Pertempuran Mediterranean

Pertempuran Mediterranean
	Sebahagian daripada Perang Dunia II Kancah Mediterranean dan Timur Tengah
	; Dari kiri atas hingga mengikut arah jam:; Kapal induk pesawat British semasa operasi Pedestal, kruiser Zara melepaskan tembakan semasa pertempuran Punta Stilo, sebuah kapal dagang Itali di serang musuh dari udara, kapal selam 'Gondar' dengan silinder SLC di atas dek
Tarikh	10 Jun 1940 – 2 Mei 1945; (4 tahun, 10 bulan, 3 minggu dan 1 hari)
Lokasi	Laut Mediterranean
Keputusan	Kemenangan pihak Bersekutu
Pihak yang terlibat
United Kingdom ; Amerika Syarikat (dari 1942); Kanada; Perancis Bebas; Poland; Australia; New Zealand; Yugoslavia; Yunani; Belanda; Brazil; Itali (dari 1943)	Itali (sehingga 1943); Jerman Nazi; Republik Sosial Itali (dari 1943); Perancis Vichy
Kerugian dan korban
Hingga September 1943:; Jumlah:; 76 kapal perang dengan berat 315,500 tan; 48 kapal selam	Hingga September 1943:; Itali:; 83 kapal perang dengan berat 195,100 tan; 84 kapal selam; 2,018,616 tan kapal dagang; 21,000 anggota Tentera Laut Diraja Itali dan 6,500 anggota Tentera Laut Dagang Itali terbunuh di laut; Jerman:; 17 kapal perang; 68 kapal selam; Perancis Vichy; 11 kapal perang dengan berat~72,000 tan; 7 kapal selam

Pertempuran Mediterranean adalah nama yang diberi kepada kempen ketenteraan di Laut Mediterranean semasa Perang Dunia II, dari 10 Jun 1940 hingga 2 Mei 1945.

Sebahagian besar kempen tersebut melibatkan Tentera Laut Diraja (Regia Marina) Itali, yang disokong oleh tentera laut dan tentera udara Paksi yang lain, dan Royal Navy British, disokong oleh tentera laut Sekutu yang lain, seperti Australia, Belanda, Poland dan Greece. Unit-unit tentera laut dan udara Amerika menyertai pihak Bersekutu pada tahun 1942.

Setiap pihak mempunyai tiga objektif menyeluruh dalam pertempuran ini. Yang pertama adalah menyerang saluran bekalan pihak lain. Yang kedua ialah terus membuka saluran bekalan untuk bala tentera darat mereka sendiri di Afrika Utara. Yang ketiga pula adalah memusnahkan kemampuan tentera laut lawan untuk berperang di laut. Di luar kancah Pasifik, Mediterranean menyaksikan peperangan laut konvensional terbesar dalam konflik itu. Khususnya, tentera Bersekutu yang berjuang untuk membekalkan dan mempertahankan pangkalan utama tentera laut dan udara Malta.

Pada saat peletakan senjata September 1943 antara Itali dan pihak Sekutu, kapal permukaan, kapal selam dan pesawat Itali telah menenggelamkan kapal perang Sekutu yang berjumlah 145,800 tan, manakala pihak Jerman telah menenggelamkan 169,700 tan, dengan jumlah 315,500 tan. Secara keseluruhan pihak Sekutu kehilangan 76 kapal perang dan 46 kapal selam. Pihak Bersekutu menenggelamkan 83 kapal perang Itali yang berjumlah 195,100 tan (161,200 oleh pihak Komanwel dan 33,900 oleh pihak Amerika) dan 83 kapal selam.^[5] Kerugian Jerman di Mediterranean sejak bermulanya kempen hingga tamat ialah 17 kapal perang dan 68 kapal selam.^[6]

Nota kaki sunting

^ Clodfelter, Michael. "Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia." Page 485.
^ Caduti e Dispersi M. M. 2a G.M., Voll. 1, 2, 3, Ormedife C.EL.D. Esercito.
^ Rolando Notarangelo, Gian Paolo Pagano, Navi mercantili perdute, Ufficio Storico della Marina Militare, Rome 1997.
^ Only counting those sunk or grounded from the battles at Casablanca (1 battleship, 1 cruiser, 2 flotilla leaders, 5 destroyers, 6 submarines), Mers-el-Kébir (1 battleship, 1 destroyer), and Syria-Lebanon (1 submarine).
^ OÕHara, Vincent (2014). On Seas Contested: The Seven Great Navies of the Second World War. Naval Institute Press. m/s. 128. ISBN 978-1-61251-400-0.
^ BRITISH LOSSES & LOSSES INFLICTED ON AXIS NAVIES

