Pertempuran Iwo Jima

Pertempuran Iwo Jima
	Sebahagian daripada Medan Pasifik; Perang Dunia Kedua
	; Anggota-anggota Batalion Pertama Marin ke-23 menggali kubu perlindungan di pantai gunung berapi Yellow Beach
Tarikh	19 Februari – 26 Mac 1945
Lokasi	Iwo Jima, Kepulauan Volcano
Keputusan	Kemenangan memihak kepada A.S.
Pihak yang terlibat
Amerika Syarikat	Jepun
Komandan dan pemimpin
U.S. Navy:; Chester W. Nimitz; Raymond A. Spruance; Marc A. Mitscher; William H.P. Blandy; U.S. Marine Corps:; Holland M. Smith; Harry Schmidt; Graves B. Erskine; Clifton B. Cates; Keller E. Rockey	Tadamichi Kuribayashi †; Takeichi Nishi †
Kekuatan
110,000 askar Marin, darat, laut, orang kor, anggota USAAF dll; 500+ kapal	20,530–21,060 askar; 23 kereta kebal; 438 meriam artileri; 33 meriam kapal; 69 meriam anti-kereta kebal; ~300 meriam anti-pesawat
Kerugian dan korban
26,040 jumlah yang terkorban; 6,821 terbunuh; 2 dikepung tapi diambil semula; 19,217 cedera ; 1 kapal induk ditenggelamkan; 1 kapal induk pesawat rosak teruk; 1 kapal induk pesawat rosak sedikit	17,845–18,375 terkorban dan hilang; 216 dalam tahanan; ~3,000 bersembunyi

Pertempuran Iwo Jima (19 Februari – 26 Mac 1945) merupakan sebuah pertempuran utama di mana Kor Marin Amerika Syarikat mendarat di atas Pulau Iwo Jima dan kemudiannya berjaya mengepung pulau tersebut daripada Tentera Darat Imperial Jepun semasa Perang Dunia Kedua. Serangan dari pihak Amerika Syarikat (dikenali sebagai Operation Detachment) bertujuan mengepung seluruh pulau, termasuk tiga lapangan terbang yang dikawal Jepun (termasuk Lapangan-Lapangan Selatan dan Tengah) untuk memberikan kawasan pementasan untuk serangan terhadap pihak Jepun di Kepulauan Besar Jepun. Pertempuran yang beralngsung selama lima minggu ini merupakan antara pertempuran yang paling sengit dan berdarah dalam Perang Pasifik.

Kedudukan pihak Jepun begitu banyak diperkuatkan dengan sebuah rangkaian bunker, artileri yang tersembunyi serta pembinaan terowong bawah tanah yang berjarak 18 km (11 batu).^[6]^[7] Pasukan darat AS turut disokong banyak meriam laut serta mempunyai penguasaan udara lengkap ihsan para penerbang Tentera Laut dan Kor Marin mereka sepanjang pertempuran.^[8]

Korban perang di pihak Jepun dikira sebanyak tiga kali bilangan korban di pihak Amerika walaupun jumlah askar AS yang gugur (korban dan cedera) tampak lebih banyak melebihi jumlah di pihak Jepun. dalam pertempuran ini.^[9] Sebanyak hanya 216 daripada 21,000 askar Jepun yang terlibat dijadikan tahanan perang kerana ditangkap ketika tidak sedar mahupun telah lumpuh,^[1]^:83 di mana selebihnya telah terkorban. Namun, terapat juga laporan yang menyatakan sebanyak 3,000 orang askar terus menahan di dalam pelbagai sistem gua selama beberapa hari setelah itu sebelum akhirnya mati akibat kecederaan yang dialami mahupun menyerah diri beberapa minggu kemudian.^[1]^[10]

Walaupun pertempuran yang berlaku begitu berdarah danbanyak mengorbankan nyawa kedua-dua pihak, Kemenangan di pihak Amerika sangat diyakini dari awalnya, kerana pihak Amerika mendapat kelebihan dari segi jumlah anggota dan senjata serta penguasaan udara yang lengkap, ditambah pula juga dengan ketidakupayaan Jepun mengundur atau meminta sokongan, serta juga kekurangan bekalan makanan dan persediaan.^[11]

