Fisiognomi

Fisiognomi (dari bahasa Yunani φύσις physis bermaksud "alam semula jadi" dan gnomon bermaksud "hakim" atau "penterjemah") ialah amalan menilai watak atau personaliti seseorang dari penampilan luar mereka-terutama muka. Ia sering dikaitkan dengan stereotaip perkauman dan seksual. Istilah ini juga boleh merujuk kepada penampilan umum seseorang, objek, atau rupa bumi tanpa merujuk kepada ciri-ciri tersiratnya-seperti dalam fisiognomi tumbuhan individu (lihat bentuk tumbuhan) atau komuniti tanaman (lihat tumbuh-tumbuhan).

Ilustrasi dalam buku abad ke-19 tentang fisiognomi

Kredibiliti kajian sedemikian telah berubah-ubah. Amalan ini diterima baik oleh ahli falsafah Yunani kuno, tetapi jatuh ke dalam rasa tidak senonoh pada Zaman Pertengahan apabila diamalkan oleh para vagabonds dan gunung gunung . Ia kemudian dihidupkan semula dan dipopularkan oleh Johann Kaspar Lavater sebelum jatuh cinta lagi pada abad ke-19. ^[1] Physiognomy seperti yang difahami pada masa lalu memenuhi definisi kontemporari dari pseudosains.^[2]

Popular pada abad ke-19, ia telah digunakan sebagai asas untuk perkauman saintifik, bersama dengan antropologi fizikal.^[3]

Bukti tidak jelas menunjukkan kerja fisiologi - namun peningkatan kecerdasan buatan dan pembelajaran mesin untuk pengenalan wajah telah membawa kebangkitan semula minat, dan beberapa kajian menunjukkan bahawa penampilan wajah "mengandungi inti kebenaran" mengenai keperibadian seseorang.^[1]

Physiognomy juga kadang-kadang disebut sebagai antroposkopi, walaupun ungkapan itu lebih umum pada abad ke-19 ketika kata itu berasal.^[4]

Rujukan sunting

^ ^a ^b How your looks betray your personality – New Scientist (Magazine issue 2695) – 11 February 2009: Roger Highfield, Richard Wiseman, and Rob Jenkins
^ Roy Porter (2003). "Marginalized practices". The Cambridge History of Science: Eighteenth-century science. The Cambridge History of Science. 4 (ed. illustrated). Cambridge University Press. m/s. 495–497. ISBN 978-0-521-57243-9. Although we may now bracket physiognomy with Mesmerism as discredited or even laughable belief, many eighteenth-century writers referred to it in all seriousness as a useful science with a long history ... Although many modern historians belittle physiognomy as a pseudoscience, at the end of the eighteenth century it was not merely a popular fad but also the subject of intense academic debate about the promises it held for future progress.
^ American Anthropological Association. "Eugenics and Physical Anthropology". August 7, 2007.
^ "Anthroposcopy - Define Anthroposcopy at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.com.

Pautan luar sunting

Johann Kaspar Lavater On The Nature of Man, Which is the Foundation of the Science Which is called Physiognomy 1775
Mocan, Naci; Tekin, Erdal (February 2010). "Ugly Criminals". Review of Economics and Statistics. 92 (1): 15–30. doi:10.1162/rest.2009.11757.
Selected images from: Della Porta, Giambattista: De humana physiognomonia libri IIII (Vico Equense, 1586). Historical Anatomies on the Web. National Library of Medicine.
Women's traits 'written on face' (BBC News Wednesday, 11 February 2009)
"On Physiognomy" – An Essay by Arthur Schopenhauer
"Composite Portraits", by Francis Galton, 1878 (as published in the Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, volume 8).
"Enquiries into Human Faculty and its Development", book by Francis Galton, 1883.

[newscientist2-1] How your looks betray your personality – New Scientist (Magazine issue 2695) – 11 February 2009: Roger Highfield, Richard Wiseman, and Rob Jenkins

[porter-2] Roy Porter (2003). "Marginalized practices". The Cambridge History of Science: Eighteenth-century science. The Cambridge History of Science. 4 (ed. illustrated). Cambridge University Press. m/s. 495–497. ISBN 978-0-521-57243-9. Although we may now bracket physiognomy with Mesmerism as discredited or even laughable belief, many eighteenth-century writers referred to it in all seriousness as a useful science with a long history ... Although many modern historians belittle physiognomy as a pseudoscience, at the end of the eighteenth century it was not merely a popular fad but also the subject of intense academic debate about the promises it held for future progress.

[3] American Anthropological Association. "Eugenics and Physical Anthropology". August 7, 2007.

[4] "Anthroposcopy - Define Anthroposcopy at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.com.

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