Pertempuran Tunmen
Pertempuran Tunmen (Cina tradisional: 屯門海戰) merupakan sebuah pertempuran laut yang berlaku antara tentera laut maharaja dinasti Ming yang berjaya mengalahkan armada Portugal yang diketuai oleh Simão de Andrade pada tahun 1521.
| Pertempuran Tunmen | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||
| Pihak yang terlibat | |||||||
| Dinasti Ming China |
 Kerajaan Beraja Portugal | ||||||
| Komandan dan pemimpin | |||||||
| Wang Hong (汪鋐) |
Simão de Andrade | ||||||
| Kekuatan | |||||||
| Skuadron Jong | kapal Caravel | ||||||
| Kerugian dan korban | |||||||
| Tidak diketahui | Tidak diketahui | ||||||
Penyebab sunting
Simão de Andrade telah menculik kanak-kanak Cina untuk dijual di Melaka.[1] dan tanpa mempedulikan pihak berkuasa dan kedaulatan China di Tãmão, telah membina sebuah kubu.[2] Orang-orang Cina percaya Portugis telah memanggang dan memakan kanak-kanak yang diculik.[3] China telah bertindak balas dengan mengepung Portugis. Portugis akan mati kelaparan sekiranya mereka tidak memecahkan kepungan ini.
Lokasi sunting
Portugis memanggil petempatan mereka sebagai Tãmão yang dipercayai merupakan kesalahan sebutan bagi "Tunmen" (屯門, Túnmén), nama bagi kawasan di barat Hong Kong dan Shenzhen yang telah ada sejak dinasti Tang. Sumber-sumber China menyatakan bahawa Portugis telah mendiami kawasan sekitar muara Tunmen (屯門澳, Túnmén Ào), akan tetapi kedudukan sebenar muara Tunmen tidak diketahui. Oleh itu, lokasi penempatan Portugis dan kawasan pertempuran masih menjadi perdebatan di kalangan sejarawan.
Pada masa sekarang, "Tunmen" merujuk kepada Tuen Mun disebabkan Kantonis menggunakan tulisan Cina. Keadaan ini menyebabkan sesetengah penyelidik menghubung kait Tunmen pada zaman dinasti Ming dengan Tuen Mun di New Territories, Hong Kong. "Muara Tunmen" mungkin merujuk pada satu daripada dua teluk di sekitar Tuen Mun: Castle Peak Bay, di sebelah Bandar Baharu Tuen Mun sekarang, atau Deep Bay yang terletak di antara New Territories dan Nantou di Shenzhen, di mana pasukan pertahanan pantai dinasti Ming terletak.[4]
Lebih mengelirukan, perincian daripada sumber-sumber Portugis menyatakan Tãmão ialah sebuah pulau. Oleh kerana Tuen Mun bukan sebuah pulau, para penyelidik mencadangkan bahawa Tãmão sebenarnya merujuk kepada salah sebuah pulau berdekatan. Pulau Lintin, barat Tuen Mun, secara umumnya diterima di Barat sebagai salah satu kemungkinan,[5] sementara pulau yang lebih besar, Pulau Lantau, juga telah dicadangkan.[6]
Pertempuran sunting
Pada waktu ini, tentera laut China mempunyai sekitar 50 buah kapal.[7] Armada Simão de Andrade telah dikalahkan oleh tentera laut China yang mana kekalahan ini menjadikan China lebih berani untuk mengambil tindakan ketenteraan lanjut pada tahun berikutnya dengan menentang armada yang diketuai oleh Martim Afonso de Mello dalam Pertempuran Tamao Kedua (1522).[8][9]
Armada China diketuai oleh Wang Hong. Pertempuran bermula pada bulan April atau Mei, dan berakhir apabila Portugis melarikan diri ke Melaka pada bulan Oktober.[10] Banyak kapal Portugis telah ditawan oleh armada China. Pihak China menawan dan membunuh begitu ramai orang Portugis sehinggakan daripada sebegitu banyak kapal dan jong China yang digunakan oleh Portugis untuk menyerang armada China, hanya tinggal kakitangan yang cukup-cukup untuk mengendali tiga buah kapal yang terselamat. Pihak Portugis hanya berjaya melepaskan diri disebabkan angin kuat telah mengucar-ngacirkan kapal-kapal China yang mengejar lalu membolehkan Portugis melepaskan diri ke laut lepas. Selama beberapa tahun berikutnya, pihak China akan menangkap dan membunuh semua orang Portugis yang cuba mendarat di China.[11]
Walau bagimanapun, dengan hubungan yang bertambah baik dan bantuan yang diberikan dalam menentang lanun-lanun Wokou（倭寇）Jepun di sepanjang pantai China, menjelang tahun 1557, Ming China akhirnya bersetuju untuk membenarkan Portugis membuka petempatan perdagangan baru di Macau.[12] Kesultanan Melayu Johor juga meningkatkan hubungan mereka dengan Portugis dan sama-sama berjuang menentang Kesultanan Acheh.
