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Pengguna:BukanTeamBiasa/Kotak pasir/Hak LGBT di Turki

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Hak LGBT di Turki
Lokasi  BukanTeamBiasa/Kotak pasir/Hak LGBT di Turki  (green) di Eropah  (dark grey)  –  [Petunjuk]
Lokasi  BukanTeamBiasa/Kotak pasir/Hak LGBT di Turki  (green)

di Eropah  (dark grey)  –  [Petunjuk]

Kegiatan seksual sejenis sah?Sah sejak 1858
Pengenalan/penyataan jantinaKebenaran untuk melakukan pembedahan semula seks
Pengakuan
hubungan		Tiada pengiktirafan hubungan seks yang sama
Pengambilan anak–
Khidmat ketenteraan
  • Orang homoseksual dikecualikan daripada pengambilan
  • Lelaki gay tidak dibenarkan untuk berkhidmat secara terbuka dalam perkhidmatan tentera atau kerajaan
Perlindungan perselisihanPerlindungan perlembagaan digubal, tetapi tidak pernah digubal (lihat di bawah)
Huruf Greek "lambda"
Sebahagian dari turutan mengenai
Hak LGBT
Ikon portal Portal LGBT

Orang-orang Lesbian, gay, dwiseks dan transgender (LGBT) di Turki menghadapi beberapa cabaran undang-undang yang tidak dialami oleh orang bukan LGBT. Walau bagaimanapun, Turki lebih liberal daripada tempat lain di Timur Tengah. Kegiatan seksual sama-sama disahkan dalam Empire of the Ottoman (sebelum zaman Republik Turki) pada tahun 1858, dan di Turki moden, kegiatan homoseksual selalu menjadi undang-undang sejak hari itu didirikan pada 29 Oktober 1923.[1] LGBT people have had the right to seek asylum in Turkey under the Geneva Convention since 1951,[2] tetapi pasangan seks yang sama tidak diberikan perlindungan undang-undang yang sama untuk pasangan heteroseksual. Orang-orang Transgender telah dibenarkan menukar jantina undang-undang mereka sejak tahun 1988. Walaupun perlindungan diskriminasi mengenai orientasi seksual dan identiti atau ekspresi jantina telah dibahaskan secara sah, mereka masih belum diperundukkan. Pendapat umum tentang homoseksual secara amnya konservatif, dan orang LGBT telah dilaporkan secara meluas untuk mengalami diskriminasi, gangguan dan juga kekerasan dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini.

Sejarah sunting

Maklumat selanjutnya: Sejarah LGBT di Turki

Pada tahun 1980-an, kerajaan negara, sama ada dipilih secara demokratik atau sebagai akibat daripada rampasan kuasa, menentang kewujudan masyarakat LGBT yang kelihatan, terutama dalam konteks politik. Tindakan keras terhadap pelacuran mungkin digunakan sebagai dalih untuk mengganggu orang gay dan transgender.[perlu rujukan]

Sesetengah orang gay terbuka dapat berjaya pada tahun 1980-an. Murathan Mungan telah secara terang-terangan gay sepanjang kehidupan profesionalnya sebagai penyair dan penulis yang berjaya. Walau bagaimanapun, ramai lelaki gay dan biseksual yang hidup dalam tempoh ini telah berkata dalam wawancara bahawa mereka merasa tertekan, oleh sikap sosial dan dasar kerajaan, untuk kekal di dalam almari tentang identiti seksual mereka.[3] Pada tahun 1980-an, Parti Hijau Demokratik Radikal menyatakan sokongan untuk hak gay, termasuk kerja kumpulan orang transgender untuk membantah kekejaman polis. Walau bagaimanapun, tidak sampai tahun 1990-an bahawa ramai ahli komuniti LGBT di Turki mula menganjurkan bagi pihak hak asasi mereka.

Pada tahun 1993, Lambda Istanbul dicipta untuk memperjuangkan hak LGBT di Turki. Pada tahun 1994, Parti Kebebasan dan Perpaduan mengharamkan diskriminasi atas dasar orientasi seksual dan identiti jender dalam parti itu dan mencalonkan Demet Demir,[4] untuk berjaya menjadi calon transgender pertama untuk pemilihan majlis tempatan di Istanbul.

