Wikipedia

Visa

Bagi syarikat kad kredit dengan nama yang sama, lihat Visa Inc..

Visa (ringkasan untuk istilah Latin carta visa[1], yang bermakna "dokumen yang telah dilihat") adalah sebuah dokumen yang dikeluarkan oleh sebuah negara memberikan seseorang (warganegara asing) izin untuk masuk ke negara tersebut dalam suatu tempoh waktu dan tujuan tertentu, bergantung kepada keizinan seorang pegawai imigresen pada masa kemasukan sebenar pada waktu itu. Tempoh visa adalah terhad, ini bermakna rakyat asing tidak boleh tinggal di negara tersebut selepas tamat tempoh yang diberikan.

Contoh visa Australia.

Kebanyakan negara memerlukan kepemilikan visa asli untuk dapat masuk bagi warga negara asing, meskipun ada skema lain (lihat pasport untuk skema lainnya). Visa biasanya dicap atau ditempel di pasport penerima, namun ada juga yang diberikan sebagai sekeping kertas.

Biometrik sunting

Beberapa negara mewajibkan semua penumpang, atau semua penumpang asing, untuk dicetak jari setibanya dan akan menolak kemasukan atau bahkan menangkap penumpang yang enggan mematuhi. Di beberapa negara, seperti Amerika Syarikat, ini mungkin berlaku walaupun kepada penumpang transit yang hanya ingin menukar pesawat dan bukan ke darat.[2]

Negara-negara yang mewajibkan pengimbasan cap jari termasuk Afghanistan,[3][4] Argentina,[5] Brunei, Kemboja,[6] China,[7] Habsyah,[8] Ghana, Guinea,[9] India, Japan,[10][11] Kenya (kedua-dua cap jari dan gambar diambil),[12] Malaysia ketika masuk dan keluar,[13] Mongolia, Paraguay, Arab Saudi,[14] Singapura, Korea Selatan,[15] Taiwan, Thailand,[16] Uganda,[17] Emiriah Arab Bersatu dan Amerika Syarikat.

Pelawat yang berniat untuk melawat Australia dan penduduk Australia yang kembali dengan ePassport mungkin perlu menghantar pengesahan biometrik sebagai sebahagian daripada sistem Smartgate, yang menghubungkan individu dengan visa dan pasport mereka[18]. Data biometrik dikumpulkan daripada beberapa pemohon visa oleh Jabatan Imigresen terutamanya dalam kes-kes Visa Pelarian atau Kemanusiaan.[19][20] China mula menggunakan pengumpulan biometrik sejak November 2018 untuk kebanyakan warganegara asing sebagai sebahagian daripada proses permohonan visa. Skim percubaan telah diuji di Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Shenzhen sebelum pelaksanaan di seluruh negara. Data yang dikumpulkan adalah semua 10 jari dari tangan dan sidik suara. Langkah-langkah ini kemungkinan besar bertujuan untuk mengetatkan kelemahan visa dan meningkatkan pengawasan asing.[21][22][23] Kanada telah memulakan penyelidikan ke dalam penggunaan teknologi biometrik dalam bidang keselamatan sempadan[24] dan imigresen (Center for Security Sciences[25]), Program Teknik Keselamatan Awam,[26] Biometrics Community of Practice). Sekurang-kurangnya satu program, program NEXUS yang dikendalikan bersama oleh Agensi Perkhidmatan Sempadan Kanada dan Kastam dan Perlindungan Sempadan A.S., sudah beroperasi[27]. Bermula pada tahun 2005, pasport AS dengan data biometrik berasaskan imej muka telah dijadualkan untuk dihasilkan.[28][29][30][31][32]

Banyak negara juga memerlukan foto diambil dari orang yang memasuki negara tersebut. Amerika Syarikat, yang tidak sepenuhnya melaksanakan formaliti kawalan keluar di sempadan daratnya (walaupun telah lama diwajibkan oleh undang-undang domestik),[33][34][35] berhasrat untuk melaksanakan pengenalan wajah untuk penumpang yang berlepas dari lapangan terbang antarabangsa untuk mengenal pasti orang yang telah melampaui tempoh visa mereka.[36]

Bersama dengan pengenalan cap jari dan muka, pengimbasan iris adalah salah satu daripada tiga teknologi pengenalan biometrik yang distandardkan secara antarabangsa sejak 2006 oleh Organisasi Penerbangan Awam Antarabangsa (ICAO) untuk digunakan dalam pasport elektronik[37] dan Emiriah Arab Bersatu menjalankan pengimbasan iris pada pelawat yang perlu memohon visa.[38][39] Jabatan Keselamatan Dalam Negeri Amerika Syarikat telah mengumumkan rancangan untuk meningkatkan dengan ketara data biometrik yang dikumpulinya di sempadan AS.[40] Pada tahun 2018, Singapura memulakan percubaan pengimbasan iris di tiga pusat pemeriksaan imigresen darat dan laut.[41][42]

