Perang Yugoslavia
| Perang Yugoslavia | |||||||
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 Arah jam dari atas-kiri: Pengiring Polis Slovenia menahan askar JNA kembali ke unit mereka semasa Perang Kemerdekaan Slovenia 1991; Sebuah kereta kebal musnah semasa Pertempuran Vukovar; Pemasangan peluru berpandu anti kereta kebal semasa Pengepungan Dubrovnik; Pengkebumian semula mangsa pembunuhan beramai-ramai Srebrenica 1995 pada 11 Julai 2010; kenderaan PBB dipandu di jalan-jalan Sarajevo semasa Pengepungan Sarajevo. | |||||||
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Perang Yugoslavia merujuk pada satu siri peperangan gerila berasaskan etnik yang terjadi bermula pada tahun 1991 sehingga 1999/2001[Note 1] di wilayah bekas Yugoslavia. Peperangan ini meletus di sebabkan oleh perpecahan negara Yugoslavia, apabila negara-negera pendirinya mengistiharkan kemerdekaan, tetapi isu-isu oleh etnik minoriti di negara-negara baru ini (terutamanya Serb, Croat dan Albania) mash gagal diselesaikan semasa negara ini diakui oleh pihak antarabangsa. Peperangan ini secara umumnya dianggap sebagai satu siri-siri perang yang berasingan tetapi konflik ketenteraan berkaitan yang mana meletus, yang dan mejejaskan kebanyakan republik-republik di bekas Yugoslavia.[5][6][7]
Kebanyakan peperangan ini berakhir dengan perjanjian damai, melibatkan pengakuan penuh oleh pihak antarabangsa kepada negara-negara baru ini, tetapi membawa kerosakan ekonomi yang teruk ke wilayah ini. Awalnya, Tentera Darat Rakyat Yugoslavia (JNA) berusaha untuk mengekalkan kesatuan seluruh negara Yugoslavia dengan menumpaskan kerajaan pemisah tetapi kemudian dipengaruhi oleh kerajaan Serbia yang diketuai Slobodan Milošević membangkitkan rhetorik nasionalis Serbia dan kesanggupan menggunakan negara Yugoslavia untuk mengekalkan kesatuan etnik Serb dalam sebuah negara. Akibatnya, JNA mula kehilangan tentera dari etnik Slovene, Croat, Albania Kosovo, Bosniak, dan Macedonia, dan menjadi tentera bagi etnik Serb.[8] Berdasarkan laporan PBB pada tahun 1994, pihak Serb tidak bertujuan untuk memulihkan negara Yugoslavia, tetapi untuk menubuhkan sebuah negara "Serbia Raya" daripada wilayah-wilayah di Croatia dan Bosnia.[9]
Pergerakan-pergerakan lain mula muncul berkaitan dengan perang ini seperti "Albania Raya"[10][11][12][13][14] dan "Croatia Raya",[15][16][17][18][19] bagaimanapun– tidak seperti kes Serbia – pergerakan ini kemudian ditiggalkan secara aman apabila rundingan diplomasi antarabangsa masing-masing menamatkan konflik Bosniak-Croat melalui Persetujuan Washington dan menamatkan cita-cita Kosovo untuk bergabung dengan Albania.[20]
Perang ini sering kali digambarkan sebagai konflik paling berdarah di Eropah sejak Perang Dunia II. Konflik ini juga menjadi tanda penglibatkan banyak jenayah perang yang dilakukan termasuk pembersihan etnik, jenayah kemanusiaan dan perogolan. Penghapusan etnik Bosnia merupakan jenayah Eropah pertama sejak Perang Dunia II yang menghakimi penjenayah penghapusan etnik dan ramai tokoh-tokoh penting yang akan disabitkan dengan dakwaan jenayah perang ini.[21] Tribunal Jenayah Antarabangsa untuk bekas Yugoslavia (ICTY) telah ditubuhkan oleh PBB untuk mendakwa para penjenayah ini.[22]
Berdasarkan pada Pusat Antarabangsa untuk Keadilan Perubahan, Perang Yugoslavia mengakibatkan kematian 140,000 orang.[1] Pusat Undang-undang Kemanusiaan menganggarkan konflik-konflik di republik-republik bekas Yugoslavia menyebabkan sekurang-kurangnya 130,000 orang kehilangan nyawa mereka.[2]
Nota sunting
- ^ Some historians narrow the conflicts only to Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo in the 1990s.[4] Others also include the Preševo Valley Conflict and Insurgency in Macedonia (2001).
References sunting
- ^ a b "Transitional Justice in the Former Yugoslavia". International Center for Transitional Justice. 1 January 2009. Dicapai pada 8 September 2009.
- ^ a b "About us". Humanitarian Law Center. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 22 May 2011. Dicapai pada 17 November 2010.
- ^ "Transitional Justice in the Former Yugoslavia". ICJT. International Center for Transitional Justice. 1 January 2009.
- ^ Shaw 2013, m/s. 132.
- ^ Judah, Tim (17 February 2011). "Yugoslavia: 1918–2003". BBC. Dicapai pada 1 April 2012.