Pada tahun 1993, penganjur ditolak kebenaran untuk mengadakan perbarisan kebanggaan LGBT. Pembangkang yang sama dinyatakan oleh kerajaan pada tahun 1995 dan 1996 untuk festival filem LGBT dan persidangan akademik. Pegawai kerajaan menyebutkan undang-undang yang kurang jelas yang direka untuk melindungi moral awam sebagai alasan untuk menolak untuk membenarkan acara-acara awam ini berlaku.

Pada tahun 1996, Mahkamah Agung membatalkan keputusan mahkamah rendah dan mengeluarkan seorang kanak-kanak dari ibu lesbiannya atas dasar homoseksualiti "tidak bermoral".[5]

Sepanjang tahun 1990-an, laporan oleh IHD, Persatuan Hak Asasi Manusia Turki serta organisasi [[hak asasi manusia] antarabangsa seperti Amnesty International menyatakan bahawa orang transgender sering diganggu dan dipukul oleh pegawai polis. Satu artikel bahkan menyatakan bahawa polis telah membakar blok apartmen dengan ramai orang transgender yang tinggal di sana.[6]

Laporan gangguan dan keganasan terhadap orang LGBT masih berlaku pada abad kedua puluh satu. Pada tahun 2008, seorang pelajar bahasa Kurdish-Turk, Ahmet Yıldız, ditembak di luar kafe oleh bapanya dan kemudian meninggal di hospital.[7][8] Sociologists have called this Turkey's first publicised gay honour killing.[9][10] Hasutan Kerajaan Turki untuk menyertai Kesatuan Eropah telah memberi tekanan kepada kerajaan untuk memberikan pengiktirafan rasmi kepada hak LGBT. Laporan kemajuan di Turki untuk kesertaannya ke Kesatuan Eropah pada 14 Oktober 2009, Suruhanjaya Pembesaran Eropah menulis:

Rangka kerja undang-undang tidak sesuai dengan persetujuan EU...
Homophobia telah mengakibatkan kes-kes keganasan fizikal dan seksual. Pembunuhan beberapa transeksual dan waria adalah perkembangan yang membimbangkan. Mahkamah telah menggunakan prinsip 'provokasi yang tidak adil' yang memihak kepada pelaku kejahatan terhadap transekseksual dan transvestite.[11]

Turki menjadi negara majoriti Islam yang pertama di mana perarakan gaynya diadakan.[12] Di Istanbul (sejak tahun 2003) dan di Ankara (sejak tahun 2008) perarakan gay diadakan setiap tahun dengan peningkatan jumlah penyertaan. Maruah kebanggaan gay di Istanbul bermula dengan 30 orang pada tahun 2003, dan pada tahun 2010, terdapat 5,000 orang. Parade kebanggaan pada tahun 2011 dan 2012 dihadiri oleh lebih daripada 15,000 peserta.

Pada 30 Jun 2013, perbarisan Istanbul pride menarik hampir 100,000 orang.[13] Penunjuk perasaan disertai oleh para penunjuk perasaan Taman Gezi, menjadikan Perarakan Kebanggan Istanbul 2013 sebagai acara kebanggaan terbesar yang pernah diadakan di Turki.[14] Kebanggaan Istanbul 2014 menarik lebih daripada 100,000 orang. Perbarisan kebanggaan 2015, 2016, 2017, dan 2018 diharamkan oleh pihak berkuasa tempatan, dan para peserta menghadapi serangan polis. Pada bulan Jun 2013, Izmir Pride pertama berlaku dengan 2,000 peserta.[15] Pada 3 Jun 2018, Izmir Pride Parade ke-6 secara aman berlangsung dengan lebih daripada 50,000 peserta.[16] Kebanggaan lain berlaku di Antalya.[17] Ahli politik dari parti pembangkang utama, CHP dan satu lagi parti pembangkang, BDP juga memberi sokongan kepada demonstrasi.[18] The pride march in Istanbul does not receive any support of the municipality or the government.[19][20]

Pada tahun 2009, pengadil bola sepak amatur Halil İbrahim Dinçdağ keluar sebagai gay dan kemudiannya diharamkan daripada perlawanan bola sepak pengadil. Pada bulan Disember 2015, Persekutuan Bola Sepak Turki diperintahkan untuk membayar 23,000 lira sebagai pampasan untuk menolak Dinçdağ.[21]

