Pengepungan Yorktown

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Pengepungan Yorktown, juga dikenali sebagai Pertempuran Yorktown, Penyerahan diri di Yorktown, Pertempuran Jerman atau Pengepungan Little York,^[a]^[b] berakhir pada 19 Oktober, 1781, di Yorktown, Virginia, membawa kemenangan muktamad kepada pasukan tentera gabungan Tentera Darat Benua Amerika yang diketuai oleh George Washington dan Tentera Darat Perancis yang dipimpin oleh Comte de Rochambeau ke atas Tentera Darat Britain yang diketuai oleh sekutu British dan Leftenan Jeneral Charles Cornwallis. Ia merupakan kemuncak dalam Kempen Yorktown, pengepungan ini membuktikan bahawa ia merupakan pertempuran darat utama terakhir semasa Perang Revolusi Amerika di wilayah Amerika Utara, apabila penyerahan diri oleh Cornwallis, dan penawanan beliau dan pasukan tentera beliau, mencetus tindakan kerajaan Britain untuk berunding bagi menamatkan konflik. Pertempuran ini melonjak moral rakyat Amerika dan menghidupkan kembali keghairahan Perancis untuk berperang, selain mejatuhkan sokongan popular pada konflik ini di Great Britain.^[8]

Nota sunting

^ "He was again drafted for 3 months and served the time fully under the command of Capt. John Faulkner, and was in the Siege of Little York, when Lord Cornwallis surrendered..."^[6]
^ "...we were going by Gen. Washington and marched down to the siege of Little York"^[7]

Rujukan sunting

Petikan sunting

^ "German Auxiliary Units at Yorktown". National Park Service. Dicapai pada July 28, 2016.
^ ^a ^b Lengel p. 337
^ Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; teks bagi rujukan Lengel330 tidak disediakan
^ Greene, p. 307
^ Greene, pp. 307–308
^ Declaration of John Dunkley in open court, Halifax County, Virginia: Ancestry.com. U.S., Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty-Land Warrant Application Files, 1800–1900 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.; Original data: Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty-Land Warrant Application Files (NARA microfilm publication M804, 2,670 rolls). Records of the Department of Veterans Affairs, Record Group 15. National Archives, Washington, D.C., October 23, 1832
^ Thornton Gentry (Georgia Chapter Director – DAR), Lelia (penyunting). Historical Collections of the Georgia Chapters Daughters of the American Revolution. Vol. 1. Clearfield Publishing (original)/Genealogical Publishing Co (reprint). m/s. 147. Dicapai pada August 22, 2016..
^ Herring p. 26

Bibliografi sunting

Alden, John (1969). A History of the American Revolution. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80366-6.
Anderson, Dale (2004). The Battle of Yorktown. Gareth Stevens Publishing.
Chávez, Thomas E. (2002). Spain and the Independence of the United States: An Intrinsic Gift. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0-8263-2794-X.
Cronau, Rudolf (2010). Drei Jahrhunderte deutschen Lebens in Amerika (dalam bahasa German). Hamburg: Severus Verlag. ISBN 978-3-942382-31-1. OCLC 649506358.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
Davis, Burke (2007). The Campaign that Won America. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-8368-5393-3.
Ferling, John E (2007). Almost a miracle: the American victory in the War of Independence. New York: Oxford University Press US. ISBN 978-0-19-518121-0.
Fleming, Thomas (1970). The Perils of Peace. New York: The Dial Press. ISBN 978-0-06-113911-6.
Grainger, John (2005). The Battle of Yorktown, 1781: a reassessment. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-84383-137-2. OCLC 232006312.
Greene, Jerome A. (2005). The Guns of Independence: The Siege of Yorktown, 1781. New York: Savas Beattie. ISBN 1-932714-05-7.
Herring, George C. (2011). From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations since 1776. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199765539.
Hibbert, Christopher (2002). Redcoats and Rebels. W. W. Norton & Company Paperbacks.
Lengel, Edward (2005). General George Washington. New York: Random House Paperbacks. ISBN 0-8129-6950-2.
Mitchell, Barbara (Spring 2007). "Bankrolling the Battle of Yorktown: Gold and silver from Havana enabled Washington's troops to trap Lord Cornwallis". MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History: 16–24.
Reeves, Thomas C (1975). Gentleman Boss. American Political Biography Press. ISBN 978-0-945707-03-5.
Morrissey, Brendan (1997). Yorktown 1781: the World Turned Upside Down. London: Osprey. ISBN 978-1-85532-688-0. OCLC 39028166.
Sawicki, James A. (1981). Infantry Regiments of the US Army. Dumfries, VA: Wyvern Publications. ISBN 978-0-9602404-3-2.
Wickwire, Franklin and Mary (1970). Cornwallis: The American Adventure. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 62690.

Pautan luar sunting

[7] "He was again drafted for 3 months and served the time fully under the command of Capt. John Faulkner, and was in the Siege of Little York, when Lord Cornwallis surrendered..."^[6]

[9] "...we were going by Gen. Washington and marched down to the siege of Little York"^[7]

[germanauxiliary-1] "German Auxiliary Units at Yorktown". National Park Service. Dicapai pada July 28, 2016.

[lengel337-2] Lengel p. 337

[Lengel330-3] Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; teks bagi rujukan Lengel330 tidak disediakan

[Greene307-4] Greene, p. 307

[Greene307-308-5] Greene, pp. 307–308

[6] Declaration of John Dunkley in open court, Halifax County, Virginia: Ancestry.com. U.S., Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty-Land Warrant Application Files, 1800–1900 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.; Original data: Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty-Land Warrant Application Files (NARA microfilm publication M804, 2,670 rolls). Records of the Department of Veterans Affairs, Record Group 15. National Archives, Washington, D.C., October 23, 1832

[8] Thornton Gentry (Georgia Chapter Director – DAR), Lelia (penyunting). Historical Collections of the Georgia Chapters Daughters of the American Revolution. Vol. 1. Clearfield Publishing (original)/Genealogical Publishing Co (reprint). m/s. 147. Dicapai pada August 22, 2016..

[10] Herring p. 26

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