Pertempuran Arras (1917)

Pertempuran Arras
	Sebahagian daripada Barisan Barat Perang Dunia I
	; Dataran bandar, Arras, Perancis, Februari 1919
Tarikh	9 April – 16 Mei 1917
Lokasi	Arras, Perancis50°17′23″N 2°46′51″E / 50.28972°N 2.78083°EKoordinat: 50°17′23″N 2°46′51″E / 50.28972°N 2.78083°E
Keputusan	Kemenangan British
Pihak yang terlibat
Empayar British United Kingdom; Kanada; Australia; Dominion Newfoundland; New Zealand;	Empayar Jerman
Komandan dan pemimpin
Douglas Haig; Edmund Allenby; Arthur Currie; Hubert Gough; Henry Horne	Ludwig von Falkenhausen; Erich Ludendorff; Georg von der Marwitz
Kekuatan
hari pertama: ; 14 divisyen serangan; 9 divisyen simpanan	hari pertama: ; 12 divisyen bersiap sedia; 5 divisyen simpanan
Kerugian dan korban
158,000	120,000–130,000
	† Lihat bahagian Casualties

Pertempuran Arras (juga dikenali sebagai Pertempuran Arras Kedua) adalah satu penyerangan British ke atas Barisan Barat semasa Perang Dunia I. Dari 9 April hingga 16 Mei 1917, tentera British menyerang pertahanan Jerman berhampiran bandaraya Arras Perancis di Barisan Barat. Terdapat kemajuan besar pada hari pertama, kemudian menemui jalan buntu. Pertempuran itu mengakibatkan hampir 160,000 askar British dan kira-kira 125,000 askar Jerman terkorban.

Disepanjang peperangan, ketumbukan tentera lawan di Barisan Barat berada dalam keadaan buntu, dengan garisan panjang kubu parit yang bermula dari pantai Belgium ke sempadan Swiss.^[1] Objektif Pihak Berikat dari awal tahun 1915 ialah memecah masuk pertahanan Jerman kepada medan terbuka diluar dan menyerang Tentera Darat Jerman yang kecil dalam satu peperangan bergerak.^[2] Serangan British di Arras merupakan sebahagian daripada Penyerangan Nivelle Perancis, bahagian utama serangan itu berlaku 50 batu (80 km) ke selatan.^[3] Tujuan operasi gabungan ini adalah menamatkan perang dalam masa 48 jam.^[4] Di Arras pihak British akan mengalih tentera Jerman dari barisan Perancis dan merampas kawasan berbukit yang dikuasai Jerman yang telah mendominasi dataran Douai.^[3]

Usaha British adalah barisan serangan meluas antara Vimy di barat laut dan Bullecourt di tenggara. Selepas pengeboman besar, askar Kanada dari Tentera Darat Pertama di utara berjuang dalam Pertempuran Vimy Ridge dan menawan rabung itu. Tentera Darat Ke-3 di bahagian tengah mara ke Scarpe River, membuat kemasukan paling dalam sejak peperangan kubu parit bermula dan di bahagian selatan, Tentera Darat Ke-5 menyerang Garis Hindenburg dan telah digagalkan oleh pertahanan kedalam, hanya mendapat sedikit kemajuan. Ketumbukan tentera British kemudian terlibat dalam beberapa siri operasi berskala kecil bagi mengukuhkan kedudukan baru. Walaupun pertempuran ini secara umumnya berjaya mencapai matlamat yang terbatas, mereka telah mengalami korban yang agak besar.^[3]

Apabila pertempuran ini secara rasminya berakhir pada 16 Mei, askar-askar Empayar British telah membuat kemaraan yang bermakna tetapi tidak dapat mencapai kejayaan cemerlang.^[3] Taktik dan kelengkapan baru telahpun digunakan, menunjukkan bahawa pihak British telah menerima pengajaran dari Pertempuran Somme dan mampu melancarkan serangan terancang terhadap pertahanan medan berkubu. Sektor Arras kemudian kembali menemui kebuntuan yang mencirikan kebanyakan perang di Barisan Barat, kecuali serangan sekitar Lens, memuncak dalam Pertempuran Hill 70 Kanada pada bulan Ogos.

Rujukan sunting

Nota sunting

Templat:Research help

^ Ashworth 2000, m/s. 3–4.
^ Ashworth 2000, m/s. 48–51.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Ashworth 2000, m/s. 55–56.
^ Keegan 1999, m/s. 348–352.

Bibliografi sunting

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Falls, C. (1992) [1940]. Military Operations France and Belgium 1917: The German Retreat to the Hindenburg line and the Battles of Arras. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. I (ed. Imperial War Museum and Battery Press). London: HMSO. ISBN 0-89839-180-6.
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Bacaan lanjut sunting

Sheldon, J. (2015). The German Army in the Spring Offensives 1917: Arras, Aisne & Champagne. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. ISBN 978-1-78346-345-9.

Pautan luar sunting

The Battle of Arras at 1914–1918.net Online history of the battle, accessed 4 April 2007
The Battle of Arras at the War Chronicle Another online history of the battle, accessed 16 April 2007
New Zealand Tunnellers Memorial in Arras archived 21 October 2008
The Arras tunnels – NZHistory.net.nz
France reveals British WWI cave camp BBC News 5 May 2008
Finding Private Adams Exploring the life of a soldier killed at Oppy-Gavrelle
Online history of the Worcestershire Regiment General history of a regiment involved in the battle, accessed 24 April 2007

Templat:Perang Dunia I

[FOOTNOTEAshworth20003–4-1] Ashworth 2000, m/s. 3–4.

[FOOTNOTEAshworth200048–51-2] Ashworth 2000, m/s. 48–51.

[FOOTNOTEAshworth200055–56-3] Ashworth 2000, m/s. 55–56.

[FOOTNOTEKeegan1999348–352-4] Keegan 1999, m/s. 348–352.

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