelap), selepas Perang Arab-Israel 1948, menunjukkan garis sempadan asal Israel 1949

1967–1994: Semasa Perang Enam Hari, Israel menawan Tebing Barat, Genting Gaza dan Bukit Golan, bersam-sama Semenanjung Sinai (yang akhirnya diserahkan secara damai selepas Perang Yom Kippur). Pada 1980-1981, Israel mengilhak Baitulmaqdis Timur dan Bukit Golan. Tuntutan kedua-dua Israel dan Palestin terhadap Baitulmaqdis Timur tidak diiktiraf secara antarabangsa.

1994–2005: Menerusi Perjanjian Oslo, Pihak Berkuasa Palestin ditubuhkan bagi menyediakan pemerintahan rakyat di kawasan bandar Tebing Gaza dan Genting Gaza.

2005–kini: Selepas Gaza dibebaskan daripada Israel dan diikuti pertembungan antara dua parti politik utama Palestin iaitu Fatah-Hamas, dan diikuti kemenangan Hamas dalam pilihan raya, pemerintahan dibahagi kepada dua bagi mentadbir Tebing Barat dan Gaza.

Galeri

Palestin Bermandat
Setem lama Palestin
Wang syiling lama Palestin

Nota

Rujukan

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