Catatan sunting

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Burrell, Robert S. (2006). The Ghosts of Iwo Jima. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 1-58544-483-9. OCLC 61499920.
^ Taki, THE HISTORY OF BATTLES OF IMPERIAL JAPANESE TANKS.
^ B. L. Crumley, "The Marine Corps: Three Centuries of Glory", Jan 19, 2013. The total breaks down as follows: 361 artillery pieces of 75 mm caliber or larger, 12 320 mm spigot mortars, 65 medium and light mortars, 33 naval guns, 94 anti-aircraft guns of 75 mm or larger, 200+ anti-aircraft guns of 20 mm or 25 mm, and 69 37 mm or 47 mm anti-tank guns.
^ Samuel Eliot Morison, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 3, The Rising Sun in the Pacific. Boston: Little, Brown, 1961; Vol. 4, Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions. 1949; Vol. 5, The Struggle for Guadalcanal. 1949; Vol. 6, Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier. 1950; Vol. 7, Aleutians, Gilberts, and Marshalls. 1951; Vol. 8, New Guinea and the Marianas. 1962; Vol. 12, Leyte. 1958; vol. 13, The Liberation of the Philippines: Luzon, Mindanao, the Visayas. 1959; Vol. 14, Victory in the Pacific. 1961.
^ John Toland, The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire, 1936–1945, m/s. 669
^ "Letters from Iwo Jima". World War II Multimedia Database. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 12 December 2007.
^ "Battle of Iwo Jima—Japanese Defense". World War II Naval Strategy.
^ Video: Carriers Hit Tokyo! 1945/03/19 (1945). Universal Newsreel. 19 Mac 1945. Dicapai pada 22 Februari 2012.
^ O'Brien, Cyril J. "Iwo Jima Retrospective". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 7 Jun 2007. Dicapai pada 21 Jun 2007.
^ Toland, John. Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936–1945. m/s. 669.
^ Lewis, Adrian R. The American Culture of War: The History of U.S. Military Force from World War II to Operation Iraqi Freedom. New York 2007. m/s. 59.CS1 maint: location (link)

Rujukan sunting

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Dalam talian sunting

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[Burrell83-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Burrell, Robert S. (2006). The Ghosts of Iwo Jima. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 1-58544-483-9. OCLC 61499920.

[2] Taki, THE HISTORY OF BATTLES OF IMPERIAL JAPANESE TANKS.

[3] B. L. Crumley, "The Marine Corps: Three Centuries of Glory", Jan 19, 2013. The total breaks down as follows: 361 artillery pieces of 75 mm caliber or larger, 12 320 mm spigot mortars, 65 medium and light mortars, 33 naval guns, 94 anti-aircraft guns of 75 mm or larger, 200+ anti-aircraft guns of 20 mm or 25 mm, and 69 37 mm or 47 mm anti-tank guns.

[morison-4] Samuel Eliot Morison, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 3, The Rising Sun in the Pacific. Boston: Little, Brown, 1961; Vol. 4, Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions. 1949; Vol. 5, The Struggle for Guadalcanal. 1949; Vol. 6, Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier. 1950; Vol. 7, Aleutians, Gilberts, and Marshalls. 1951; Vol. 8, New Guinea and the Marianas. 1962; Vol. 12, Leyte. 1958; vol. 13, The Liberation of the Philippines: Luzon, Mindanao, the Visayas. 1959; Vol. 14, Victory in the Pacific. 1961.

[5] John Toland, The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire, 1936–1945, m/s. 669

[WW2MMDb_Letters-6] "Letters from Iwo Jima". World War II Multimedia Database. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 12 December 2007.

[BattleFleet_IwoDefense-7] "Battle of Iwo Jima—Japanese Defense". World War II Naval Strategy.

[8] Video: Carriers Hit Tokyo! 1945/03/19 (1945). Universal Newsreel. 19 Mac 1945. Dicapai pada 22 Februari 2012.

[O'Brien-9] O'Brien, Cyril J. "Iwo Jima Retrospective". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 7 Jun 2007. Dicapai pada 21 Jun 2007.

[10] Toland, John. Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936–1945. m/s. 669.

[11] Lewis, Adrian R. The American Culture of War: The History of U.S. Military Force from World War II to Operation Iraqi Freedom. New York 2007. m/s. 59.CS1 maint: location (link)

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