Pada 21 September 2011, Menteri Keluarga dan Dasar Sosial Fatma Şahin bertemu dengan organisasi LGBT. Beliau berkata bahawa kerajaan akan secara aktif bekerjasama dengan organisasi LGBT. Beliau mengemukakan cadangan untuk penerimaan individu LGBT dalam perlembagaan baru yang Parlimen merancang untuk draf pada tahun yang akan datang. Beliau memanggil Anggota Parlimen untuk mengendalikan cadangan itu secara positif. Dia menegaskan bahawa "jika kebebasan dan kesamaan adalah untuk semua orang, maka diskriminasi orientasi seksual harus dihapuskan dan hak-hak warga LGBT ini harus diakui."[22]

Pada 9 Januari 2012, seorang kolumnis bernama Serdar Arseven untuk akhbar Islamis yang dipanggil Yeni Akit menulis artikel yang menyerupai orang-orang LGBT yang sesat. Mahkamah Kasasi menghukum Yeni Akit dengan 4.000 LT denda dan Serdar Arseven dengan 2,000 LT untuk ucapan benci.[23]

Pada bulan Mei 2012, BDP meminta pengarang perlembagaan Turki baru untuk memasukkan perkahwinan sejenis dalam perlembagaan itu. Ia ditolak oleh parti terbesar di Parlimen Turki, AKP, dan sebuah parti pembangkang, MHP, disokong oleh parti pembangkang utama, Parti (Turki)|CHP]].[24][25]

Pada 29 Mei 2013, gerakan penyelidikan parlimen mengenai hak-hak LGBT di Turki dicadangkan dan dibincangkan di parlimen Turki. Walaupun sokongan BDP, sekularis pro-Kurdi, dan penangguhan parti nasionalis Turki MHP, gerakan itu ditolak oleh undi parti pemerintah AKP. Ahli Parlimen AKP Türkan Dağoğlu menyebut artikel-artikel saintifik tentang homoseksual yang diterbitkan di Amerika Syarikat pada tahun 1974 dan berkata, "Homoseksual adalah kelainan. Kelahiran sama seks tidak boleh dibenarkan, akan menyebabkan kemerosotan sosial." Untuk gerakan penyelidikan, MP Binnaz Toprak berkata, "Pada tahun 1970-an ada ahli-ahli sains mencadangkan bahawa orang kulit hitam tidak cerdas seperti orang kulit putih di Amerika Syarikat. Oleh itu sains hari ini tidak menerima dapatan waktu itu. Kata-kata anda tidak boleh dibenarkan."[26]

Pada 12 Ogos 2013, Suruhanjaya Perdamaian Konstitusi, yang merangka perlembagaan baru Republik dan terdiri daripada empat parti parlimen utama termasuk orang Kurdi, sekularis, Islamis dan nasionalis, bersetuju menyediakan perlindungan perlembagaan terhadap diskriminasi bagi individu LGBT.[27] The draft was later cancelled.[28]

Pada 17 Julai 2014, Mahkamah Agung Turki memutuskan bahawa merujuk kepada kaum gay sebagai "sesat" sebagai ucapan kebencian.[29]

Kesahihan hubungan sejenis sunting

Tingkah laku seksual antara orang dewasa yang bersetuju secara peribadi bukanlah jenayah di Turki. Umur persetujuan di Turki adalah usia majoriti (ditetapkan pada 18 mengikut Perkara 11 dari Kod Awam Turki). Menurut Artikel 104 Kanun Keseksaan Turki (Türk Ceza Kanunu), hubungan seks dengan anak di bawah umur 15, 16 dan 17 hanya boleh didakwa atas suatu aduan. Walau bagaimanapun, jika pesalah adalah seseorang yang dilarang untuk berkahwin dengan kanak-kanak oleh undang-undang atau adalah seseorang yang diwajibkan menjaga anak itu kerana penjagaan angkat atau angkat, maka pendakwaan tidak memerlukan aduan dan hukuman itu adalah diperparah.[30] Perkara 103 mengawal apa-apa jenis aktiviti seksual dengan kanak-kanak bawah umur di bawah 15 (atau bawah umur 18 tahun yang kurang kemampuan untuk memahami makna undang-undang dan akibat dari tindakan sedemikian) sebagai penderaan seksual kanak-kanak.[30] Kod jenayah juga telah menggambarkan larangan pada "pameranisme awam," dan "kesalahan terhadap moral awam" yang boleh digunakan untuk mengganggu orang gay dan transgender. Pekan dan bandar individu diberi kelonggaran dalam menggubal undang-undang tempatan yang direka untuk melindungi 'moral awam'.