- ^ Finlan (2004), p. 8
- ^ Naimark (2003), p. xvii.
- ^ Armatta, Judith (2010), Twilight of Impunity: The War Crimes Trial of Slobodan Milosević, Duke University Press, m/s. 121
- ^ Annex IV – II. The politics of creating a Greater Serbia: nationalism, fear and repression
- ^ Jannsens, Jelle (5 February 2015). "State-building in Kosovo. A plural policing perspective". Maklu. m/s. 53. ISBN 978-90-466-0749-7.
- ^ Totten, Samuel; Bartrop, Paul R. (2008). "Dictionary of Genocide". with contributions by Steven Leonard Jacobs. Greenwood Publishing Group. m/s. 249. ISBN 978-0-313-32967-8.
- ^ Sullivan, Colleen (14 September 2014). "Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA)". Encyclopædia Britannica.
- ^ Karon, Tony (9 March 2001). "Albanian Insurgents Keep NATO Forces Busy". TIME.
- ^ Phillips, David L. (2012). "Liberating Kosovo: Coercive Diplomacy and U.S. Intervention". in cooperation with the Future of Diplomacy Project, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. The MIT Press. m/s. 69.
- ^ International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (29 May 2013). "Prlic et al. judgement vol.6 2013" (PDF). United Nations. m/s. 383.
- ^ Gow, James (2003). "The Serbian Project and Its Adversaries: A Strategy of War Crimes". C. Hurst & Co. m/s. 229. ISBN 9781850654995.
- ^ van Meurs, Wim, penyunting (11 November 2013). "Prospects and Risks Beyond EU Enlargement: Southeastern Europe: Weak States and Strong International Support". Springer Science & Business Media. m/s. 168.
- ^ Thomas, Raju G. C., penyunting (2003). "Yugoslavia Unraveled: Sovereignty, Self-Determination, Intervention". Lexington Books. m/s. 10.
- ^ Mahmutćehajić, Rusmir (1 February 2012). "Sarajevo Essays: Politics, Ideology, and Tradition". State University of New York Press. m/s. 120.
- ^ Economist (18 January 2007). "What happened to Greater Albania?". The Economist. Cite has empty unknown parameter:
|1=(bantuan) - ^ Bosnia Genocide, United Human Rights Council, diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2015-04-13, dicapai pada 13 April 2015
- ^ Security Council Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu Resolution 827 S-RES-827(1993) on 25 May 1993
Sumber-sumber sunting
Buku-buku sunting
- Allen, Beverly (1996). Rape Warfare: The Hidden Genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-2818-6.
- Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (2007). A history of Eastern Europe: crisis and change (ed. 2nd). Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-415-36627-5. Dicapai pada 22 April 2012.
- Brown, Cynthia; Karim, Farhad (1995). Playing the "Communal Card": Communal Violence and Human Rights. New York: Human Rights Watch. ISBN 978-1-56432-152-7.
- Brouwer, Anne-Marie de (2005). Supranational Criminal Prosecution of Sexual Violence. Intersentia. ISBN 90-5095-533-9.
- Campbell, Kenneth (2001). Genocide and the Global Village. Springer. ISBN 0312299281.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Egan, James. 1000 Facts About Countries. 2. Lulu.com. m/s. 171. ISBN 9781326776725.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Finlan, Alastair (2004). The Collapse of Yugoslavia 1991–1999. Essential Histories. Oxford, UK: Osprey. ISBN 978-1-84176-805-2.
- Friedman, Francine (2013). Bosnia and Herzegovina: A Polity on the Brink. Routledge. ISBN 9781134527540.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Gagnon, Valère Philip (2004). The Myth of Ethnic War: Serbia and Croatia in the 1990s. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7291-6.
- Glenny, Misha (1996). The fall of Yugoslavia: the third Balkan war. London: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-026101-X.
- Goldstein, Ivo (1999). Croatia: A History. C. Hurst & Co. ISBN 1-85065-525-1.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Krieger, Heike (2001). Heike Krieger (penyunting). The Kosovo Conflict and International Law: An Analytical Documentation 1974-1999. Cambridge University Press. m/s. 90. ISBN 9780521800716.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Meštrović, Stjepan Gabriel (1996). Genocide After Emotion: The Postemotional Balkan War. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-12294-5.
- Naimark, Norman; Case, Holly M. (2003). Yugoslavia and Its Historians: Understanding the Balkan Wars of the 1990s. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-4594-3. Dicapai pada 22 April 2012.
- Ramet, Sabrina P. (2010). Central and Southeast European Politics Since 1989. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-48750-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Rogel, Carole (2004). The Breakup of Yugoslavia and Its Aftermath. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-313-32357-7. Dicapai pada 22 April 2012.
