|
[[Nama samaran serantau]] untuk orang dari Newcastle dan kawasan keliling adalah [[Geordie]].
== Sejarah ==
{{Main|Sejarah Newcastle upon Tyne}}
=== Rom ===
The first settlement in what is now Newcastle was [[Pons Aelius]], a Roman fort and bridge across the [[River Tyne]] and given the family name of the [[Roman Emperor]] [[Hadrian]] who founded it in the 2nd century AD. The population of Pons Aelius at this period was estimated at 2,000. [[Hadrian's Wall]] is still visible in parts of Newcastle, particularly along the West Road. The course of the "Roman Wall" can also be traced eastwards to the [[Segedunum]] [[castra|Roman fort]] in [[Wallsend]] - the ''wall's end'' and to the supply fort [[Arbeia]] in [[South Shields]]. The extent of Hadrian's Wall was {{convert|73|mi|km}}, spanning the width of Britain; the wall incorporated [[Agricola]]'s Ditch<ref>[http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=18177 C.Michael Hogan (2007) ''Hadrian's Wall'', ed. A. Burnham, The Megalithic Portal]</ref> and was constructed primarily to prevent unwanted immigration and incursion of [[Pict]]ish tribes from the north, not as a fighting line for a major invasion.<ref>Stephen Johnson (2004) ''Hadrian's Wall'', Sterling Publishing Company, Inc, 128 pages, ISBN 0-7134-8840-9</ref>
=== Anglo-Saxon and Norman ===
[[File:Image-Newcastle castle keep 2.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Newcastle Castle Keep is the oldest structure in the city, dating back to at least the 11th century.]]
After the [[Roman departure from Britain]], completed in 410, Newcastle became part of the powerful [[Anglo-Saxon]] kingdom of [[Northumbria]], and became known throughout this period as ''Monkchester''.<ref>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=43318 British History] ''Historical Account of Newcastle-upon-Tyne'', Eneas Mackenzie, 1827. Date accessed: 24 November 2008</ref> After a series of conflicts with the [[Danes (Germanic tribe)|Danes]] and the devastation north of the [[River Tyne]] inflicted by [[Odo of Bayeux]] after the 1080 rebellion against the [[Normans]], Monkchester was all but destroyed. Because of its strategic position, [[Robert Curthose]], son of [[William I of England|William the Conqueror]], erected a wooden [[Newcastle Castle|castle]] there in the year 1080 and the town was henceforth known as ''Novum Castellum'' or ''New Castle''.
=== Middle Ages ===
Throughout the [[Middle Ages]], Newcastle was England's northern fortress. Incorporated first by Henry II, a new charter was granted by Elizabeth in 1589.<ref>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=51171 Newbottle - Newcastle-upon-Tyne] British History Online - retrieved 18th August 2009</ref> A {{convert|25|ft|m|adj=on}} high stone [[Newcastle town wall|wall]] was built around the town in the 13th century, to defend it from invaders during the [[Border country|Border]] war against Scotland. The Scots king [[William the Lion]] was imprisoned in Newcastle in 1174, and [[Edward I of England|Edward I]] brought the [[Stone of Scone]] and [[William Wallace]] south through the town. Newcastle was successfully defended against the Scots three times during the 14th century, and was created a [[county corporate]] with its own [[sheriff]] by [[Henry IV of England|Henry IV]] in 1400.
=== 16th to 19th century ===
From 1530 a royal act restricted all shipments of coal from Tyneside to [[Newcastle Quayside]], giving a monopoly in the coal trade to a cartel of Newcastle burgesses known as the [[The Hostmen of Newcastle-upon-Tyne|Hostmen]]. This monopoly, which lasted for a considerable time, helped Newcastle prosper, but it had its impact on the growth of near-neighbours [[Sunderland, Tyne and Wear|Sunderland]], causing a [[Tyneside]] and a [[Wearside]] rivalry that still exists. In the Sandgate area, to the east of the city and beside the river, resided the close-knit community of [[keelmen]] and their families. They were so called because they worked on the keels, boats that were used to transfer coal from the river banks to the waiting [[Collier (ship type)|colliers]], for export to London and elsewhere. In 1636 about 7,000 out of 20,000 inhabitants of Newcastle died of [[Black Death in England|plague]].<ref>[http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Plague Plague]. 11th Edition Encyclopedia Britannica.</ref>
[[File:RiverTyne2.png|thumb|left|200px|Newcastle was once a major industrial centre particularly for coal and shipping.]]