Pengiktirafan hubungan seks-sama sunting

Turki tidak mengiktiraf perkahwinan sejenis, kesatuan sivil atau faedah perkongsian domestik.

Military service sunting

Lihat juga: Pink certificate

In Turkey, compulsory military service applies to all male Turkish citizens between the ages of 18 and 41. However, the Turkish military openly discriminates against homosexuals by barring them from serving in the military. At the same time, Turkey – in violation of its obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights – withholds any recognition of conscientious objection to military service.[31] Some objectors must instead identify themselves as "sick" – and some were forced to undergo what Human Rights Watch calls "humiliating and degrading" examinations to "prove" their homosexuality.[32][33]

In October 2009 the report of the EU Commission on Enlargement stated: The Turkish armed forces have a health regulation which defines homosexuality as a 'psychosexual' illness and identifies homosexuals as unfit for military service. Conscripts who declare their homosexuality have to provide photographic proof. A small number have had to undergo humiliating medical examinations.[11]

In November 2015, the Turkish Armed Forces removed the clause stating that a draftee must "prove" their homosexuality. Draftees may decide to disclose their sexuality verbally and receive an 'unfit report' during their medical examination which exempts them from service, or must not disclose their orientation in any form for a year if a military doctor agrees to grant them a 'fit report' and serve their conscription. Those who disclose their homosexuality and receive an 'unfit report' may be subject to future discrimination in public life as the military's record of homosexuals in the drafting process has resulted in several cases of public leaks.[34] Homosexuality remains grounds for expulsion for commissioned officers, non-commissioned officers and military students under the Turkish Armed Forces Discipline Law.[35]

There is little support in the army in favour of greater acceptance; in a 2015 study asking 1,300 officers "whether homosexuals should be allowed to serve in the army", 96.3% answered negatively.[34]

Discrimination protections sunting

"I believe homosexuality is a biological disorder and this disease needs treatment."

Selma Aliye Kavaf, Ex-Minister of Women and Family Affairs, 2010[36]

No laws exist yet in Turkey that protect LGBT people from discrimination in employment, education, housing, health care, public accommodations or credit. In October 2009 the report of the EU Commission on Enlargement stated:

There have been several cases of discrimination at the workplace, where LGBT employees have been fired because of their sexual orientation. Provisions of the Turkish Criminal Code on 'public exhibitionism' and 'offences against public morality' are sometimes used to discriminate against LGBT people. The Law on Misdemeanours is often used to impose fines against transgender persons.[11]

In 2011, Öykü Evren Özen, a transgender woman from the northwestern province of Bursa, has become a candidate for deputy from the main opposition party, Republican People's Party, or CHP. She was the first transgender lawmaker of Turkey during the general elections.[37]

The main opposition, Republican People's Party proposed gay rights to the Turkish parliament on 14 February 2013.[38]

Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) individuals are among the most vulnerable asylum seekers and refugees in Turkey today.[39]

In August 2013, four major political parties in the parliament including the Kurds, secularists, conservatives and nationalists, has agreed to provide constitutional protection against discrimination for LGBT people.[27] The draft was later cancelled due to nonconcurrences regarding other subjects in the new constitutional draft.[28]

Can Cavusoglu, a Turkish activist, has launched a campaign as the first openly gay mayoral candidate of Turkey, Cavusoglu announced a bid to run in the Black Sea region, a town of Bulancak, Giresun, home to about 60,000, in the March 2014 local elections.[40]

In February 2015, the main opposition Republican People's Party (CHP) introduced a bill to prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity in both public and private sectors. The bill seeks equal recruitment, pay, promotion, dismissal in the workplace and reforms in the Turkish Armed Forces Code of Discipline that would allow members of the military to serve openly.[41]