Rujukan sunting

  1. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary".
  2. ^ Calder, Simon (24 April 2017). "Airline lobbying for a relaxation of draconian rules for London-Auckland travellers". The Independent. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 21 June 2022. Dicapai pada 7 July 2018. Travellers heading west from the UK to New Zealand may soon be able to avoid the onerous requirement to clear US border control during the refuelling stop at Los Angeles airport (LAX). Unlike almost every other country in the world, the US insists on a full immigration check even for passengers who simply intend to re-board their plane to continue onwards to a foreign destination. Air New Zealand, which flies daily from Heathrow via Los Angeles to Auckland, says there are currently “strict requirements for travellers” in transit at LAX. Through passengers to Auckland on flight NZ1 or Heathrow on NZ2 must apply in advance for an ESTA (online visa) even though they have no intention of staying in the US. They also have to undergo screening by the Transportation Security Administration.
  3. ^ "How to enter Afghanistan. The Entry Requirements for Afghanistan - CountryReports". Countryreports.org.
  4. ^ Nordland, Rod (19 November 2011). "In Afghanistan, Big Plans to Gather Biometric Data". The New York Times.
  5. ^ "Argentina strengthens migratory control". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2 Disember 2013.
  6. ^ "Cambodia Foreign Entry Requirements". Us-passport-information.com.
  7. ^ "China to Start Fingerprinting Foreign Visitors". Air Canada. 31 Jan 2019. Dicapai pada 7 July 2018. Effective April 27, 2018, border control authorities at all of China’s ports of entry, including its airports, will start collecting the fingerprints of all foreign visitors aged between 14 and 70. Diplomatic passport holders and beneficiaries of reciprocal agreements are exempted..
  8. ^ "Äthiopien: Reise- und Sicherheitshinweise". Auswaertiges-amt.de.
  9. ^ "Visa". paf.gov.gn.
  10. ^ "Japan fingerprints foreigners as anti-terror move". Reuters. 20 November 2016. Dicapai pada 3 March 2017.
  11. ^ "Anger as Japan moves to fingerprint foreigners - World". Theage.com.au. 2007-10-26.
  12. ^ "Immigration & Visas FAQs". Kenya Airports Authority. Dicapai pada 6 May 2019. Will visitors still have their digital photo and fingerprints taken at the immigration desk on arrival? Yes, the need to have photos and fingerprints taken upon arrival is to authenticate that the person who applied for the Visa is the same person at the port of entry
  13. ^ "Malaysia". CountryReports. Dicapai pada 7 July 2018.
  14. ^ "Saudi Arabia mandates fingerprints and biometrics for foreigners - SecureIDNews". secureidnews.com. Dicapai pada 3 March 2017.
  15. ^ F_161. "S Korea to scan fingerprints of suspicious foreign visitors - People's Daily Online". peopledaily.com.cn. Dicapai pada 3 March 2017.
  16. ^ "National News Bureau of Thailand".
  17. ^ AfricaNews (2019-01-14). "Gemalto awarded Uganda's new e-Immigration solution with fast-track border crossing eKiosks at Entebbe Airport". Africanews (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 2019-04-24.
  18. ^ "Free Custom ID Card Templates by IDCreator. Make ID Badges!". www.idcreator.com.
  19. ^ "866 Protection (Class XA) Visa". Immi.gov.au. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2012-05-30. Dicapai pada 2012-06-10.
  20. ^ "Biometrics Institute Ltd". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2011-09-10.
  21. ^ "China to store foreigners' fingerprints upon entry, starting with Shenzhen". 2017-02-09.
  22. ^ 新版签证申请表（V.2013）.
  23. ^ "Important Notice for Capturing Fingerprints and Payment Procedure".
  24. ^ "Ottawa expands biometrics screening for travellers to Canada". Toronto Star. 4 June 2015.
  25. ^ "Centre for Security Science". August 27, 2011. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2011-08-27.
  26. ^ "About the Public Security Technical Program". August 27, 2011. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2011-08-27.
  27. ^ "Cross Often? Make it simple, use NEXUS". 2004-02-02. Dicapai pada June 12, 2011.
  28. ^ "Renewals - Department of Revenue - Motor Vehicle". Colorado Department of Revenue, Division of Motor Vehicles. Dicapai pada 2018-02-08.
  29. ^ "FAQ - Driver License - Department of Revenue - Motor Vehicle". Colorado Department of Revenue, Division of Motor Vehicles. Dicapai pada 2018-02-08.
  30. ^ "Article describing Disney's 2006 biometric initiative replacing hand geometric scanners with fingerprint readers". Newsinitiative.org. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2012-06-22. Dicapai pada 2012-06-10.
  31. ^ SnapTeam. "passportmaker.ai/id". Make Passport Size Photos Online with Correct Sizes (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 2023-11-21.