During the [[English Civil War]], Newcastle supported the king and in 1644 the city was besieged for many months, then stormed ('with roaring drummes') and sacked by [[Oliver Cromwell|Cromwell's]] Scots allies, based in pro-Parliament Sunderland. The grateful King bestowed the [[motto]] ''"Fortiter Defendit Triumphans"'' ("Triumphing by a brave defence") upon the town. Ironically, Charles was imprisoned in Newcastle by the Scots in 1646-7.
In the 18th century, Newcastle was the country's fourth largest print centre after London, [[Oxford]] and [[Cambridge]], and the [[Literary and Philosophical Society]] of 1793, with its erudite debates and large stock of books in several languages, predated the [[London Library]] by half a century. Newcastle also became a glass producer with a reputation for brilliant [[flint glass]].<ref>http://www.oldandsold.com/articles02/glass-n.shtml</ref>
[[File:Newcastle-upon-Tyne from New Chatham engraving by William Miller after T Allom.jpg|thumb|right|An engraving by [[William Miller (engraver)|William Miller]] of Newcastle in 1832]]
Newcastle's development as a major city, however, owed most to its central role in the export of [[coal]]. The phrase ''[[wiktionary:coals to Newcastle|taking coals to Newcastle]]'' was first recorded in 1538. In the [[19th century]], [[shipbuilding]] and heavy [[engineering]] were central to the city's prosperity; and the city was a powerhouse of the [[Industrial Revolution]]. Innovation in Newcastle and surrounding areas included the development of [[Davy lamp|safety lamps]], [[Stephenson's Rocket]], [[William George Armstrong|Lord Armstrong]]'s artillery, [[Be-Ro]] flour, [[Joseph Swan]]'s [[electric light]] bulbs, and [[Charles Algernon Parsons|Charles Parsons]]' invention of the [[steam turbine]], which led to the revolution of marine propulsion and the production of [[Electrical generator|cheap electricity]].
== Geography ==
Newcastle is situated in the [[North East England|North East]] of England, in the ceremonial county of [[Tyne and Wear]] and the historical and traditional county of [[Northumberland]]. The city is located on the northern bank of the [[River Tyne]] at a [[latitude]] of 54.974° N and a [[longitude]] of 1.614° W.
The ground beneath the city is formed from [[Carboniferous]] [[strata]] of the Middle Pennine Coal Measures Group - a suite of [[sandstone]]s, [[mudstone]]s and [[coal seam]]s which generally dip moderately eastwards. To the west of the city are the Upper Pennine Coal Measures and further west again the sandstones and mudstones of the Stainmore Formation, the local equivalent of the [[Millstone Grit]].<ref>''Bedrock Geology UK North'', 1:625,000 scale geological map published by British Geological Survey</ref>
{{climate chart
|Newcastle
|0.6|6.2|56
|0.8|6.7|39
|2.1|9.0|51
|3.3|11.2|52
|5.7|14.5|50
|8.5|17.2|55
|10.7|19.8|46
|10.6|19.6|61
|8.6|16.7|58
|6.0|13.0|57
|3.1|9.0|62
|1.5|7.0|60
|source={{cite web|url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/sites/durham.html|publisher=Met Office|year=|title=Averages 1971-2000}}
|float=right}}
The climate in Newcastle is [[temperate]], although significantly warmer than some other locations at a similar latitude due to the warming influence of the [[Gulf Stream]] (via the [[North Atlantic Drift]]). Being in the [[rain shadow]] of the [[North Pennines]], it is among the driest cities in the UK.
[[File:Side - Tyne Bridge.jpg|thumb|left|Side, a street in Newcastle near the Tyne Bridge]]
In large parts, Newcastle still retains a [[medieval]] street layout. Narrow alleys or '[[chare]]s', most of which can only be traversed by foot, still exist in abundance, particularly around the [[Quayside|riverside]]. Stairs from the [[Quayside|riverside]] to higher parts of the city centre and the extant [[Newcastle Castle Keep|Castle Keep]], originally recorded in the 14th century, remain in places. Close, Sandhill and [[Quayside]] contain modern buildings as well as structures dating from the 15th-18th centuries, including [[Bessie Surtees House]], the Cooperage and Lloyds Quayside Bars, Derwentwater House and the currently unused Grade I-listed 16th century merchant's house at 28-30 Close.