- Shaw, Martin (2013). Genocide and International Relations: Changing Patterns in the Transitions of the Late Modern World. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 1107469104.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Tanner, Marcus (2001). Croatia : a nation forged in war (ed. 2nd). New Haven; London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-09125-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Toal, Gerard; Dahlman, Carl T. (2011). Bosnia Remade: Ethnic Cleansing and its Reversal. Oxford University Press. m/s. 136, 137. ISBN 9780190207908.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Watkins, Clem S. (2003). The Balkans. Nova Publishers. m/s. 10. ISBN 9781590335253.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Aleksandar, Bosković; Dević, Ana; Gavrilović, Darko; Hašimbegović, Elma; Ljubojević, Ana; Perica, Vjekoslav; Velikonja, Mitja, penyunting (2011). Political Myths in the Former Yugoslavia and Successor States: A Shared Narrative. Institute for Historical Justice and Reconciliation. ISBN 90-8979-067-5.
- Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Russian and European Analysis (2002). Balkan Battlegrounds: A Military History of the Yugoslav Conflict, 1990–1995. Washington, D.C.: Central Intelligence Agency. ISBN 978-0-16-066472-4.
- Council of Europe (1993). Documents (working Papers) 1993. m/s. 9. ISBN 9789287123329.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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- Brunborg, Helge; Lyngstad, Torkild Hovde; Urdal, Henrik (2003). "Accounting for Genocide: How Many Were Killed in Srebrenica?". European Journal of Population / Revue européenne de Démographie. 19 (3): 229–248. doi:10.1023/A:1024949307841. JSTOR 20164231.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Card, Claudia (1996). "Rape as a Weapon of War". Hypatia. 11 (4): 5–18. doi:10.1111/j.1527-2001.1996.tb01031.x. ISSN 0887-5367. JSTOR 3810388.
|access-date=requires|url=(bantuan)CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) - McGinn, Therese (2000). "Reproductive Health of War-Affected Populations: What Do We Know?". International Family Planning Perspectives. 26 (4): 174–180. doi:10.2307/2648255. ISSN 0190-3187. JSTOR 2648255.
|access-date=requires|url=(bantuan)CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) - Salzman, Todd A. (1998). "Rape Camps as a Means of Ethnic Cleansing: Religious, Cultural, and Ethical Responses to Rape Victims in the Former Yugoslavia". Human Rights Quarterly. 20 (2): 348–378. doi:10.1353/hrq.1998.0019.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Wood, William B. (2001). "Geographic Aspects of Genocide: A Comparison of Bosnia and Rwanda". Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers. 26 (1): 57-75. JSTOR 623145.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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- Bassiouni, M. Cherif (28 December 1994). "Final report of the United Nations Commission of Experts established pursuant to security council resolution 780 (1992), Annex III – The military structure, strategy and tactics of the warring factions". United Nations. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada July 28, 2012. Dicapai pada 11 July 2012. Unknown parameter
|deadurl=ignored (bantuan) - Bassiouni, M. Cherif (28 December 1994). "Final report of the United Nations Commission of Experts established pursuant to security council resolution 780 (1992), Annex IV – The policy of ethnic cleansing". United Nations. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada May 4, 2012. Dicapai pada 11 July 2012. Unknown parameter
|deadurl=ignored (bantuan) - Ferguson, Kate. An investigation into the irregular military dynamics in Yugoslavia, 1992-1995. Diss. University of East Anglia, 2015.
- Siblesz, H.H. (1998). "History of Sandzak" (pdf). Refworld. m/s. 10.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- "The Prosecutor vs Milan Milutinovic et al – Judgement" (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 26 February 2009.
- Human Rights Watch (1994). "Human Rights Abuses of Non-Serbs In Kosovo, Sandñak and Vojvodina" (PDF).CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Human Rights Watch (2001). "Kosovo: Under Orders".CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Human Rights Watch (2001). "Milosevic: Important New Charges on Croatia".CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- OSCE (1999). "KOSOVO / KOSOVA: As Seen, As Told". m/s. 13.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- UNHCR (1993). "The State of the World's Refugees 1993" (PDF).CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- UNHCR (1997). "U.S. Committee for Refugees World Refugee Survey 1997 – Yugoslavia".CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- "2002 UNHCR Statistical Yearbook: Croatia" (pdf). UNHCR. 2002.
- "2002 UNHCR Statistical Yearbook: Macedonia". UNHCR. 2000.
- "2002 UNHCR Statistical Yearbook: Slovenia" (pdf). UNHCR. 2002.
- "2002 UNHCR Statistical Yearbook: Serbia" (pdf). UNHCR. 2002.
- UNHCR (2003). "Bosnian refugees in Australia: identity, community and labour market integration" (PDF). Cite has empty unknown parameter:
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Pautan luar sunting
- Video on the Conflict in the Former Yugoslavia from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
- Information and links on the Third Balkan War (1991–2001)
- Nation, R. Craig. "War in the Balkans 1991–2002"
- Radović, Bora, Jugoslovenski ratovi 1991–1999 i neke od njihovih društvenih posledica (PDF) (dalam bahasa Serbia), RS: IAN, diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2016-03-04, dicapai pada 2017-07-12
- Wiebes, Cees. Intelligence and the War in Bosnia 1992–1995, Publisher: Lit Verlag, 2003
- Operation Storm di YouTube
- Yugoslav wars di Curlie
- List of Yugoslav wars movies
Templat:Yugoslavia topics Templat:Yugoslavia timeline Templat:Fall of Communism