  32. ^ "More extensive tourist fingerprinting comes to U.S. ports". Eturbonews.com. 2008-01-22. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2012-01-07. Dicapai pada 2012-06-10.
  33. ^ Brown, Theresa Cardinal (9 May 2016). "Biometric Entry-Exit Update: CBP Developing Land Border Process". Bipartisan Policy Center. Dicapai pada 25 April 2019. While a requirement for a biometric entry-exit system has been in law for over a decade, it is not yet a reality. Many reasons for the long gestating development have been documented in BPC’s 2014 report Entry-Exit System: Progress, Challenges, and Outlook, including the technological, operational, and cost challenges of creating exit systems and infrastructure where none exist today. However, many critics, especially in Congress, simply accused the Department of Homeland security of dragging its feet... the major operational, logistical, and technical challenge in implementing exit capability at our ports has been the land borders. Unlike airports and seaports, the land border environment is not physically controlled, there is no means to get advance information on who is arriving, and the sheer volume of travel—both vehicular and pedestrian—creates challenges in any system to not further exacerbate delays. While biometric exit for land vehicular traffic is still in the “what if” stage, CBP is moving ahead and piloting systems and technology to use with the large population of pedestrian crossers at the U.S.-Mexico border.
  34. ^ Lipton, Eric (21 May 2013). "U.S. Quietly Monitors Foreigners' Departures at the Canadian Border". The New York Times. Dicapai pada 25 April 2019. Long demanded by lawmakers in Congress, it is considered a critical step to developing a coherent program to curb illegal immigration, as historically about 30 percent to 40 percent of illegal immigrants in the United States arrived on tourist visas or other legal means and then never left, according to estimates by Homeland Security officials.
  35. ^ Lipton, Eric (15 December 2006). "Administration to Drop Effort to Track if Visitors Leave". The New York Times. Dicapai pada 25 April 2019. Efforts to determine whether visitors actually leave have faltered. Departure monitoring would help officials hunt for foreigners who have not left, if necessary. Domestic security officials say, however, it would be too expensive to conduct fingerprint or facial recognition scans for land departures.
  36. ^ Campoy, Ana (17 April 2019). "The US wants to scan the faces of all air passengers leaving the country". Quartz (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 2019-04-24.
  37. ^ "ICAO Document 9303: Machine Readable Travel Documents, Part 9: Deployment of Biometric Identification and Electronic Storage of Data in MRTDs, 7th edition" (PDF). 2015. Dicapai pada 23 April 2019.
  38. ^ "Iris Scan Implemented at Doha International Airport". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 8 Januari 2012.
  39. ^ "Iris Scanner Could Replace Emirates ID In UAE". SimplyDXB. 11 June 2017. Dicapai pada 7 July 2018. The breach of privacy is probably the biggest threat to the biometric technique of iris recognition. Secondly, a device error can false reject or false accept the identity which can also have some heinous consequences. Lastly, the method isn’t the most cost-effective one. It is complex and therefore expensive. Furthermore, the maintenance of devices and data can also be relatively burdensome. However, thanks to the oil money and spending ability of Dubai, they are economically equipped to effectively embrace this system.
  40. ^ Roberts, Jeff John (12 September 2016). "Homeland Security Plans to Expand Fingerprint and Eye Scanning at Borders". Fortune. Fortune Media IP Limited. Dicapai pada 24 April 2019. Unlike with documents, it’s very hard for a traveler to present a forged copy of a fingerprint or iris. That’s why the U.S. Department of Homeland Security plans to vastly expand the amount of biometric data it collects at the borders. According to Passcode, a new program will ramp up a process to scan fingers and eyes in order to stop people entering and exiting the country on someone else’s passport.
  41. ^ "Singapore tests eye scans at immigration checkpoints". Reuters. 6 August 2018. Dicapai pada 24 April 2019. Singapore has started scanning travellers’ eyes at some of its border checkpoints, its immigration authority said on Monday, in a trial of expensive technology that could one day replace fingerprint verification.
  42. ^ Lee, Vivien (6 August 2018). "5 Reasons We Prefer Iris Scans To Fingerprint Checks At Our Borders In Singapore". Dicapai pada 24 April 2019. The iris technology could potentially scan irises covertly, as opposed to the scanning of thumbprints which necessitates active participation.

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