Pengurusan saintifik

Pengurusan saintifik ialah teori pengurusan yang menganalisis dan mensintesiskan alir kerja. Matlamat utamanya adalah menambah baik kecekapan ekonomi, terutamanya daya pengeluaran buruh. Ia merupakan salah satu cubaan terawal menggunakan sains kepada kejuruteraan proses kepada pengurusan. Pengurusan saintifik kadangkala dikenali sebagai Taylorisme sempena pengasanya, Frederick Winslow Taylor.^[1]

Taylor memulakan perkembangan teori di Amerika Syarikat semasa 1880-an dan '90-an dalam industri pengilangan, terutamanya keluli. Puncak pengaruhnya tiba pada 1910-an;^[2] Taylor meninggal dunia pada tahun 1915 dan menjelang 1920-an, pengurusan saintifik masih berpengaruh tetapi tidak memasuki ke dalam sayembara dan sinkretisme dengan idea bertentangan atau pelengkap.

Walaupun pengurusan saintifik sebagai teori berbeza atau aliran fikiran menjelang 1930-an, kebanyakan temanya masih bahagian penting kejuruteraan industri dan pengurusan kini. Hal ini termasuk: analisis; sintesis; logik; kerasionalan; empirisisme; etika kerja; kecekapan dan penyingkiran sisa; pemiawaian amalan terbaik; sikap menghina bagi tradisi yang dikekalkan hanya untuk semata-mata kerana menyukainya atau untuk melindungi status sosial pekerja tertentu dengan set kemahiran tertentu; pengubahan pengeluaran kraf kepada pengeluaran besar-besaran; dan pemindahan pengetahuan antara pekerja dan dari pekerja ke alat, proses, dan pendokumenan.

Lihat juga sunting

Sistem pembuatan Amerika Syarikat
Cheaper by the Dozen
Kesan Hawthorne
Henry Louis Le Châtelier (1850–1936), ahli kimia industri dan pengarang teks bahasa Perancis tentang Taylorisme
Modern Times (film)
The Pajama Game
Pandora's Box
Hans Renold (1852–1943), credited with introducing Taylorism to Britain
Stakhanovisme
Teori X dan Teori Y
Henry R. Towne (1844–1924), Presiden ASME dan pengarang The Engineer as An Economist (1886) yang sangat besar pengaruhnya
Perkataan per minit

Nota sunting

^ Mitcham 2005, halaman 1153 Mitcham, Carl and Adam, Briggle Management in Mitcham (2005) p. 1153
^ Woodham 1997, halaman 12