The city has an extensive [[Neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] centre, largely developed in the 1830s by [[Richard Grainger]] and [[John Dobson (architect)|John Dobson]], and recently extensively restored. Broadcaster and writer [[Stuart Maconie]] describes Newcastle as England's best-looking city<ref>
{{cite news
| last = Maconie
| first = Stuart
| authorlink = Stuart Maconie
| title = Stuart Maconie reveals..why it's great up North..
| quote = Manchester, Leeds and Newcastle remain, bolder brighter and more beautiful than ever. You can't move in Manchester for boutique hotels, Leeds has got a Harvey Nichols and Newcastle is now the best-looking city in England.
| publisher = [[Trinity Mirror]]
| work = [[Daily Mirror]]
| date = 2008-02-08
| url = http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/topstories/2008/02/08/stuart-maconie-reveals-why-it-s-great-up-north-89520-20312679/
| accessdate = 2008-07-04
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| month = February | year = 2007
| title = Pies and Prejudice
| last = Maconie
| first = Stuart
| authorlink = Stuart Maconie
| publisher = [[Ebury Press]]
| isbn = 9780091910228
}}</ref> and [[Grey Street, Newcastle|Grey Street]], which curves down from [[Grey's Monument]] towards the valley of the [[River Tyne, England|River Tyne]], was voted as England's finest street in 2005 in a survey of [[BBC Radio 4]] listeners.<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Around Tyne. Grey Street
| work =
| publisher = BBC
| date = 2007-12-13
| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/tyne/content/panoramas/360_greystreet.shtml
| quote = Grey Street in Newcastle was voted the best street in Britain by Radio 4 listeners.
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2008-07-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = GOOD CASE STUDY - GREY STREET, NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE
| work =
| publisher = BBC radio 4
| date =
| url = http://www.streetsofshame.org.uk/case-study-good.htm
| quote = Said by many to be amongst the greatest streets in 'England if not Europe', this gently curving and rising street has been 'sensitively restored and improved in the last decade'.
| doi =
| accessdate = 2008-07-09}}</ref> A portion of [[Grainger Town]] was demolished in the 1960s to make way for the [[Eldon Square]] [[Shopping Centre]], including all but one side of the original [[Eldon Square]] itself.
Immediately to the northwest of the city centre is [[Leazes Park]], established in 1873 after a petition by 3,000 working men of the city for "ready access to some open ground for the purpose of health and recreation". Just outside one corner of this is [[St James' Park]], the stadium home of [[Newcastle United F.C.]] which dominates the view of the city from all directions.
Another [[Green belt|green space]] in Newcastle is the [[Town Moor, Newcastle upon Tyne|Town Moor]], lying immediately north of the city centre. It is larger than [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]] and [[Hampstead Heath]] put together<ref name = townmoo1>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Insight: Taking a closer look at the Town Moor
| quote = land which covers an area larger than London’s Hyde Park and Hampstead Heath
| work =
| publisher = [[Northumbria University]]
| date =
| url = http://northumbria.ac.uk/insight/896829
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2008-09-17}}</ref><ref name = townmoo2>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Newcastle Breaks
| quote = Town Moor, which is larger and wider than Hampstead Heath and Hyde Park
| work =
| publisher =latebreaks.com
| date =
| url = http://www.latebreaks.com/destinations/countries/Newcastle_Breaks.html
| doi =
| accessdate =2008-09-17}}</ref> and the [[Freedom of the City|freemen of the city]] have the right to graze cattle on it.<ref name = townmoo1/><ref name = townmoo2/> Unlike other cities where similar rights exist, they often take advantage of this. The right incidentally extends to the pitch of [[St. James' Park]], [[Newcastle United|Newcastle United Football Club's]] [[St. James' Park|ground]], though this is not exercised, although the Freemen do collect rent for the loss of privilege. Honorary freemen include [[Bob Geldof]], [[Nelson Mandela]], [[Alan Shearer]] and the [[Royal Shakespeare Company]]. [[The Hoppings]] [[funfair]], said to be the largest travelling [[fair]] in Europe, is held here annually in June.
