Pertempuran Ongal

Pertempuran Ongal
	Sebahagian daripada Perang Bulgaria-Byzantium
	; Pengasasan Empayar Bulgaria Pertama. Tentera Asparukh dalam warna merah. Manakala tentera Constantine IV dalam warna biru.
Tarikh	Musim panas, 680
Lokasi	Kawasan Ongal, berkemungkinan di delta Danube (kini Kaunti Tulcea, Romania)
Keputusan	Kemenangan muktamad buat Bulgaria, penubuhan Bulgaria
Pihak yang terlibat
orang Bulgar; Tujuh Puak Slavik	Empayar Byzantium
Komandan dan pemimpin
Asparukh	Constantine IV
Kekuatan
sekitar 10-12,000	"seluruh themata" antara 15 - 25,000
Kerugian dan korban
Kecil	Besar

Pertempuran Ongal terjadi pada musim panas tahun 680 di sebuah kawasan Ongal, satu lokasi yang tidak dinyatakan di sekitar delta Danube berhampiran dengan Pulau Peuce, kini Kaunti Tulcea, Romania. Pertempuran ini meletus antara orang Bulgar, yang mana tidak lama sebelumnya menyerbu masuk ke Balkan, dengan Empayar Byzantium, yang mana kemudian dikalahkan. Kemenangan dalam pertempuran ini telah mewujudkan Empayar Bulgaria Pertama.

Nota kaki sunting

^ “The Size of Bulgaria’s Medieval Field Armies: A Case Study of Military Mobilization Capacity in the Middle Ages,” by Aleksandar Stoyanov, The Journal of Military History, 83:3 (July 2019): pp. 719-746.
^ Образуване на българската народност. Димитър Ангелов (Издателство Наука и изкуство, "Векове", София 1971) с. 202—203.
^ Dennis P. Hupchick, The Bulgarian-Byzantine Wars for Early Medieval Balkan Hegemony: Silver-Lined Skulls and Blinded Armies, Springer, 2017, ISBN 3319562061, p. 49.
^ The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor. Byzantine and Near Eastern History, AD 284-813. Oxford, 1997, p. 498
^ Templat:A History of the Byzantine State and Society.
^ Byzantium in the Seventh Century: The transformation of a Culture, J. F. Haldon, Cambridge University Press, 1997, ISBN 052131917X, стр. 253.
^ Templat:The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025.

Rujukan sunting

Атанас Пейчев и колектив, 1300 години на стража, Военно издателство, София 1984.
Йордан Андреев, Милчо Лалков, Българските ханове и царе, Велико Търново, 1996.
Пламен Павлов, Историята - далечна и близка, Велико Търново, 2010.

Pautan luar sunting

Byzantine Battles

[1] “The Size of Bulgaria’s Medieval Field Armies: A Case Study of Military Mobilization Capacity in the Middle Ages,” by Aleksandar Stoyanov, The Journal of Military History, 83:3 (July 2019): pp. 719-746.

[2] Образуване на българската народност. Димитър Ангелов (Издателство Наука и изкуство, "Векове", София 1971) с. 202—203.

[3] Dennis P. Hupchick, The Bulgarian-Byzantine Wars for Early Medieval Balkan Hegemony: Silver-Lined Skulls and Blinded Armies, Springer, 2017, ISBN 3319562061, p. 49.

[4] The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor. Byzantine and Near Eastern History, AD 284-813. Oxford, 1997, p. 498

[5] Templat:A History of the Byzantine State and Society.

[6] Byzantium in the Seventh Century: The transformation of a Culture, J. F. Haldon, Cambridge University Press, 1997, ISBN 052131917X, стр. 253.

[7] Templat:The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]