Sungai bandar

Sungai bandar atau aliran air dalam bandar ialah bekas jajaran sungai semula jadi yang mengalir melalui kawasan petempatan yang tepu bina dan padat penduduk.^[1] Kebiasaannya, sungai bandar merupakan landskap kecil yang mencirikan tadahan dalam sesebuah kawasan perbandaran. Sungai di dalam bandar sering tercemar oleh air larian bandar dan kumbahan.^[2] Kekurangan air menjadikan pengurusan sungai dalam masalah pemulihan sungai dalam bandar.^[3] Pihak kerajaan tempatan boleh mengubah arus atau aliran sungai dalam bandar bagi membendung banjir di kawasan setempat melalui kejuruteraan sungai: melapisi dasar sungai dengan bahan konkrit atau bahan binaan keras yang lain, mengalihkan aliran sungai ke dalam pembetung ataupun dengan kaedah yang lain. Beberapa sungai di dalam bandar, seperti sungai bawah tanah London, United Kingdom yang mengalir sepenuhnya di bawah tanah. Pengubahsuaian ini telah mengurangkan habitat spesies terutama ikan, menyebabkan pembentukan dataran banjir dan memburukkan kualiti air.^[4]

Kesan pemulihan sunting

Sesetengah komuniti telah memulakan projek pemulihan saliran dalam usaha untuk menyelesaikan masalah yang disebabkan oleh pemindahan arus sungai, yang menggunakan teknik seperti pencahayaan siang dan membetulkan hakisan tebing sungai yang disebabkan oleh larian air hujan.^[5]^[6] Pembesaran sungai untuk memulihkan habitat dan estetika juga merupakan pilihan, dan air kitar semula boleh digunakan untuk tujuan ini.^[7]^[8]

Rujukan sunting

^ Violin, Christy R. (September 2011). "Effects of urbanization and urban stream restoration on the physical and biological structure of stream ecosystems". Ecological Applications. 21 (6): 1932–1949. doi:10.1890/10-1551.1. JSTOR 41416629. PMID 21939035 – melalui JSTOR.
^ Walsh, Christopher J.; Roy, Allison H.; Feminella, Jack W.; Cottingham, Peter D.; Groffman, Peter M.; Morgan, Raymond P. (2005). "The urban stream syndrome: current knowledge and the search for a cure". Journal of the North American Benthological Society. 24 (3): 706–723. doi:10.1899/04-028.1. S2CID 30667397.
^ Lawrence, Justin E.; Pavia, Christopher P. W.; Kaing, Sereyvicheth; Bischel, Heather N.; Luthy, Richard G.; Resh, Vincent H. (2014). "Recycled water for augmenting urban streams in mediterranean-climate regions: a potential approach for riparian ecosystem enhancement". Hydrological Sciences Journal. 59 (3–4): 488–501. doi:10.1080/02626667.2013.818221. S2CID 129362661.
^ National Management Measures to Control Nonpoint Source Pollution from Hydromodification (Laporan). Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). July 2007. EPA 841-B-07-002.
^ California Department of Water Resources. "Urban Streams Restoration Program". Dicapai pada 2009-07-11.
^ Revkin, Andrew C. (16 July 2009). "Rolling Back Pavement to Expose Watery Havens". New York Times. Dicapai pada 19 July 2009.
^ Bischel, Heather N.; Lawrence, Justin E.; Halaburka, Brian J.; Plumlee, Megan H.; Bawazir, A. Salim; King, J. Phillip; McCray, John E.; Resh, Vincent H.; Luthy, Richard G. (2013). "Renewing Urban Streams with Recycled Water for Streamflow Augmentation: Hydrologic, Water Quality, and Ecosystem Services Management". Environmental Engineering Science. 30 (8): 455–479. doi:10.1089/ees.2012.0201.
^ Halaburka, Brian J.; Lawrence, Justin E.; Bischel, Heather N.; Hsiao, Janet; Plumlee, Megan H.; Resh, Vincent H.; Luthy, Richard G. (2013). "Economic and Ecological Costs and Benefits of Streamflow Augmentation Using Recycled Water in a California Coastal Stream". Environmental Science & Technology. 47 (19): 10735–10743. Bibcode:2013EnST...4710735H. doi:10.1021/es305011z. PMID 23688175.

Bibliografi sunting

Riley, Ann L.; Leopold, Luna B. (1998). Restoring Streams in Cities: A Guide for Planners, Policymakers, and Citizens. Washington, DC: Island Press. ISBN 978-1-55963-042-9.

Pautan luar sunting

Urban Waters Program - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Ecosystem Effects of Urban Stream Restoration - EPA

[1] Violin, Christy R. (September 2011). "Effects of urbanization and urban stream restoration on the physical and biological structure of stream ecosystems". Ecological Applications. 21 (6): 1932–1949. doi:10.1890/10-1551.1. JSTOR 41416629. PMID 21939035 – melalui JSTOR.

[walsh-2] Walsh, Christopher J.; Roy, Allison H.; Feminella, Jack W.; Cottingham, Peter D.; Groffman, Peter M.; Morgan, Raymond P. (2005). "The urban stream syndrome: current knowledge and the search for a cure". Journal of the North American Benthological Society. 24 (3): 706–723. doi:10.1899/04-028.1. S2CID 30667397.

[3] Lawrence, Justin E.; Pavia, Christopher P. W.; Kaing, Sereyvicheth; Bischel, Heather N.; Luthy, Richard G.; Resh, Vincent H. (2014). "Recycled water for augmenting urban streams in mediterranean-climate regions: a potential approach for riparian ecosystem enhancement". Hydrological Sciences Journal. 59 (3–4): 488–501. doi:10.1080/02626667.2013.818221. S2CID 129362661.

[4] National Management Measures to Control Nonpoint Source Pollution from Hydromodification (Laporan). Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). July 2007. EPA 841-B-07-002.

[5] California Department of Water Resources. "Urban Streams Restoration Program". Dicapai pada 2009-07-11.

[6] Revkin, Andrew C. (16 July 2009). "Rolling Back Pavement to Expose Watery Havens". New York Times. Dicapai pada 19 July 2009.

[7] Bischel, Heather N.; Lawrence, Justin E.; Halaburka, Brian J.; Plumlee, Megan H.; Bawazir, A. Salim; King, J. Phillip; McCray, John E.; Resh, Vincent H.; Luthy, Richard G. (2013). "Renewing Urban Streams with Recycled Water for Streamflow Augmentation: Hydrologic, Water Quality, and Ecosystem Services Management". Environmental Engineering Science. 30 (8): 455–479. doi:10.1089/ees.2012.0201.

[8] Halaburka, Brian J.; Lawrence, Justin E.; Bischel, Heather N.; Hsiao, Janet; Plumlee, Megan H.; Resh, Vincent H.; Luthy, Richard G. (2013). "Economic and Ecological Costs and Benefits of Streamflow Augmentation Using Recycled Water in a California Coastal Stream". Environmental Science & Technology. 47 (19): 10735–10743. Bibcode:2013EnST...4710735H. doi:10.1021/es305011z. PMID 23688175.

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