In the south eastern corner is [[Exhibition Park, Newcastle|Exhibition Park]], which contains the only remaining pavilion from the North East Coast Exhibition of 1929. Since the 1970s this has housed the Newcastle Military Vehicle Museum; this is closed until further notice because of structural problems with the building - originally a temporary structure.
The wooded gorge of the [[Ouseburn]] in the east of the city is known as [[Jesmond Dene]] and forms another popular recreation area, linked by Armstrong Park and Heaton Park to the [[Ouseburn Valley]], where the river finally reaches the [[River Tyne, England|River Tyne]].
[[File:St James Park Newcastle as seen from south of the River Tyne.jpg|thumb|left|300px|View of Newcastle City Centre from Gateshead.]]
Notable Newcastle [[housing developments]] include [[Ralph Erskine]]'s the [[Byker Wall]] designed in the 1960s and now [[Listed building|Grade II* listed]]. It is on [[UNESCO]]'s list of outstanding 20th century buildings.
Newcastle's thriving [[Chinatown]] lies in the north-west of [[Grainger Town]], centred on Stowell Street. A new Chinese arch, or ''[[paifang]]'', providing a landmark entrance, was handed over to the city with a ceremony in 2005.
The [[United Kingdom|UK's]] first [[biotechnology]] village, the "[[Centre for Life]]" is located in the city centre close to the [[Newcastle Central railway station|Central Station]]. The village is the first step in the City Council's plans to transform Newcastle into a ''[[science city]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Newcastle Science City |url=http://www.newcastlesciencecity.com/ |work=Newcastle Science City.com |accessdate=2007-04-08}}</ref>
Newcastle was voted as the Best City in the North in April 2007 by ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' newspaper - beating [[Liverpool]], [[Manchester]], [[Sheffield]] and [[Leeds]] in an online poll conducted of its readers.<ref>{{cite news |first=Lynne |last=Greenwood |title=And the winner is ... Newcastle |date=2007-04-12 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/main.jhtml?xml=/property/2007/04/12/npwinner112.xml |accessdate=2007-12-10}}</ref>
=== Quayside and bridges on the Tyne ===
The [[River Tyne|Tyne]] Gorge between Newcastle on the north bank and [[Gateshead]] - a separate town and borough - on the south bank, is famous for a series of dramatic bridges, including the [[Tyne Bridge]] of 1928 which was built by [[Dorman Long]] of [[Middlesbrough]], and [[Robert Stephenson]]'s [[High Level Bridge]] of 1849, the first road/rail bridge in the world. Large-scale [[Urban renewal|regeneration]] has replaced former shipping premises with imposing new office developments; an innovative tilting bridge, the [[Gateshead Millennium Bridge]] was commissioned by [[Gateshead Council]] and has integrated the older [[Newcastle Quayside]] more closely with major cultural developments in Gateshead, including the [[BALTIC Centre for Contemporary Art]] and the [[Norman Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank|Norman Foster]]-designed [[The Sage Gateshead]] music centre. The Newcastle & [[Gateshead]] Quaysides are now a thriving, cosmopolitan area with bars, restaurants and public spaces. As a tourist promotion, Newcastle and Gateshead have linked together under the banner "[[NewcastleGateshead]]", to spearhead the regeneration of the North-East.
{{wide image|Tyne_quayside_2.1.jpg|1200px|[[Newcastle Quayside]] Seen here in 2008 on the Quayside are the Tyne Salmon Cubes; a celebration of the [[River Tyne]] Salmon<ref name=salmonliek>{{cite news | last = Hunt | first = Amy | title = Art mixing with nature in the wild |quote=“The Tyne is England’s best salmon-fishing river, and this is something the North East should be really proud of, but it is so much more than a fishery.” | publisher = Evening Chronicle |date=2007-12-11 |url=http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/north-east-news/the-environment/go-green-news/2007/12/11/art-mixing-with-nature-in-the-wild-72703-20234813/ | accessdate = 2008-09-01}}</ref>}}
The [[River Tyne]] had a temporary [[Bambuco Bridge]] in 2008 for 10 days, it was not made for walking, road or cycling, but was just a sculpture.
=== Grainger Town ===
[[File:Newcastle greys monument.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Typical Georgian architecture around Monument.]]
