Persatuan Max Planck
Persatuan Max Planck untuk Kemajuan Sains (Jerman: Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e. V.; disingkat MPG) ialah persatuan bukan kerajaan dan bukan keuntungan dari lembaga penyelidikan Jerman yang ditubuhkan pada 1911 sebagai Persatuan Kaiser Wilhelm dan dinamakan semula sebagai Persatuan Max Planck pada tahun 1948 sebagai penghargaan kepada bekas presidennya, ahli fizik teori Max Planck. Persatuan ini dibiayai oleh kerajaan persekutuan dan negeri Jerman.[1][2][3][4]
 Siège de la société.  | |
| Kerangka | |
|---|---|
| Kependekan | MPG |
| Jenis/bentuk sah | Pertubuhan penyelidikan bukan keuntungan |
| Industri | Penyelidikan dan pembangunan |
| Keanggotaan | 1,383 (2022) |
| Anggota bagi | Allianz der Wissenschaftsorganisationen, Persatuan Penggalakan Rangkaian Penyelidikan Jerman, Informationsdienst Wissenschaft, Suruhanjaya Jerman untuk UNESCO, Chefsache |
| Tapak web | www     |
| Sejarah | |
| Pendahulu | Persatuan Kaiser Wilhelm |
| Dibentuk | 1911 |
| Pengurusan | |
| Pengerusi | Patrick Cramer |
| Presiden | Martin Stratmann |
| Organisasi utama | Senat |
| Subsidiari | Max Planck Institute for Sustainable Materials, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Friedrich Miescher Lab, Fritz Haber Institute of the MPG, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Max Planck Institute for Colloids and Interfaces, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Max Planck Institute for Biology, Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Max Planck Institute for Coal Research, Max Planck Florida Institute, German Climate Computing Centre, Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Max Planck Digital Library, Gesellschaft für wissenschaftliche Datenverarbeitung mbH Göttingen, Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Max Planck Institute for Microstructure Physics, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Halbleiterlabor of the Max-Planck-Society, Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Max Planck Institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity, Minerva Stiftung, Ernst Strüngmann Institute, Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law, Max Planck Institute for Comparative and International Private Law, Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Criminal Law, Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology, Max Planck Institute for Legal History and Legal Theory, Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies, Max Planck Institute for Mathematics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Max Planck Institute of Plasma Physics, Max Planck Institute for Tax Law and Public Finance, Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods, Bibliotheca Hertziana – Max Planck Institute for Art History, Kunsthistorisches Institut in Florenz, Max Planck Institute for Social Law and Social Policy, Max Planck Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding, Max Planck Unit for Structural Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Intellectual Property and Competition Law, Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Max Planck Institute for Software Systems, Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, Max Planck Computing and Data Facility, Max Planck Research Unit for Neurogenetics, Max Planck Innovation, Max Planck Institute of Plasma Physics (Greifswald), Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Max Planck Institute for Security and Privacy, Max Planck Institute Luxembourg for International, European and Regulatory Procedural Law |
| Perangkaan | |
| Belanjawan | €1.8 bilion (2016) |
| Hasil/pendapatan | 2,497,793,785 euro (2019), 2,563,800,000 euro (2021), 2,546,300,000 euro (2020) |
| Jumlah aset | 3,406,811,912 euro (2019), 3,626,300,000 euro (2021) |
| Kakitangan/pekerja | ~22000 |
| Anugerah | |
| Anugerah Puteri Asturias untuk Kerjasama Antarabangsa (2013) | |
| Lokasi | |
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| Ibu pejabat | Munich, Bavaria, Jerman |
| Lokasi |
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| Koordinat | 48°8′28.158″N 11°34′55.48″E |
sunting · sunting di Wikidata | |
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Menurut matlamat utamanya, Persatuan Max Planck menyokong penyelidikan asas dalam sains alam, kehidupan dan sains sosial, seni dan kemanusiaan dalam 84 (pada Disember 2017) Institusi Max Planck. Persatuan ini mempunyai jumlah kakitangan sekitar 17,000 pekerja tetap, termasuk 5,470 saintis, ditambah sekitar 4,600 para saintis dan para tamu yang tidak berpengalaman. Anggaran masyarakat untuk 2015 adalah sekitar €1.7 bilion. Sehingga 31 Disember 2016, Persatuan Max Planck menggunakan sejumlah 22,995 kakitangan, di mana 14,036 ialah saintis, yang mewakili hampir 61 peratus daripada jumlah pekerja. 44.3% ialah pekerja wanita dan 27% daripada semua pekerja ialah warganegara asing.[5]
