Wikipedia

Wanita dalam geologi

Wanita dalam geologi adalah berkenaan dengan sejarah dan sumbangan wanita dalam bidang geologi. Meskipun terdapat sejarah panjang wanita dalam bidang ini, namun mereka cenderung kurang diwakili. Sepanjang era sebelum abad kelapan belas, bidang sains dan sains geologi belum diformalkan seperti abab berikutnya. Oleh itu ahli geologi awal lebih dikenali sebagai pemerhati dan pengumpul tidak formal tidak mengira mereka lelaki atau perempuan. Antara contoh yang jelas pada masa tersebut termasuk Hildegard of Bingen yang menulis karya mengenai batu dan Barbara Uthmann yang menyelia operasi perlombongan selepas kematian suaminya. Puan Uthmann juga merupakan saudara kepada Georg Agricola . Sebagai tambahan kepada nama-nama ini ramai wanita bangsawan juga mempunyai koleksi saintifik batuan atau mineral. [1]

Pada abad kesembilan belas telah muncul kelas ahli geologi profesional baru yang melibatkan wanita. Sepanjang tempoh ini negara British lebih cenderung mempunyai lebih ramai wanita penting yang menyumbang kepada geologi. [2]

Pada tahun 1977 Persatuan Geosains Wanita telah ditubuhkan. [3]