{{Main|Grainger Town}}
The historic heart of Newcastle is the Grainger Town area. Based around classical streets built by [[Richard Grainger]], a builder and developer, between 1835 and 1842, some of Newcastle upon Tyne's finest buildings and streets lie within this area of the city centre including [[Grainger Market]], [[Theatre Royal, Newcastle|Theatre Royal]], [[Earl grey|Grey]] Street, Grainger Street and [[John Clayton (town clerk)|Clayton]] Street. These buildings are predominately four storeys, with vertical dormers, domes, turrets and spikes. Richard Grainger was said to 'have found Newcastle of bricks and timber and left it in stone'. Of Grainger Towns 450 buildings, 244 are [[listed building|listed]], of which 29 are grade I and 49 are grade II*.
The development of the city in the 1960s and 1970s saw the demolition of part of [[Grainger Town]] as a prelude to the modernist rebuilding initiatives of [[T. Dan Smith]], the leader of [[Newcastle City Council]]. A corruption scandal was uncovered involving Smith and [[John Poulson]], a [[Real estate developer|property developer]], and both were jailed. Echoes of the scandal were revisited in the late 1990s in the [[BBC TV]] mini-series, ''[[Our Friends in the North]]''.<ref>Flannery, Peter. ''Retrospective - An interview with the creators of the series''. Included as a bonus feature on the ''[[Our Friends in the North]]'' DVD release. (BMG DVD 74321 941149).</ref>
==Economy==
{{See also|List of companies based in Newcastle upon Tyne}}
Newcastle played a major role during the 19th-century [[Industrial Revolution]], and was a leading centre for [[coal mining]] and [[manufacturing]]. [[Heavy industry|Heavy industries]] in Newcastle declined in the second half of the 20th century; office, service and retail employment are now the city's staples.
Newcastle is the commercial, educational and, in partnership with nearby [[Gateshead]], the cultural focus for [[North East England]]. As part of Tyneside, Newcastle's economy contributes around £13 billion to the UK [[Gross value added|GVA]].<ref name="RegionalGVA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_economy/Regional_GVA_December_2007.pdf|title=Regional GVA December 2007 (Page 7)|accessdate=2009-04-13|publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]]|year=2007|format=PDF}}</ref> The [[Central Business District]] is in the [[Newcastle upon Tyne City Centre|centre of the city]], bounded by [[Newcastle Haymarket|Haymarket]], [[Newcastle railway station|Central Station]] and the [[Quayside]] areas.
=== Retail ===
[[File:Northumberlad Street, Newcastle upon Tyne.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Looking south along [[Northumberland Street]] in July 2006]]
There are several major shopping areas in Newcastle city centre. The largest of these is the [[Eldon Square Shopping Centre]], which incorporates the first and largest [[Fenwick (department store)|Fenwick]] department store, and a [[John Lewis Newcastle|John Lewis]] store, formerly known as Bainbridges. As Bainbridges, this store was possibly "...one of the earliest of all department stores".<ref name=jlew>{{cite web |title = The history of John Lewis Newcastle - The world’s oldest department store? | publisher = johnlewis.com| url =http://www.johnlewis.com/Shops/DSTemplate.aspx?Id=18
| accessdate = 2008-10-03}}</ref> Eldon Square is currently undergoing a full redevelopment. A new bus station, replacing the old underground bus station, was officially opened in March 2007.<ref>
{{cite news | title = MP opens £11m bus station upgrade
| work = [[BBC News]] | publisher = [[bbc.co.uk]] | date = 2007-03-15
|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/tyne/6455505.stm
| accessdate = 2007-11-24}}</ref> The wing of the centre, including the undercover Green Market, near Grainger Street and [[The Gate, Newcastle|The Gate]] was demolished in 2007 so that the area could be redeveloped.<ref>{{cite news | title = Last day for city centre market
| work = [[BBC News]] | publisher [[bbc.co.uk]] | date = 2007-01-26 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/tyne/6295487.stm
|accessdate = 2007-11-24}}</ref>
The main shopping street in the city is [[Northumberland Street]]. In a 2004 report, it was ranked as the most expensive shopping street in the UK for rent, outside of London.<ref>
{{cite news |title=Fifth Avenue tops shops rich list | work = [[BBC News]] |publisher=[[bbc.co.uk]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3954649.stm |date=2004-10-26 | accessdate = 2006-12-19}}</ref> Other shopping destinations in Newcastle include Grainger Street and the area around [[Grey's Monument]], the relatively modern Eldon Garden and [[Monument Mall]] complexes, the Newgate Centre, [[Central Arcade]] and the traditional [[Grainger Market]]. Outside the city centre, the largest suburban shopping areas are [[Gosforth]] and [[Byker]]. The largest [[Tesco]] store in the United Kingdom is located in [[Kingston Park]] on the edge of Newcastle.<ref>{{cite news | title = The continued rise of Tesco non-food |work=[[BBC News]] |publisher = [[bbc.co.uk]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6257331.stm |date=2007-01-16 | accessdate = 2008-01-19}}</ref>
Close to Newcastle, the largest indoor shopping centre in Europe, the [[MetroCentre (shopping centre)|MetroCentre]], is located in [[Gateshead]].