In 2015, pro-LGBT Kurdish, Peoples' Democratic Party publicly announced that they will have LGBT and Feminist candidates. Baris Sulu, the left-wing People's Democratic Party (HDP) candidate, becomes the first openly gay man to run for the Turkish parliament.[42][43]

In February 2015, two transgender women became parlimantary election candidates, Deva Özenen for the newly formed Anatolia Party in Izmir and Niler Albayrak for the main opposition Republican People's Party (CHP) in Istanbul.[44]

In January 2019, the 34th Labor Court in Istanbul ruled has issued the first verdict in a legal case surrounding three garbage men who were fired by a municipality for allegedly engaging in a homosexual relationship with one of their co-workers. The court ruled in favor of one of the plaintiffs, identified as R.S., concluding that his contract was unjustly terminated. Three drivers of the garbage trucks owned by the Kağıthane Municipality in Istanbul were fired by their employer after it was alleged last year that they were in a gay relationship with a 27-year-old garbage collector. The garbage collector, identified only as M.Ş., had told the authorities that he had engaged in sexual relationship "from time to time" with the three truck drivers. The drivers, aged between 43 and 51, had sued the municipality and its subcontractor in April 2018, citing what they described as unjust termination of their contract.

The 34th Labor Court in Istanbul ruled on January 29 in favor of one of the plaintiffs, identified as R.S., concluding that his contract was unjustly terminated. His attorney had told the court that the plaintiff "had got nothing to do with that incident," while the company lawyers had claimed that his dismissal was part of "rightful termination" due to the sexual relationship at work. If the ruling is approved in the appeals process, too, the subcontractor will be forced to return the plaintiff to his previous job or to compensate him. A hearing for one of the other two cases, which still continue, was held in February.[45][46]

Media regulations sunting

LGBT-themed movies are not banned in Turkey. Brokeback Mountain, as an example, was seen in Turkish cinemas without any government censorship. Anyone eighteen years of age or older could buy a ticket to watch the film.

LGBT-themed DVDs can also be legally sold in Turkey, albeit DVDs with sexually explicit content may only be sold to people eighteen years of age or older.

In 2013, a Turkish vendor was charged with selling "immoral" DVDs because the DVD movies featured gay sexually explicit content. Judge Mahmut Erdemli from the court in Istanbul overturned the criminal charges. He ruled that gay sex is "natural", stated that an individual's sexual orientation should be respected, and cited examples of same-sex marriages in Europe and in the Americas.[47]

Restriction of expression sunting

The Istanbul pride parade in June 2015, which overlapped with the Muslim holy fasting month of Ramadan, was banned by the Istanbul governorship hours before the event over "security concerns". Soon after, it was shut down through police intervention for the first time in its 13-year history. The parade had taken place the previous year during Ramadan without issue.[48] In 2016, it was banned again and arrests were made as participants tried to hold the rally regardless of the prohibition.[49] It was banned again in 2017, and in 2018 it was banned again and arrests were made as participants tried to hold the rally regardless of the prohibition. It was banned again in 2019.

In 2017, the capital city of Ankara banned all LGBT or LGBT rights related events, under the pretext of providing "peace and security", with officials saying that such "exhibitions" could cause different groups of society to "publicly harbor hatred and hostility" towards each other; on the other hand news media noted that the ban came in the context of the steady erosion of civil liberties in Turkey following the failed 2016 coup attempt.[50]

In Ankara, all public LGBTI-related discussions are banned. In November 2017, the Ankara governor’s office under state of emergency imposed an indefinite ban on LGBTI-focused public events. The emergency rule ended in July 2018; however, the ban was still not lifted. In October 2018, the government extended the ban to LGBTI-focused events generally without giving any idea about the end date.[51] In May 2019, Police in Ankara, Turkey violently ended a student-led Pride march at the Middle East Technical University (METU). According to a report from Amnesty International, authorities arrested 25 students during that.[52][53]

