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[[Image:Akkadkings.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Keluarga diraja Akkad]]
{{Ancient Mesopotamia}}
'''Empayar Akkadia''' (2334 SM hingga 2083 SM) adalah sebuah [[empayar]] yang berpusat di kota '''Akkad''' ([[bahasa Sumeria|Sumeria]]: ''Agade'' , [[bahasa Arab|Arab]]: أكد, [[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic Assyria |AssyrianAssyria]]: ܐܵܟܟܵܐܕ , [http://www.premiumwanadoo.com/cuneiform.languages/en_ecriture.htm Hittite] KUR A.GA.DÈKI "tanah Akkad"; Biblical ''Accad'') dan kawasan sekitarnya ([[bahasa Akkadia|Akkadia]] URU Akkad KI)<ref>borrowed from Sumerian URU (uru(2)(ki), iri, rí; iri11: city, town, village, district [URU archaic frequency: 101; concatenation of 5 sign variants; UNUG archaic frequency: 206; concatenates 3 sign variants].) meaning city and Ki meaning place is a Sumerian - Akkadian determinative Idiom uru-bar-ra: outside the city, outskirts of the city, the countryside ('city' + 'outside' + nominative).uru-kúr(-ra):(in) a foreign city ('city' + 'strange' + locative).uru-šà-ga: the interior city (contrasts to uru-bar-ra)('city' + 'inside' + nominative).zag-uru: outskirts of the city ('edge, limit' + 'city').(see Hallorans Sumerian Lexicon)</ref> indi [[AncientIraq IraqPurba]],<ref>Peter Roger, Stuart Moorey, ''Ancient Iraq: (Assyria and Babylonia)'', Ashmolean Museum (1976).</ref><ref name="WebsterNinthNewCollege">Mish, Frederick C., Editor in Chief. “Akkad” ''[[Webster's Dictionary#The Collegiate Dictionary|Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary]]''. ninth ed. Springfield, MA: [[Merriam-Webster]] Inc., 1985. ISBN 0-87779-508-8, ISBN 0-87779-509-6 (indexed), and ISBN 0-87779-510-X (deluxe).</ref> (''Mesopotamia''). The Akkadian state was the predecessor of the ethnic Akkadian states of [[Babylonia]] anddan [[Assyria]]; formed following centuries of Akkadian cultural synergy with [[Sumer|Sumerians]], itia reachedmencapai thekemuncak heightkuasanya ofantara itskurun powerke-24 betweendan the22 24thSM andberikutan 22nd centuries BC following the conquests ofpenaklukan kingraja [[Sargon ofdari Akkad]], anddan isia sometimeskadang regardedkala asdiakui thesebagai firstpembentukan manifestationpertama ofsebuah anempayar [[empire]] indalam historysejarah.<ref>Liverani, Mario, ''Akkad: The First World Empire'' (1993)</ref>
During the [[3rd millennium BC|third millennium BCE]], there developed a very intimate cultural symbiosis between the Sumerians and the Akkadians, which included widespread [[wikt:bilingualism|bilingualism]].<ref name='Deutscher'>{{cite book|title=Syntactic Change in Akkadian: The Evolution of Sentential Complementation|author=Deutscher, Guy|authorlink=Guy Deutscher|publisher=[[Oxford University Press|Oxford University Press US]]|year=2007|isbn=9780199532223|pages=20–21|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XFwUxmCdG94C}}</ref> The influence of [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]] on [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] (and vice versa) is evident in all areas, from lexical borrowing on a massive scale, to syntactic, morphological, and phonological convergence.<ref name='Deutscher'/> This has prompted scholars to refer to Sumerian and Akkadian in the third millennium as a ''[[sprachbund]]''.<ref name='Deutscher'/>
[[AkkadianBahasa language|AkkadianAkkadia]] graduallysecara replacedperlahan-lahan Sumerianmengantikan asbahasa theSumeria spokensebagai languagebahasa ofpertuturan di [[Mesopotamia]] somewheresekitar aroundpada themilenia turnke-3 ofdan the 3rd and the 2nd millenniumke-2 BCE (the exact datingtarikh beingyang atepat mattermasih ofmenjadi debateperdebatan),<ref name="woods">Woods C. 2006 “Bilingualism, Scribal Learning, and the Death of Sumerian”. In S.L. Sanders (ed) ''Margins of Writing, Origins of Culture'': 91-120 Chicago [http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/OIS2.pdf]</ref> but Sumerian continued to be used as a sacred, ceremonial, literary and scientific language in Mesopotamia until the first century [[Common Era|CE]].
Through linguistic assimilation, Akkad gave its name to the predominant [[Semitic language|Semitic]] dialect: the [[Akkadian language]] of [[Mesopotamia]], reflecting use of ''akkadû'' ("in the language of Akkad") in the Old Babylonian period to denote the Semitic version of a [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]] text. Akkadian was also the language of [[Babylonia]], [[Assyria]], [[Mari, Syria|Mari]] and [[Eshnunna]].
* Geirges Roux, (1996), ''Ancient Iraq'' (3rd Edition)(Penguin, Harmondsworth)
==ExternalPautan linksluar==
*[http://www.penn.museum/sites/iraq/ Iraq’s Ancient Past] — [[University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology|Penn Museum]]
*[http://cdli.ucla.edu/tools/yearnames/HTML/T2K3.htm Year Names of Narim-Sin - CDLI]
{{Empires}}
[[CategoryKategori:Akkad| ]]
[[CategoryKategori:AkkadianKota-kota citiesAkkadia| ]]
[[Kategori:Geografi Assyria]]
[[Category:Assyrian geography]]
[[Kategori: Kota-kota Sumeria]]
[[Category:Sumerian cities]]
[[CategoryKategori:HistorySejarah of Iraq]]
[[CategoryKategori:ArchaeologicalTapak sitesarkeologi indi Iraq]]
[[CategoryKategori:AncientKota-kota citiespurba]]
[[CategoryKategori:Fertile Crescent]]
[[Kategori:Sejarah Levant]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 3rd millennium BC]]
[[Category:History of the Levant]]
[[ar:أكد]]
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