Lihat juga sunting
Rujukan sunting
- ^ Zhidong Hao (2011). Macau History and Society (ed. illustrated). Hong Kong University Press. m/s. 11. ISBN 988-8028-54-5. Dicapai pada 14 December 2011.
At the same time the Portuguese stationed in Tunmen began to set up fortifications, attacked and looted Chinese ships and kidnapped Chinese men and women. However, the main problem was very likely the Portuguese purchase and enslavement of Chinese children, who had been most likely kidnapped by local criminals. The purchase and enslavement of these kidnapped children was carried out by men led by Andarde's younger brother, Simão de Andrade in 1518-19. By that time Fernão Peres de Andrade had already returned to Lisbon with triumph. The Chinese arrested Peres on his way back to Guangzhou, and he died in prison there in 1524. The Portuguese were expelled from Tunmen in 1521 and the authorities in Beijing and Guangzhou announced a ban on trade with the Portuguese.
- ^ Peter Y. L. Ng, penyunting (1983). New Peace County: A Chinese Gazetteer of the Hong Kong Region. Hong Kong University Press. m/s. 25. ISBN 962-209-043-5. Dicapai pada 21 November 2011.
enable them to dominate the foreign trade. Thus when Simao de Andrade reached China in 1519 he built a fort in the neighbourhood of Tunmen without first seeking Chinese government permission. This and other tactless behaviour was resented by the Chinese, and in 1521 a Chinese naval force fell on the Portuguese and defeated them.
Cite has empty unknown parameter:|month=(bantuan) - ^ Tomé Pires, Armando Cortesão, Francisco Rodrigues (1990). Armando Cortesão (penyunting). The Suma Oriental of Tome Pires: An Account of the East, From the Red Sea to China, written in Malacca and India in 1512-1515; and The Book of Francisco Rodrigues: Pilot-Major of the Armada That Discovered Banda and the Moluccas: Rutter of a Voyage in the Red Sea, Nautical Rules, Almanack ... Volume 1 of The Suma Oriental of Tome Pires: An Account of the East, from the Red Sea to Japan, Written in Malacca and India in 1512-1515, and The Book of Francisco Rodrigues, Rutter of a Voyage in the Red Sea, Nautical Rules, Almanack and Maps, Written and Drawn in the East Before 1515 (ed. illustrated, reprint). Asian Educational Services. m/s. xxxix. ISBN 81-206-0535-7. Dicapai pada 14 December 2011.