In June 2019, thee 7th Izmir Pride, the 3rd Antalya Pride and the 27th Istanbul pride were banned by the cities governors.[54][55][56] Amnesty International last week called for Turkey to lift the Pride bans. However, days later a court suspended Izmir pride week ban.[57] In June 2019, 17 people were detained during press statement over Pride ban in Turkish police dispersed a crowd gathered in the city of Izmir for a public press statement over the governorate's pride parade ban and detained 17 people, after the group read their press statement.[58][59]

On 25 June 2019, the Governorship of Mersin has banned all LGBT events to be held in the province for 20 days under the Turkish Law on Meetings and Demonstrations "with the aim of maintaining public well-being and public peace, preventing crimes and protecting public health, public morality and safety of life and property of citizens." The ban went in effect in the 5th Mersin Pride Week, which was to be held between 1–7 July.[60][61][62][63]

Pendapat awam sunting

Sikap terhadap legalisasi kesatuan jantina yang sama di Turki bercampur. Pungutan suara oleh Ipsos pada tahun 2015 mendapati bahawa 27% daripada orang awam Turki memihak kepada mensahkan perkahwinan sesama jenis, manakala 19% kesatuan sivil yang dipilih.[64] 25% daripada mereka yang disurvei menentang apa-apa bentuk pengiktirafan undang-undang untuk pasangan seks yang sama dan 29% menyatakan bahawa mereka tidak tahu pilihan mana yang boleh dipilih.[64]

Ipsos Results[64]
Kenyataan Setuju
"Pasangan sama pasangan harus dibenarkan berkahwin secara sah." 27%
"Pasangan sama pasangan harus dibenarkan mendapatkan sebarang

jenis pengiktirafan undang-undang, tetapi tidak berkahwin."

19%
"Pasangan sama pasangan tidak boleh dibenarkan berkahwin atau

mendapatkan sebarang pengiktirafan undang-undang."

25%
Tidak pasti 29%
Jumlah 100%

Living conditions sunting

 
Between January 2010 and November 2014, 47 individuals were killed due to their real or perceived sexual orientation or gender identity.

LGBT persons in Turkey may face discrimination, harassment and even violence from their relatives, neighbors, co-workers, bosses, employees, teachers, and even members of the Turkish police. Homosexuality is widely a taboo subject in Turkey and the culture of "honour killings" can be observed in Turkish society families murdering members (usually female) who engage in sexual/moral behaviours regarded as inappropriate. The death of Ahmet Yıldız, a 26-year-old Kurdish-Turk gay person from Şanlıurfa, may be the first known example of an honour killing with a gay male victim.[7][8][65] Studies for the years 2007–09 prepared by the German Democratic Turkey Forum show 13 killings in 2007, 5 in 2008 and at least 4 killings in 2009 related to the sexual identity of the victims.[66] On 21 May 2008 the New York-based organization Human Rights Watch published a report entitled "We Need a Law for Liberation".[67] The report documents how gay men and transgender people face beatings, robberies, police harassment, and the threat of murder. Human Rights Watch found that, in most cases, the response by the authorities is inadequate if not nonexistent.[67] In case of hate murders against homosexuals, courts apply the condition of "heavy provocation" and lower sentences.[68]

On 20 August 2018, during the 2018 lira crisis, the widely circulated Turkish pro-Erdogan paper Sabah reported that the US was planning to "drop gay bombs" on enemies countries that "will change the sexual preferences of that country's population".[69]

LGBT civil rights organizations sunting

 
Ankara Pride parade in 2012, Kızılay, Ankara

The major LGBT community-based civil rights organization is KAOS GL, established in 1994 in Ankara. Lambdaistanbul, a member of ILGA-Europe, established in 1993 in Istanbul, was dissolved in May 2008. The prosecution argued that its name and activities were "against the law and morality." That ruling, sharply criticized by Human Rights Watch,[70] was finally overturned by the country's Supreme Court of Appeal on 22 January 2009.[71]

During the early 1990s, the organizations' proposals for cooperation were refused by the Government Human Rights Commission. April 1997, when members of Lambda Istanbul were invited to the National Congress on AIDS, marked the first time a Turkish LGBT organization was represented at the government level. During the early 2000s (decade), new organizations began to be form in cities other than Istanbul and Ankara, like the Pink Life LGBT Association in Ankara, the Rainbow Group in Antalya and Piramid LGBT Diyarbakir Initiative in Dıyarbakır.

