Ketiadanegaraan

Ketiadanegaraan (bahasa Inggeris: statelessnesscode: en is deprecated ) adalah istilah undang-undang merujuk kepada keadaan di mana seseorang individu hilang status kewarganegaraan sendiri mahupun tiada hubungan pengakuan antara diri dan suatu negara, lalu individu tersebut boleh dianggap "t[id]ak bernegara" (stateless).^[1]

Terdapat dua jenis yang terangkum dalam keadaan sebegini:

Ketiadanegaraan secara de jure (de jure statelessness) - terkadang merujuk kepada orang yang "tidak dianggap sebagai seorang warganegara oleh suatu negara di bawah pelaksanaan undang-undang tersebut".^[2]
Ketiadanegaraan secara de facto (de facto statelessness) - orang yang berada di luar negara di mana kewarganegaraannya tidak jelas atau tidak mendapatkan perlindungan dari negara tersebut dengan sebab munasabah.^[3] Orang yang tak bernegara secara de facto dapat mengakibatkan penganiayaan atau berakibat pada retaknya hubungan diplomatik antara negara asalnya dan negara yang ditinggalkannya.

Beberapa orang yang tak bernegara secara de jure juga merupakan pelarian, meskipun tidak semua pencari suaka tidak bernegara secara de jure dan tidak semua orang yang tak bernegara secara de jure boleh dianggap sebagai pelarian; malah, ada juga orang yang dianggap tidak bernegara tidak pernah melintasi sempadan antarabangsa.^[4]

Rujukan sunting

^ "'stateless' - Kamus Bahasa Inggeris". Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Dicapai pada 2 Mac 2020.
^ "Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, article 1(1)". UNHCR.
^ "The Concept of Stateless Persons under International Law". UNHCR.
^ Hovy, Bela (2011). Bhabha, Jacqueline (penyunting). Human Rights and Citizenship: The Need for Better Data and What to Do about It. Children Without a State: A Global Human Rights Challenge. Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States: MIT Press. m/s. 90. ISBN 9780262015271. Dicapai pada 11 Ogos 2014. People who reside in their country of birth, have never crossed a border, but have never had their birth registered by the state—the effectively stateless, in Jacqueline Bhabha's terminology—also resemble refugees in their relative rightlessness.

Bacaan tambahan sunting

Bronwen Manby, Struggles for Citizenship in Africa^{[pautan mati kekal]}, 2009
Laura Bingham, Julia Harrington-Reddy and Sebastian Kohn, De Jure Statelessness in the Real World: Applying the Prato Summary Conclusions, 2011
Jay Milbrandt, Stateless, 2011
Open Society Foundations and Refugees International, Without Citizenship: Statelessness, Discrimination, and Repression in Kuwait, 2011
Nationality and Statelessness: a Handbook for Parliamentarians. High Commissioner for Refugees, Inter-Parliamentary Union, 2005
Stateless Palestinians
Report describing US contributions to the resettlement of stateless populations in 2007
Brad K. Blitz and Maureen Lynch. "Statelessness and the Benefits of Citizenship: A Comparative Study Diarkibkan 2011-10-08 di Wayback Machine."
Somers, Margaret. 2008. Genealogies of Citizenship: Markets, Statelessness, and the Right to Have Rights. Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-79394-0
Unravelling Anomaly. Detenation, Discrimination and the Protection Needs of the Stateless Persons. London: Equal Rights Trust, 2010. ISBN 978-0-9560717-3-6
Stateless: The World's Most Invisible People. Reuters AlertNet, 2011

Pautan luar sunting

Undang0-undang antarabangsa: perjanjian dan kes contoh dibincangkan
Intergovernmental organizations:
- UNHCR page on prevention and reduction of statelessness and protection of stateless persons – background information, tools and news From UNHCR website
- UNHCR Map (21 August 2006) Stateless Persons and Populations at Risk of Statelessness (PDF)
Sumber diberikan NGO berkaitan
- Statelessness on the website of the Open Society Foundations
- Statelessness on the website of Refugees International
- Website of the International Observatory on Statelessness a clearinghouse for NGOs, academics, advocacy groups and policy-makers working on issues of statelessness
- World Service Authority The World Service Authority issues World Passports mainly to refugees and stateless persons; refugees in camps are entitled to free World Passports
- Website of the Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion
- Website of the European Network on Statelessness
Institusi akademik
- Website of the Statelessness Programme, an initiative of Tilburg Law School (Netherlands) dedicated to research, training and outreach on statelessness and related issues
Negara-negara khusus
- British nationality – provisions for reducing statelessness
- United States IRS Form 8898 (Renouncing citizenship).
Man without a nation - filem dokumentari mengenai topik ini

[1] "'stateless' - Kamus Bahasa Inggeris". Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Dicapai pada 2 Mac 2020.

[2] "Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, article 1(1)". UNHCR.

[3] "The Concept of Stateless Persons under International Law". UNHCR.

[4] Hovy, Bela (2011). Bhabha, Jacqueline (penyunting). Human Rights and Citizenship: The Need for Better Data and What to Do about It. Children Without a State: A Global Human Rights Challenge. Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States: MIT Press. m/s. 90. ISBN 9780262015271. Dicapai pada 11 Ogos 2014. People who reside in their country of birth, have never crossed a border, but have never had their birth registered by the state—the effectively stateless, in Jacqueline Bhabha's terminology—also resemble refugees in their relative rightlessness.

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