Institusi Max Planck memberi tumpuan kepada kecemerlangan dalam penyelidikan. Persatuan Max Planck mempunyai reputasi terkemuka dunia sebagai organisasi penyelidikan sains dan teknologi, dengan 33 Hadiah Nobel dianugerahkan kepada saintis mereka, dan secara meluas dianggap sebagai salah satu organisasi penyelidikan asas utama di dunia. Pada tahun 2018, Indeks Penerbitan Alam meletakkan lembaga Max Planck ketiga di seluruh dunia dari segi penyelidikan yang diterbitkan dalam jurnal Nature (selepas Akademi Sains China dan Universiti Harvard).[6] Dari segi jumlah penyelidikan (kurang berat dengan kutipan atau impak), Persatuan Max Planck hanya dilebihkan oleh Akademi Sains China, Akademi Sains Rusia dan Universiti Harvard dalam institusi kedudukan Higher Education Times.[7] Laman web Thomson Reuters-Science Watch meletakkan Max Planck Society sebagai organisasi penyelidikan utama kedua di seluruh dunia yang mengikuti Universiti Harvard dari segi kesan penyelidikan yang dihasilkan ke atas bidang sains.[8]
Persatuan Max Planck dan pendahulunya Persatuan Kaiser Wilhelm menjadi tuan rumah beberapa saintis terkenal di bidang mereka, termasuk para pencahayaan seperti Otto Hahn, Werner Heisenberg, dan Albert Einstein.
Pemenang Nobel sunting
Max-Planck-Society (sejak 1948) sunting
- Stefan W. Hell, Nobel Prize, chemistry 2014
- Gerhard Ertl, Nobel Prize, chemistry 2007
- Theodor W. Hänsch, Nobel Prize, physics 2005
- Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Nobel Prize, medicine 1995
- Paul Crutzen, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1995
- Erwin Neher, Nobel Prize, medicine 1991
- Bert Sakmann, Nobel Prize, medicine 1991
- Robert Huber, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1988
- Hartmut Michel, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1988
- Johann Deisenhofer, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1988
- Ernst Ruska, Nobel Prize, physics 1986
- Klaus von Klitzing, Nobel Prize, physics 1985
- Georges Köhler, Nobel Prize, medicine 1984
- Konrad Lorenz, Nobel Prize, medicine 1973
- Manfred Eigen, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1967
- Feodor Lynen, Nobel Prize, medicine 1964
- Karl Ziegler, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1963
- Walter Bothe, Nobel Prize, physics 1954
Kaiser-Wilhelm-Society (1914–48) sunting
- Otto Hahn, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1944
- Adolf Butenandt, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1939
- Richard Kuhn, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1938
- Peter J. W. Debye, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1936
- Hans Spemann, Nobel Prize, medicine 1935
- Werner Heisenberg, Nobel Prize, physics 1932
- Otto Heinrich Warburg, Nobel Prize, medicine 1931
- Carl Bosch, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1931
- James Franck, Nobel Prize, physics 1925
- Otto Meyerhof, Nobel Prize, medicine 1922
- Albert Einstein, Nobel Prize, physics 1921
- Max Planck, Nobel Prize, physics 1918
- Fritz Haber, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1918
- Richard Willstätter, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1915
- Max von Laue, Nobel Prize, physics 1914
Rujukan sunting
- ^ "About us | Max Planck Society: Facts & Figures". Max-Planck-Gesellschaft. Dicapai pada 5 February 2017.
- ^ "About us | Organization". Max-Planck-Gesellschaft. Dicapai pada 28 March 2015.
- ^ "About us | Short Portrait". Max-Planck-Gesellschaft. Dicapai pada 28 March 2015.
- ^ "Institutes | Max Planck Institutes". Max-Planck-Gesellschaft. 2015. Dicapai pada 26 March 2015.
- ^ "Facts and Figures | Max-Planck-Gesellschaft". Mpg.de. Dicapai pada 2019-03-18.
- ^ Nature Publishing Index - 2018 Global Top 200 Institutions, Nature Publishing Group
- ^ The titans: Institutional rankings by output and citations, Times Higher Education, 17 September 2009
- ^ [1] Science Watch
Sumber sunting
- Alison Abbott: German science starts facing up to its historical amnesia, in: Nature Vol 403 (2000), S.474f. (article about the Commission for the history of the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft under National Socialism)
- Gretchen Vogel: Aufbau Ost: Max Planck's East German Experiment, in: Science Vol. 326, 6. November 2009 (about the new institutes in the eastern part of Germany)