Negara Merdeka Croatia
Negara Merdeka Croatia (Croatia: Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH; Jerman: Unabhängiger Staat Kroatien; Itali: Stato Indipendente di Croazia) adalah sebuah negara boneka fasis Jerman[6][7][8] dan Itali semasa Perang Dunia Kedua. Ia telah ditubuhkan di bahagian Yugoslavia yang diduduki pada 10 April 1941, selepas pencerobohan kuasa Paksi. Wilayahnya terdiri daripada kebanyakan Croatia moden dan Bosnia dan Herzegovina, serta beberapa bahagian Serbia moden dan Slovenia.[perlu rujukan]
Negara Merdeka Croatia Nezavisna Država Hrvatska | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1941–1945 | |||||||||
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| Lagu kebangsaan: Lijepa naša domovino | |||||||||
 Negara Merdeka Croatia pada 1942 | |||||||||
| Status | Negara boneka Jerman Nazi (1941–45) Negeri naungan Kerajaan Itali (1941–43) | ||||||||
| Ibu negara | Zagreb | ||||||||
| Bahasa yang umum digunakan | Croatia | ||||||||
| Agama | Roman Katolik dan Islam[1] | ||||||||
| Kerajaan | Fasis satu parti totalitarian kediktatoran | ||||||||
| Raja | |||||||||
• 1941–1943 | Tomislav II[2] | ||||||||
| Poglavnik | |||||||||
• 1941–1945 | Ante Pavelić | ||||||||
| Perdana Menteri | |||||||||
• 1941–1943 | Ante Pavelić | ||||||||
• 1943–1945 | Nikola Mandić | ||||||||
| Era Sejarah | Perang Dunia II | ||||||||
| 10 April 1941 | |||||||||
| 8 Mei 1945 | |||||||||
| Keluasan | |||||||||
| 1941 | 115,133 km2 (44,453 bt2) | ||||||||
| Populasi | |||||||||
• 1941 | 6966729 | ||||||||
| Mata wang | NDH Kuna | ||||||||
| Kod ISO 3166 | HR | ||||||||
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| Sekarang sebahagian dari |  Bosnia dan Herzegovina Croatia Serbia Slovenia | ||||||||
*Aimone, Duke Spoleto menerima pelantikan pada 18 Mei 1941, turun takhta 31 Julai 1943 dan melepaskan semua tuntutan pada 12 Oktober 1943.[2][3][4][5] Selepas itu, negara ini bukan lagi beraja secara teknikal. Ante Pavelić menjadi ketua negara, gelarannya sebagai pemimpin pergerakan Ustaše yang memerintah, "Poglavnik", secara rasminya menjadi gelaran ketua negara NDH. | |||||||||
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Semasa kewujudannya, NDH telah ditadbir sebagai sebuah negara satu parti oleh organisasi Ustaše fasis. Ustaše dipimpin oleh Poglavnik, Ante Pavelić.[note 1] Rejim ini mensasarkan bangsa Serbia, Yahudi dan Romani sebagai sebahagian daripada kempen genosid besar-besaran, serta anti-fasis atau penentang Croat dan Muslim.[9]
Antara tahun 1941–45, 22 buah kem tahanan wujud didalam wilayah yang dikawal oleh Negara Merdeka Croatia, dua di antaranya (Jastrebarsko dan Sisak) menempatkan kanak-kanak sahaja dan yang terbesar ialah Jasenovac.[9][10][11][12][13]
Negara ini secara rasminya menjadi pemerintahan beraja selepas menandatangani Undang-Undang Mahkota Zvonimir pada 15 Mac 1941.[14][15] Di tabalkan oleh Victor Emmanuel III dari Itali, Putera Aimone, Duke Aosta pada mulanya enggan menerima mahkota tersebut sebagai membantah pengilhakan Itali ke atas wilayah Dalmatia yang majoritinya diduduki orang Croat, diilhak sebagai sebahagian daripada agenda irredentis Itali mewujudkan Mare Nostrum ("Laut Kami").[16] Beliau kemudian secara singkat menerima takhta tersebut kerana mendapat tekanan dari Victor Emmanuel III dan diberi gelaran Tomislav II dari Croatia, tetapi tidak pernah berpindah dari Itali untuk menetap di Croatia.[2]
Dari penandatanganan Persetiaan Rome pada 18 Mei 1941 hingga penyerahan Itali pada 8 September 1943, negara merdeka croatia adalah kondominium jajahan Jerman dan Itali.[17][18][19][20] Dalam penghakimannya di Perbicaraan Tebusan, Tribunal Tentera Nuremberg menyimpulkan bahawa NDH bukan sebuah negara berdaulat. Menurut Tribunal, "Croatia was at all times here involved an occupied country".[21]
Pada tahun 1942, Jerman mencadangkan Itali mengambil alih semua kawalan tentera Croatia kerana keinginannya untuk mengalihkan tentera Jerman dari Croatia ke Barisan Timur. Itali bagaimanapun menolak tawaran itu kerana ia percayai tidak mampu mengurus sendiri situasi tidak stabil di Balkan.[22] Selepas penyingkiran Mussolini dan gencatan senjata Itali dengan pihak Sekutu, NDH pada 10 September 1943 mengisytiharkan bahawa Persetiaan Rome terbatal dan mengilhak bahagian Dalmatia yang sebelum ini diserahkan kepada Itali. NDH cuba mengilhak Zara, yang telah diakui wilayah Itali sejak tahun 1919 tetapi menjadi objek lama irredentisme Croatia, namun Jerman tidak membenarkannya.[16]
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Nota sunting
- ^ "Poglavnik" was a term coined by the Ustaše, and it was originally used as the title for the leader of the movement. In 1941 it was institutionalized in the NDH as the title of first the Prime Minister (1941–43), and then the head of state (1943–45). It was at all times held by Ante Pavelić (1889 – 1959) and became synonymous with him. The translation of the term varies. The root of the word is the Croatian word "glava", meaning "head" ("Po-glav(a)-nik"). The more literal translation is "head-man", while "leader" captures a of the meaning of the term (in relation to the German "Führer" and Italian "Duce").