^ 18 July 1940 & 24–25 September (Mers-el-Kébir & Gibraltar), 8 June-14 July 1941 (Syria–Lebanon Campaign), and 8–11 November 1942 (Operation Torch and Case Anton). Vichy officially pursued a policy of armed neutrality and conducted military actions against armed incursions from both Axis and Allied belligerents. The cease fire and pledging of allegiance of the Vichy troops in French North Africa to the Allies during Torch convinced the Axis that Vichy could not be trusted to continue this policy, so they invaded and occupied the French rump state.

Bibliografi sunting

Blitzer, Wolf; Garibaldi, Luciano (2001). Century of War. Friedman/Fairfax Publishers. New York. ISBN 1-58663-342-2
Barnett, Corelli. Engage the Enemy More Closely: The Royal Navy in the Second World War (1991)
Bragadin, A, Italian Navy in World War II,1st Ed, US Naval Institute, Annapolis, 1957. ISBN 0-87021-327-X
Caravaggio, Angelo.N, 'The attack at Taranto: tactical success, operational failure', Naval War College Review, Summer 2006, Vol. 59, No. 3.
Mollo, Andrew (1981). The Armed Forces of World War II. New York: Crown. ISBN 0-517-54478-4.
Morison, Samuel E. Operations in North African Wars 1942 - June 1943 (Boston: Little Brown, 1984). on the U.S. Navy
O'Hara, Vincent P. Struggle for the Middle Sea: the Great Navies at War in the Mediterranean 1940 - 1945 (London: Conway, 2009)
O'Hara, Vincent P. The German Fleet at War, 1939–1945 (Naval Institute Press, 2004)
Paterson, Lawrence. U-boats in the Mediterranean, 1941–1944. (Naval Institute Press, 2007)
Roskill, S. W. War at Sea 1939–1945, Volume 1: The Defensive London: HMSO, 1954; War at Sea 1939–1945, Volume 2: The Period of Balance, 1956; War at Sea 1939–1945, Volume 3: The Offensive, Part 1, 1960; War at Sea 1939–1945, Volume 3: The Offensive, Part 2, 1961. online vol 1; online vol 2
- Roskill, S. W. The White Ensign: British Navy at War, 1939–1945 (1960). summary
Sadkovich, James (1994). The Italian Navy in World War II. Greenwood Press, Westport. ISBN 0-313-28797-X
Simpson, Michael. Life of Admiral of the Fleet Andrew Cunningham (Routledge, 2004)
Tomblin, Barbara Brooks. "The Naval War in the Mediterranean." in A Companion to World War II (2013): 222+
Walker, Ian W. (2003). Iron hulls, iron hearts: Mussolini's elite armoured divisions in North Africa. Marlborough: Crowood. ISBN 9781861266460.

[2] Clodfelter, Michael. "Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia." Page 485.

[3] Caduti e Dispersi M. M. 2a G.M., Voll. 1, 2, 3, Ormedife C.EL.D. Esercito.

[4] Rolando Notarangelo, Gian Paolo Pagano, Navi mercantili perdute, Ufficio Storico della Marina Militare, Rome 1997.

[5] Only counting those sunk or grounded from the battles at Casablanca (1 battleship, 1 cruiser, 2 flotilla leaders, 5 destroyers, 6 submarines), Mers-el-Kébir (1 battleship, 1 destroyer), and Syria-Lebanon (1 submarine).

[6] OÕHara, Vincent (2014). On Seas Contested: The Seven Great Navies of the Second World War. Naval Institute Press. m/s. 128. ISBN 978-1-61251-400-0.

[7] BRITISH LOSSES & LOSSES INFLICTED ON AXIS NAVIES

[Vichy-1] 18 July 1940 & 24–25 September (Mers-el-Kébir & Gibraltar), 8 June-14 July 1941 (Syria–Lebanon Campaign), and 8–11 November 1942 (Operation Torch and Case Anton). Vichy officially pursued a policy of armed neutrality and conducted military actions against armed incursions from both Axis and Allied belligerents. The cease fire and pledging of allegiance of the Vichy troops in French North Africa to the Allies during Torch convinced the Axis that Vichy could not be trusted to continue this policy, so they invaded and occupied the French rump state.

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