In 1996, another LGBT organization, LEGATO, was founded as an organization of Turkish university students, graduates and academicians, with its first office at Middle East Technical University in Ankara. The organization continued to grow with other branches in numerous other universities and a reported 2000 members. In March 2007, LGBT students organized for the first time as a student club (Gökkuşağı – in English: rainbow) and Club Gökkuşağı was officially approved by Bilgi University.

In June 2003, the first public LGBT pride march in Turkey's history, organized by Lambdaistanbul, was held at Istiklal Avenue. In July 2005, KAOS GL applied to the Ministry of Interior Affairs and gained legal recognition, becoming the first LGBT organization in the country with legal status. In September of the same year, a lawsuit by the Governor of Ankara was filed to cancel this legal status, but the demand was rejected by the prosecutor. In August 2006, the gay march in Bursa organized by the Rainbow Group, officially approved by the Governor's Office, was cancelled due to large-scale public protests by an organized group of citizens.

The organizations actively participate in HIV/AIDS education programs and May Day parades.

In September 2005, the Ankara Governor's Office accused KAOS GL of "establishing an organization that is against the laws and principles of morality."[70] It also attempted in July 2006 to close the human rights group Pink Life LGBT Association (Pembe Hayat), which works with transgender people, claiming to prosecutors that the association opposed "morality and family structure."[70] Both charges were ultimately dropped.[70]

In 2006 Lambda Istanbul was evicted from its premises as the landlady was not happy with the fact that the organization was promoting LGBT rights.[perlu rujukan] In 2008, a court case was launched to close down Lambda Istanbul, and although a lower court initially decided in favour of closing down the association, the decision was overruled by the Turkish Constitutional Court and Lambda Istanbul remains open.[72]

On June 10, 2018 was held the 6th Izmir Pride, in Alsancak. Around 50,000 of LGBTI+ members, allies, and human rights supporters participated at the Pride, walking along the waterfront street, Kordon. It started on Kıbrıs Şehitleri Avune and it ended in front of Türkan Saylan Cultural Center.[73]

In April 2019, Ankara court has lifted a ban on LGBTI events in Turkey's capital.[74] It is reported that it was Turkish LGBT+ rights group KAOS GL who managed to get it appealed after being unsuccessful last year.[75]

Istanbul Pride sunting

Lihat juga: Istanbul Pride
 
Gay dan aktivis hak asasi manusia melaungkan slogan terhadap[perlu rujukan] dasar kerajaan Turki di İstiklal Avenue di Istanbul
 
Perarakan Istanbul Pride pada tahun 2012

Istanbul Pride adalah demonstrasi perarakan bangga gay dan demonstrasi [[LGBT] yang diadakan setiap tahun di bandar terbesar di Istanbul, Istanbul. Acara pertama kali berlaku pada tahun 2003 dan kini berlaku setiap tahun pada Ahad terakhir Jun atau Ahad pertama bulan Julai, untuk menandakan berakhirnya minggu kebanggaan Istanbul. Sekitar 30 orang mengambil bahagian dalam Gay Pride Istanbul yang pertama. Angka-angka telah meningkat secara eksponen setiap tahun, mencapai kira-kira 5,000 orang pada tahun 2010. Perhimpunan 2011 menarik lebih dari 10,000 orang, oleh itu menjadikan Gay Pride Istanbul sebagai perarakan terbesar dalam dunia Islam.[76][77][78][79] Perbarisan kebanggaan 2012, yang berlangsung pada 1 Julai, menarik antara 10,000 dan 30,000 orang.[80][81]

Peserta berkumpul di Dataran Taksim sebelum berarak sepanjang panjang İstiklal Avenue. Ini adalah boulevard pejalan kaki yang luas dan salah satu ruang awam yang paling penting di Istanbul, kediaman bayram dan festival serantau.