Rujukan sunting
- ^ Ramet 2006, m/s. 118.
- ^ a b c Rodogno, Davide; Fascism's European empire: Italian occupation during the Second World War; p.95; Cambridge University Press, 2006 ISBN 0-521-84515-7
- ^ Pavlowitch, 2008, p. 289
- ^ Massock, Richard G.; Italy from Within; p. 306; READ BOOKS, 2007; ISBN 1-4067-2097-6
- ^ Massock, Richard G. (1 March 2007). "Italy from Within". Read Books. Dicapai pada 2 September 2017 – melalui Google Books.
- ^ "Independent State of Croatia", Britannica Online Encyclopedia; retrieved 8 September 2009.
- ^ "Croatia" Diarkibkan 2009-11-01 di WebCite. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia; retrieved 8 September 2009.
- ^ "Yugoslavia", Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum; retrieved 8 September 2009. Archived 31 October 2009.
- ^ a b Fischer, Bernd J., penyunting (2007). Balkan Strongmen: Dictators and Authoritarian Rulers of South-Eastern Europe. Purdue University Press. m/s. 207–08, 210, 226. ISBN 978-1-55753-455-2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- ^ Listing of WWII concentration camps by country, Jewishvirtuallibrary.org; accessed 4 December 2015.
- ^ Concentration camps other than Jasenovac in the Independent State of Croatia, Holocaustresearchproject.org; accessed 4 December 2015.
- ^ "Jasenovac". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Dicapai pada 3 June 2011.
- ^ Pavlowitch, Stevan K. (2 September 2017). "Hitler's New Disorder: The Second World War in Yugoslavia". Columbia University Press. Dicapai pada 2 September 2017 – melalui Google Books.
- ^ Hrvatski Narod (newspaper)16.05.1941. no. 93. p.1., Public proclamation of theZakonska odredba o kruni Zvonimirovoj (Decrees on the crown of Zvonimir), tri članka donesena 15.05.1941.
- ^ Die Krone Zvonimirs, Monatshefte fur Auswartige Politik, Heft 6 (1941) pg. 434.
- ^ a b Jozo Tomašević. War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration: 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Stanford University Press, 2001. pg. 300.
- ^ Tomasevich, 2001, p. 60. "Thus on 15 April 1941, Pavelić came to power, albeit a very limited power, in the new Ustasha state under the umbrella of German and Italian forces. On the same day German Führer Adolf Hitler and Italian Duce Benito Mussolini granted recognition to the Croatian state and declared that their governments would be glad to participate with the Croatian government in determining its frontiers."
- ^ Graubard, Stephen R. (1993). Exit from Communism. p. 153. Transaction Publishers; ISBN 1-56000-694-3
"Mussolini and Hitler installed the Ustašas in power in Zagreb, making them the nucleus of a dependent regime of the newly created Independent State of Croatia, an Italo-German condominium predicated on the abolition of Yugoslavia." - ^ Frucht, Richard C. (2005). Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture. p. 429. ABC-CLIO; ISBN 1-57607-800-0
"The NDH was in fact an Italo-German condominium. Both Nazi Germany and fascist Italy had spheres of influence in the NDH and stationed their own troops there." - ^ Banac, Ivo (1988). With Stalin Against Tito: Cominformist Splits in Yugoslav Communism. Cornell University Press, pg. 4; ISBN 0-8014-2186-1
- ^ Deutschland Military Tribunal 1950, m/s. 1302–03.
- ^ Jonathan Steinberg. All Or Nothing: The Axis and the Holocaust, 1941–1943, pg. 44.