Garis masa wanita dalam geologi sunting

  • 1642: Martine Bertereau, wanita pertama yang direkodkan sebagai pakar mineral yang telah dipenjarakan di Perancis kerana disyaki mengamalkan ilmu sihir.[4]
  • 1824: Emma Hart Willard menerbitkan Ancient Geography sebagai bahan sokongan kepada Woodbridge's System of Universal Geography.[5]
  • 1833: Mary Austin Holley dikenali kerana ketekunan dan penerbitan berkaitan tanah-tanih, sumber air, mineral dan pergunungan di sekitar Texas.[6]
  • 1841: Orra White Hitchcock, Sarah Hall, dan Mrs. Brooks merupakan antara wanita pertama yang mengilustrasikan penerbitan geologi.[7]
  • 1865: Elizabeth Carne telah dipilih sebagai wanita pertama sebagai Felo di Royal Geological Society of Cornwall.[8]
  • 1866: Kerja survei dan laporan yang dibuat Puan. Myers, Kate Andrews, dan Harriet Huntsman's di Illinois, Ohio, dan Kansas masing -masing.[7]
  • 1889: Mary Emilie Holmes menjadi wanita pertama Felo Geological Society of America.[9]
  • 1893: Florence Bascom menjadi wanita kedua yang memperolehi Doktor Falsafah (Ph.D) dalam geologi dari Amerika Syarikat dan wanita pertama menerima Doktor Falsafah (Ph.D) dari Johns Hopkins University.[10][11] Beliau dikenali sebagai " ahli geologi wanita pertama di Amerika."[12]
  • 1896: Florence Bascom menjadi wanita pertama yang bekerja dengan dengan United States Geological Survey.[13][14]
  • 1901: Florence Bascom menjadi ahli geologi wanita pertama yang membentangkan kertas didalam Geological Survey of Washington.[15]
  • 1909: Alice Wilson merupakan ahli geologi wanita pertama yang diupah oleh Geological Survey of Canada.[16][17] Beliau sering kali dkenali sebagai ahli geologi wanita pertama di Kanada.[18]
  • 1919: Wanita buat pertama kalinya dibenarkan menjadi felo di Geological Society of London.[19][20]
  • 1924: Florence Bascom became the first woman elected to the Council of the Geological Society of America.[15]
  • 1936: Inge Lehmann discovered that the Earth has a solid inner core distinct from its molten outer core.[21]
  • 1938: Alice Wilson became the first woman appointed as Fellow to the Royal Society of Canada.[18]
  • 1942: American geologist Marguerite Williams became the first African-American woman to receive a PhD in geology in the United States. She completed her doctorate, entitled A History of Erosion in the Anacostia Drainage Basin, at Catholic University.[22][23]
  • 1943: Eileen Guppy was promoted to the rank of assistant geologist, therefore becoming the first female geology graduate appointed to the scientific staff of the British Geological Survey.[24]
  • 1953: Alice Mary Weeks, and Mary E. Thompson of the United States Geological Survey, identified uranophane.[25]
  • 1955: Moira Dunbar became the first female glaciologist to study sea ice from a Canadian icebreaker ship.[26][27][28]
  • 1963: Elsa G. Vilmundardóttir completed her studies at Stockholm University and became the first female Icelandic geologist.[29]
  • 1966: Eileen Guppy became the first female staff member of the British Geological Survey to be awarded an MBE.[30]
  • 1967: Sue Arnold became the first female British Geological Survey person to go to sea on a research vessel.[24]
  • 1969: Beris Cox became the first female paleontologist in the British Geological Survey.[24]
  • 1971: Audrey Jackson became the first female field geologist in the British Geological Survey.[24]
  • 1975: Female officers of the British Geological Survey no longer had to resign upon getting married.[24]
  • 1977: The Association for Women Geoscientists was founded.[3]
  • 1980: Geochemist Katsuko Saruhashi became the first woman elected to the Science Council of Japan.[31]
  • 1982: Janet Watson became the first woman president of the Geological Society of London.[32]
  • 1983: Geologist Sudipta Sengupta (and marine biologist Aditi Pant) became one of the first two Indian women to join an Antarctic expedition.[33]
  • 1991: Doris Malkin Curtis became the first woman president of the Geological Society of America.[34]
  • 1991: Indian geologist Sudipta Sengupta became the first woman scientist to receive the Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar Award in the Earth Sciences category.[35][36]
  • 1995: Karst in China: its Geomorphology and Environment by Marjorie Sweeting was published; it was the first comprehensive Western account of China's karst.[37][38]
  • 1995: Jane Plant became the first female Deputy Director of the British Geological Survey.[24]
  • 2010: Marcia McNutt became the first female director of the United States Geological Survey.[39]
  • 2014: Maureen Raymo became the first woman to be awarded the Wollaston Medal, the highest award of the Geological Society of London.[40][41]
  • 2016: Geophysicist Marcia McNutt became the first woman president of the American National Academy of Sciences.[42]
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  6. ^ Holley, Mary Austin, 1784-1846. (2005). Texas : observations, historical, geographical and descriptive : in a series of letters, written during a visit to Austin's colony, with a view to a permanent settlement in that country, in the Autumn of 1831. Brown University Women Writers Project. OCLC 176859903.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  10. ^ "Florence Bascom papers, 1883-1938". Dla.library.upenn.edu. Dicapai pada 2018-07-28.
  11. ^ Clary, R.M. "Great expectations: Florence Bascom (1842–1945) and the education of early US women geologists". Geological society of London Publications. Special Publications. Dicapai pada 10 October 2017.
  12. ^ Schneidermann, Jill (July 1997). "A Life of Firsts: Florence Bascom" (PDF). GSA Today. Geological Society of America.
  13. ^ "The Stone Lady, Florence Bascom (U.S. National Park Service)". Nps.gov. 1945-06-18. Dicapai pada 2018-07-28.
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  19. ^ "Geological Society of London Celebrates the First Female Fellows - Scientific American Blog Network". Blogs.scientificamerican.com. 2019-03-19. Dicapai pada 2019-03-27.
  20. ^ Burek, Cynthia V. (2009-08-21). "The first female Fellows and the status of women in the Geological Society of London | Geological Society, London, Special Publications". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. Sp.lyellcollection.org. 317 (1): 373–407. doi:10.1144/SP317.21. Dicapai pada 2019-03-27.
  21. ^ Edmond A. Mathez, penyunting (2000). EARTH: INSIDE AND OUT. American Museum of Natural History. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2008-04-30.
  22. ^ Williams, Marguerite. "A History of Erosion in the Anacostia Basin". World Cat. Dicapai pada 8 March 2014.
  23. ^ "Women's History Month – Marguerite Thomas Williams". University of the District of Columbia (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 2018-09-24.
  24. ^ a b c d e f Rod Bowie, Records Centre Manager, National Geological Records Centre, British Geological Survey, Keyworth (January 1995). "Freedom and Equality-Women in Geology". Geological Society, London, Special Publications (dalam bahasa Inggeris). British Geological Survey, Natural Environment Research Council. 97 (1): 117–125. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.097.01.15. Dicapai pada 2018-05-23.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  25. ^ Moore, James Gregory (1963). Geology of the Mount Pinchot Quadrangle, Southern Sierra Nevada, California (dalam bahasa Inggeris). U.S. Government Printing Office.
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  27. ^ Thomas, Campbell (2000-01-12). "Moira Dunbar". The Guardian (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 2018-08-23.
  28. ^ "80th Anniversary: Northern Exposure - History - The Royal Canadian Geographical Society". www.rcgs.org. Dicapai pada 2018-08-23.
  29. ^ Jóhannesson, Guðni A. (2008). "Elsa Guðbjörg Vilmundardóttir". www.mbl.is (dalam bahasa Iceland). Dicapai pada 2018-10-08.
  30. ^ Plant, J. A.; Hackett, D.; Taylor, B. J. (1994). "The role of women in the British Geological Survey". Geology Today. 10 (4): 151–156. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2451.1994.tb00893.x.
  31. ^ Hughes, Amani (2018-03-22). "Katsuko Saruhashi honoured by Google: Who is the geochemist celebrated in today's Doodle?". Express.co.uk (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 2018-08-23.
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  37. ^ Kennedy, Barbara (18 January 1995). "OBITUARIES: Marjorie Sweeting". The Independent.
  38. ^ Karst in China - Its Geomorphology and Environment | Marjorie M. Sweeting. Springer Series in Physical Environment. 15. Springer. 1995. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-79520-6. ISBN 978-3-642-79522-0. Dicapai pada 2018-08-08.
  39. ^ "Marcia K McNutt".
  40. ^ "Climate Scientist Is First Woman to Win Geology's Storied Wollaston Medal". Lamont -Doherty Earth Observatory. March 4, 2014. Dicapai pada 16 February 2018.
  41. ^ "The Geological Society". Geolsoc.org.uk. 2016-08-24. Dicapai pada 2018-08-14.
  42. ^ "Science Editor-in-Chief Marcia McNutt Elected President of the National Academy of Sciences". AAAS - The World's Largest General Scientific Society (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 2016-02-16. Dicapai pada 2018-08-26.
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