Pada 30 Jun 2013, perbarisan kebanggaan menarik hampir 100,000 orang.[82] The protesters were joined by Gezi Park protesters, making the 2013 Istanbul Pride the biggest pride ever held in Turkey.[83] The 2014 pride attracted more than 100,000 people.[84] The European Union praised Turkey that the parade went ahead without disruption.[85] On Sunday 29 June 2015, Reuters reported that Turkish police used a water cannon to disperse the gay pride parade [86]

Pada tahun 2016 majlis kebanggaan diharamkan oleh kerajaan tempatan "untuk keselamatan rakyat kita, pertama dan terpenting para peserta, dan untuk ketenteraman awam.".[87] Pertubuhan-pertubuhan LGBT juga tidak dibenarkan membuat kenyataan akhbar. Gubernur Istanbul sekali lagi mendakwa bahawa perhimpunan LGBT tidak akan dibenarkan. "Dalam Undang-Undang No: 5442, permintaan ini belum diluluskan kerana serangan keganasan yang berlaku di negara kita dan kawasan itu, kerana perbuatan dan peristiwa provokatif boleh berlaku apabila sensitiviti yang muncul dalam masyarakat diambil ke dalam akaun dan kerana ia boleh menyebabkan gangguan dalam ketenteraman awam dan rakyat - termasuk peserta acara - ketenteraman, keselamatan, dan kebajikan."[88]

Pada tahun 2017 Pejabat Gabenor Istanbul lagi mengharamkan Parade LGBT Pride, yang mengutip kebimbangan keselamatan dan ketenteraman awam.[89]

Pada tahun 2018, untuk tahun keempat berturut-turut, Pejabat Gabenor Istanbul sekali lagi melarang Parade LGBT Pride, yang mengutuk kebimbangan keselamatan dan ketenteraman awam, tetapi sekitar 1,000 orang menentang larangan itu, mereka ditemui dengan gas pemedih mata dan peluru getah. 11 peserta telah ditangkap.[90][91]

Pada tahun 2019, bagi tahun kelima berturut-turut, Pejabat Gabenor Istanbul lagi mengharamkan Parade LGBT Pride, yang mengutip kebimbangan keselamatan dan ketenteraman awam.[92] selepas itu, Ahli Dewan Negara Agung Sezgin Tanrıkulu Parti Rakyat Republik (CHP) membuat pertanyaan parlimen kepada Naib Presiden Turki Fuat Oktay bertanya mengapa timbalan gabenor Istanbul mengharamkan perarakan Bangga Istanbul. Beliau juga bertanya berapa ramai ahli LGBT terbunuh dalam 17 tahun yang lalu, ketika parti Parti Keadilan dan Pembangunan (AKP) yang memerintahmemerintah bandar itu, dan menimbulkan kebimbangan mengenai diskriminasi terhadap masyarakat LGBT.[55][93] Pada 29 Jun, beratus-ratus orang menentang larangan itu, mereka ditemui dengan gas pemedih mata, perisai, gas lada dan peluru plastik dari Polis.[94][95][96]

Jadual ringkasan sunting

Kegiatan seksual sejenis sah   (Sejak 1858)
Umur persetujuan yang sama (18)   (Sejak 1858)
Undang-undang anti-perselisihan dalam pekerjaan  
Undang-undang anti-diskriminasi dalam penyediaan barang dan perkhidmatan  
Undang-undang anti-diskriminasi dalam semua bidang lain (termasuk diskriminasi tidak langsung, ucapan kebencian)  
Perkahwinan sejenis  
Pengiktirafan pasangan sejenis  
Pengiktirafan pengambilan anak bagi orang bujang tidak menghiraukan orientasi seks   (Sejak 1858)
Pengambilan anak tiri oleh pasangan sejenis  
Pengambilan anak bersama oleh pasangan sejenis  
Orang gay dan lesbian dibenarkan berkhidmat secara terbuka dalam tentera  
Hak untuk mengubah pengesahan jantina   (Sejak 1988)
Akses kepada IVF untuk lesbian  
Ibu tumpangan komersial untuk pasangan lelaki gay   (Diharamkan untuk semua warganegara)
LSL dibenarkan menderma darah   (Bulan Sabit Merah Turki tidak membenarkan derma darah dari LSL[97])

Lihat juga sunting

Bacaan lanjut sunting

Rujukan sunting

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Pautan luar sunting

Templat:LGBT in Turkey

Templat:LGBT rights in Europe

Diambil daripada "https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pengguna:BukanTeamBiasa/Kotak_pasir/Hak_LGBT_di_Turki&oldid=5123993"