Sumber sunting
- Ambrose, S. The Victors – The Men of World War II, Simon & Schuster, London, 1998. ISBN 978-0-7434-9242-3
- Bulajić, Milan (1994). The Role of the Vatican in the break-up of the Yugoslav State: The Mission of the Vatican in the Independent State of Croatia. Ustashi Crimes of Genocide. Belgrade: Stručna knjiga.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Cohen, Philip J., Riesman, David; Serbia's secret war: propaganda and the deceit of history; Texas A&M University Press, 1996 ISBN 0-89096-760-1 [1]
- Deutschland Military Tribunal (1950). Trials of war criminals before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law no. 10 : Nuernberg Oct. 1946 – April 1949 Vol. 11 The High Command case. The Hostage case. Case 12. US v. von Leeb. Case 7. US v. List. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. OCLC 247746272.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Encyclopædia Britannica, 1943 – Book of the year, page 215, Entry: Croatia.
- Encyclopædia Britannica, Edition 1991 Macropædia, Vol. 29, page 1111.
- Fein, Helen: Accounting for Genocide – Victims and Survivors of the Holocaust, The Free Press, New York, Edition 1979, pages 102, 103.
- Hoare, Marko Attila (2006). Genocide and Resistance in Hitler's Bosnia: The Partisans and the Chetniks 1941–1943. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-726380-1.
- Hory, Ladislaus and Broszat, Martin: Der Kroatische Ustascha-Staat, 1941–1945, Stuttgart, 1964.
- Krizman, Bogdan (1980). Pavelić između Hitlera i Mussolinija. Zagreb: Globus. OCLC 7833178. Unknown parameter
|trans_title=ignored (bantuan)CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) - Lisko, T. and Canak, D., Hrvatsko Ratno Zrakoplovstvo u Drugome Svejetskom Ratu (The Croatian Airforce in the Second World War), Zagreb, 1998. ISBN 953-97698-0-9.
- Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Vol. 2, Independent State of Croatia entry.
- Maček, Vlado: In the Struggle for Freedom Robert Speller & Sons, New York, 1957.
- Munoz, A.J., For Croatia and Christ: The Croatian Army in World War II 1941–1945, Axis Europa Books, Bayside NY, 1996. ISBN 1-891227-33-5.
- Neubacher, Hermann: Sonderauftrag Suedost 1940–1945, Bericht eines fliegendes Diplomaten, 2. durchgesehene Auflage, Goettingen 1956.
- Novak, Viktor (2011). Magnum Crimen: Half a Century of Clericalism in Croatia. 1. Jagodina: Gambit.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Novak, Viktor (2011). Magnum Crimen: Half a Century of Clericalism in Croatia. 2. Jagodina: Gambit.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Pavlowitch, Stevan K. (2008). Hitler's new disorder: the Second World War in Yugoslavia. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-70050-4.
- Rivelli, Marco Aurelio (1998). Le génocide occulté: État Indépendant de Croatie 1941–1945 [Hidden Genocide: The Independent State of Croatia 1941–1945] (dalam bahasa French). Lausanne: L'age d'Homme.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Rivelli, Marco Aurelio (1999). L'arcivescovo del genocidio: Monsignor Stepinac, il Vaticano e la dittatura ustascia in Croazia, 1941-1945 [The Archbishop of Genocide: Monsignor Stepinac, the Vatican and the Ustaše dictatorship in Croatia, 1941-1945] (dalam bahasa Italian). Milano: Kaos.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Rivelli, Marco Aurelio (2002). "Dio è con noi!": La Chiesa di Pio XII complice del nazifascismo ["God is with us!": The Church of Pius XII accomplice to Nazi Fascism] (dalam bahasa Italian). Milano: Kaos.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Russo, Alfio: Revoluzione in Jugoslavia, Roma 1944.
- Shaw, L., Trial by Slander: A Background to the Independent State of Croatia, Harp Books, Canberra, 1973. ISBN 0-909432-00-7
- Savic, D. and Ciglic, B. Croatian Aces of World War II, Osprey Aircraft of the Aces −49, Oxford, 2002. ISBN 1-84176-435-3.
- Tanner, Marcus. Croatia: A Nation Forged in War. New Haven: Yale University Press. 1997.
- Thomas, N., Mikulan, K. and Pavelic, D. Axis Forces in Yugoslavia 1941–45 Osprey, London, 1995. ISBN 1-85532-473-3
- Tomasevich, Jozo. War and Revolution in Yugoslavia 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration, Stanford, Cal., Stanford University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8047-3615-4
- Tomasevich, Jozo; War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: The Chetniks, Volume 1; Stanford University Press, 1975 ISBN 978-0-8047-0857-9 [2]
- Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations, Europe, edition 1995, page 91, entry: Croatia.
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