Rujukan sunting

Aitken, Hugh G. J. (1985) [1960], Scientific Management in Action: Taylorism at Watertown Arsenal, 1908-1915, Princeton, NJ, USA: Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-04241-1, LCCN 84026462, OCLC 1468387. First published in 1960 by Harvard University Press. Republished in 1985 by Princeton University Press, with a new foreword by Merritt Roe Smith.CS1 maint: postscript (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Beissinger, Mark R. (1988), Scientific Management, Socialist Discipline, and Soviet Power, London, UK: I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, ISBN 978-1-85043-108-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Bonazzi, G. (2014). Geschichte des organisatorischen Denkens. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien.
Braverman, Harry (1998) [1974], Labor and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century, New York, NY, USA: Republication by Monthly Review Press, ISBN 0-85345-940-1.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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Dumas, M., La Rosa, M., Mendling, J. & Reijers, H. (2013). Fundamentals of Business Process Management. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer Verlag.
Freriks, R. (1996). Theoretische Modelle der Betriebsgröße im Maschinenbau. Koordination und Kontrollmechanismen bei organisatorischem Wachstum. Opladen: Leske+ Budrich.
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Henke, J. (2004). Infoblatt Taylorismus. Frederick Winslow Taylor stellte Theorien zur Optimierung der Arbeit bzw. Unternehmen auf. Leipzig: Klett Verlag.
Templat:Hounshell1984
Hughes, Thomas P. (2004) [1989], American Genesis: A Century of Invention and Technological Enthusiasm, 1870–1970 (ed. 2nd), Chicago, IL, US: University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-14-009741-2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Kanigel, Robert (1997), The One Best Way: Frederick Winslow Taylor and the Enigma of Efficiency, New York, NY, US: Penguin-Viking, ISBN 978-0-670-86402-7. A detailed biography of Taylor and a historian's look at his ideas.CS1 maint: postscript (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Koch, S. (2011). Einführung in das Management von Geschäftsprozessen. Berling Heidelberg: Springer Verlag.
Laube, H. (2014). Arbeiten im Silicon Valley. Wann ist endlich wieder Montag? In: Der Spiegel.
McGaughey, Ewan, 'Behavioral Economics and Labor Law' (2014) LSE Legal Studies Working Paper No. 20/2014
Mitcham, Carl (2005), "Management", Encyclopedia of science, technology, and ethics, 3, Macmillan Reference USA, ISBN 978-0-02-865834-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Mullins, Laurie J. (2004), Management and Organizational Behavior (ed. 7th), Financial Times–FT Press–Prentice-Hall–Pearson Education Ltd, ISBN 978-0-273-68876-1.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Templat:Noble1984
Rosen, Ellen (1993), Improving Public Sector Productivity: Concepts and Practice, Thousand Oaks, CA, US: Sage Publications, ISBN 978-0-8039-4573-9
Templat:Sorensen1956
Stalin, J.V. (1976), Problems of Leninism: Lectures Delivered at the Sverdlov University, Beijing, China: Foreign Languages Press.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Taylor, Frederick Winslow (1903), Shop Management, New York, NY, US: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, OCLC 2365572. "Shop Management" began as an address by Taylor to a meeting of the ASME, which published it in pamphlet form. The link here takes the reader to a 1912 republication by Harper & Brothers. Also available from Project Gutenberg.CS1 maint: postscript (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Von Berg, A. (2009). Humanisierung der Arbeit. Neue Formen der Arbeitsgestaltung als Determinante von Arbeitszufriedenheit am Beispiel teilautonomer Arbeitsgruppen. Seminararbeit an der Georg-August Universität: Göttingen.
Waring, Stephen P. (1991), Taylorism Transformed: Scientific Management Theory since 1945, Chapel Hill, NC, US: University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 0807819727
Woodham, Jonathan (1997), Twentieth-Century Design, New York, NY, US and London, UK: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0192842048, OCLC 35777427

Bacaan lanjut sunting

Aitken, Hugh G.J. (1985) [1960], Scientific Management in Action: Taylorism at Watertown Arsenal, 1908-1915, Princeton, NJ, USA: Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-04241-1, LCCN 84026462, OCLC 1468387. First published in 1960 by Harvard University Press. Republished in 1985 by Princeton University Press, with a new foreword by Merritt Roe Smith.CS1 maint: postscript (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Gershon, Richard (2001), Telecommunications Management: Industry Structures and Planning Strategies, Mahwah, NJ, USA: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, ISBN 978-0-8058-3002-6
Morf, Martin (1983) Eight Scenarios for Work in the Future. in Futurist, v17 n3 pp. 24–29 Jun 1983, reprinted in Cornish, Edward and World Future Society (1985) Habitats tomorrow: homes and communities in an exciting new era : selections from The futurist, pp. 14–19
Scheiber, Lukas (2012), Next Taylorism: A Calculus of Knowledge Work, Frankfurt am Main, BRD: Peter Lang, ISBN 978-3631624050
Taylor, Frederick Winslow (1911), The Principles of Scientific Management, New York, NY, USA and London, UK: Harper & Brothers, LCCN 11010339, OCLC 233134. Also available from Project Gutenberg.CS1 maint: postscript (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Pautan luar sunting

(Inggeris) Special Collections: F.W. Taylor Collection. Stevens Institute of Technology has an extensive collection at its library.

[Mitcham05p1153-1] Mitcham 2005, halaman 1153 Mitcham, Carl and Adam, Briggle Management in Mitcham (2005) p. 1153

[Wodham1997p12-2] Woodham 1997, halaman 12

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[2]