Though according to Vieira the Emperor magnanimously said, "These people do not know our customs; gradually they will get to know them:, more charges--some of them quite fantastic--were being brought against the Portuguese. After being told that one of the charges was that "we bought kidnapped children of important people and ate them roasted", Barros commented: "They believe this to be true, as being about people of whom they had never heard; and we were the terror and fear of all that East, so it was not too much to believe that we did such things, just as we too think of them and other far-flung countries, about which we have but little knowledge". Some early Chinese historians even go so far as to give vivid details of the price paid for the children and how they were roasted.
|volume=has extra text (bantuan)CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) - ^ Lau, Chi-pang; Liu, Shuyong (2012). 屯門: 香港地區史研究之四 (dalam bahasa Chinese). Hong Kong: Joint Publishing. m/s. 35. ISBN 9789620431470. Unknown parameter
|trans_title=ignored (bantuan)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ Braga, J. M. (May 1939). "The "Tamao" of the Portuguese Pioneers". Tien Hsia Monthly. VIII (5): 420–432.
- ^ Lau and Liu(2012), p. 39
- ^ Ng (1983), p. 65. Quote: "were more than fifty ships in the fleet. These were the heady days when Wang Hong was able to engage and defeat a Portuguese expedition"
- ^ Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. China Branch (1895). Journal of the China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society for the year ..., Volumes 27-28. The Branch. m/s. 44. Dicapai pada 2010-06-28.
- ^ Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. North-China Branch (1894). Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volumes 26-27. The Branch. m/s. 44. Dicapai pada 2010-06-28.
- ^ Hao (2011), pg. 12. Quote: "A Portuguese fleet of several ships came to China again in April or May 1521. The Ming court ordered the Guangdong authorities to expel them. Led by Wang Hong, the Ming naval forces engaged in battles against the Portuguese and won. Many Portuguese were captured and endured horrific execution. More ships came in the following months and attacked the Chinese, but all failed. At the end of October they retreated to Malacca after many casualties. This was the Battle of Tunmen."
- ^ Pires, Cortesão, Rodrigues (1990), p. xi. Quote: "In the meantime, after the departure of Simão de Andrade, the ship Madalena, which belonged to D. Nuno Manuel, came from Lisbon under the command of Diogo Calvo, arriving at Tamão with some other vessels from Malacca, among them the junk of Jorge Álvares, which the year before could not sail with Simão de Andrade's fleet because it had sprung a leak. When the instructions issued from Peking against the Portuguese arrived in Canton, together with the news of the death of the Emperor, the Chinese seized Vasco Calvo, a brother of Diogo Calvo, and other Portuguese who were in Canton trading ashore. On 27 June 1521 Duarte Coelho arrived with two junks at Tamão. Besides capturing some of the Portuguese vessels, the Chinese blockaded Diogo Calvo's ship and four other Portuguese vessels in Tamão with a large fleet of armed junks. A few weeks later Ambrósio do Rego arrived with two other ships. As many of the Portuguese crews had been killed in the fighting, slaughtered afterwards or taken prisoner, by this time there were not enough Portuguese for all the vessels, forcing Calvo, Coelho and Rego to abandon the junks in order to better man the three ships. They set sail on 7 September and were attacked by the Chinese fleet, but managed to escape thanks to a providential gale that scattered the enemy junks, and arrived at Malacca in October 1521. Vieira mentions that other junks that arrived in China with Portuguese aboard were all attacked, their crews either killed in the initial fighting or taken prisoner and slaughtered later.
- ^ Wills, John E., Jr. (1998). "Relations with Maritime Europe, 1514–1662," in The Cambridge History of China: Volume 8, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 2, 333–375. Edited by Denis Twitchett, John King Fairbank, and Albert Feuerwerker. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24333-5, 343-344.
Rencana ini menerapkan teks daripada Journal of the China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society for the year ..., Jilid 27-28, oleh Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. China Branch, sebuah penerbitan dari tahun 1895 yang sekarangnya dalam domain awam di Amerika Syarikat.- Rencana ini menerapkan teks daripada Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Jilid 26-27, oleh Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. North-China Branch, sebuah penerbitan dari tahun 1894 yang sekarangnya dalam domain awam di Amerika Syarikat.