== Demography ==
=== Population ===
[[File:NE-Westgate Road 9001.JPG|thumb|right|250px|West Road Shopping Area in Newcastle's West End has a strong multi-ethnic community.]]
[[File:NE-Arthur's Hill Stanhope Street 8965.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Stanhope Street in Arthur's Hill area is home to the North East's largest Asian community.]]
[[File:Gosforth High Street 2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Gosforth High Street in the north of the city.]]
According to the [[Politics of the United Kingdom|UK Government]]'s [[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 census]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Newcastle upon Tyne |work=National Statistics |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/profiles/00cj.asp |accessdate=2007-12-10}}</ref> the city of Newcastle has a population of 189,863, whereas the [[unitary authority]] of Newcastle has a population of around 259,500. However, the [[metropolitan borough]]s of [[North Tyneside]] (population c.190,000), [[South Tyneside]] (population c. 150,000) and [[Gateshead]] (population c.200,000) are also part of the Tyneside [[conurbation]], giving the Newcastle-Gateshead [[metropolitan area]] a population of 799,000. According to the same statistics, the average age of people living in Newcastle is 37.8 (the national average being 38.6). 93.1% of the population are of white British ethnic background (the national average being 91.3%). Many people in the city have Scottish and Irish ancestors. There is a strong presence of [[Border Reiver]] surnames, such as Armstrong, Charlton, Elliot, Johnstone, Kerr, Hall, Nixon, Robson etc. Other [[ethnic group]]s in Newcastle, in order of [[population size]], are [[Pakistani people|Pakistani]] at 1.9% and Indians at 1.2%. There are also small but significant Chinese, Jewish and Eastern European (Polish, Czech Roma) populations. There are also estimated to be between 500 and 2,000 [[Bolivians in the United Kingdom|Bolivians]] in Newcastle, which is the largest percentage for any UK city (up to 1% of the local population).<ref>[url=http://www.iomlondon.org/doc/mapping/Bolivia%20%20Mapping%20Report.pdf|month=July|year=2007|title=Mapping Exercise: Bolivia|publisher=International Organization for Migration|publication-place=London|accessdate=2008-11-29|ref=CITEREFInternational Organization for Migration2007]</ref>
The city is largely [[Christian]] at 70.6%; [[Muslim]]s form 3.6%,<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethnicity in the North East (report) |work=Government Office North East |url=http://www.gos.gov.uk/nestore/docs/peoplecomms/ethnicity.pdf |format=PDF|accessdate=2007-11-11}}</ref> and over 16% have [[Irreligion|no religion]].
According to 2008 figures,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadDomainList.do?a=3&c=newcastle&d=13&i=1001x1002&m=0&r=1&s=1207084957578&enc=1&areaId=276796&OAAreaId=367423 |work=[[Office of National Statistics]] |title=Neighbourhood Statistics: Newcastle upon Tyne |accessdate=2008-04-21}}</ref> the city's ethnic make-up is as follows:
* White – 90.5%
* South Asian – 5.2%
* Black – 1.1%
* Chinese – 1.1%
* Mixed-race – 1.2%
* Other – 0.8%
The [[regional nickname]] for people from Newcastle and the surrounding area is [[Geordie]]. The [[Latin]] term ''Novocastrian'', which can equally be applied to residents of [[Newcastle (disambiguation)|any place called Newcastle]], is also used for ex-pupils of the city's [[Royal Grammar School, Newcastle|Royal Grammar School]].<ref>[http://ona.rgs.newcastle.sch.uk/ RGS Alumni - the ''Old Novocastrians' Association''] Retrieved on 2007-01-14</ref>
Year and current total population<ref>[http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_table_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TPop&u_id=10142714&c_id=10001043&add=N Newcastle upon Tyne District: Total Population]</ref>
* 1801 – 33,322
* 1851 – 80,184
* 1901 – 246,905
* 1911 – 293,944
* 1921 – 309,820
* 1931 – 326,576
* 1941 – 333,286
* 1951 – 340,155
* 1961 – 323,844
* 1971 – 308,317
* 1981 – 272,923
* 1991 – 277,723
* 2001 – 259,573
* 2007 – 271,600
* 2008 – 273,600
=== Dialect ===
{{Main|Geordie}}
The dialect of Newcastle is known as [[Geordie]], and contains a large amount of [[vocabulary]] and distinctive word [[pronunciation]]s not used in other parts of the United Kingdom. The Geordie dialect has much of its origins in the language spoken by [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] [[Mercenary|mercenaries]], who were employed by the Ancient British people to fight [[Picts|Pictish]] invaders, following the withdrawal of the [[Roman Britain|Romans]] from Britain in the 4th century. This language was the forerunner of [[Modern English]]; but while the dialects of other English regions have been heavily altered by the influences of other foreign languages—particularly [[Latin]] and [[Norman language|Norman–French]]—the Geordie dialect retains many elements of the old language. An example of this is the pronunciation of certain words: "dead", "cow", "house" and "strong" are pronounced "dede", "coo", "hoos" and "strang"—which is how they were pronounced in the Anglo-Saxon language. Other Geordie words with Anglo-Saxon origins include: "larn" (from the Anglo-Saxon "laeran", meaning "teach"), "burn" ("stream") and "gan" ("go").<ref name="GeordieOrigins">{{cite web | title=North East dialect origins and the meaning of 'Geordie' | work=www.northeastengland.talktalk.net | url=http://www.northeastengland.talktalk.net/GeordieOrigins.htm | accessdate=2008-02-05}}</ref> "Bairn" and "hyem", meaning "child" and "home", are examples of Geordie words with origins in Scandinavia; "barn" and "hjem" are the corresponding modern Norwegian words. Some words used in the Geordie dialect are used elsewhere in the northern United Kingdom. The words "bonny" (meaning "pretty"), "howay" ("come on"), "stot" ("bounce") and "hadaway" ("go away" or "you're kidding"), all appear to be used in Scottish dialect; "aye" ("yes") and "nowt" (IPA://naʊt/, rhymes with ''out'',"nothing") are used elsewhere in [[northern England]]. Many words, however, appear to be used exclusively in Newcastle and the surrounding area, such as "Canny" (a versatile word meaning "good", "nice" or "very"), "bait" ("food"), "hacky" ("dirty"), "netty" ("toilet"), "hoy" ("throw"), "hockle" ("spit").<ref>{{cite web |title=Newcastle English ("Geordie") – Vocabulary |work=www.une.edu.au |url=http://www.une.edu.au/langnet/definitions/geordie.html#vocab-hce |accessdate=2008-02-05}}</ref>
=== Health ===
Newcastle Hospitals [[NHS Foundation Trust]] has one of the lowest mortality rates in the country and is ranked seventh in the country for confidence in doctors.{{Citation needed|date=June 2007}} Newcastle has three large teaching hospitals: the [[Royal Victoria Infirmary]], the [[Newcastle General Hospital]] and the [[Freeman Hospital]], which is also a pioneering centre for [[Organ transplant|transplant surgery]].
In a report, published in early February 2007 by the Ear Institute at the [[University College London]], and [[Widex]], a Danish hearing aid manufacturer, Newcastle was named as the noisiest city in the whole of the UK, with an average level of 80.4 [[decibel]]s. The report claimed that these noise levels would have a negative long-term impact on the health of the city's residents.<ref>{{cite web |title=Noisy Newcastle tops league table |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/6320799.stm |accessdate=2007-02-03}}</ref> The report was criticised, however, for attaching too much weight to readings at arbitrarily selected locations, which in Newcastle's case included a motorway underpass without pedestrian access.<ref>{{cite web |title=Noise study gets an ear-bashing |work=Evening Chronicle |url=http://www.journallive.co.uk/north-east-news/todays-news/tm_headline=noise-study-gets-an-ear-bashing&method=full&objectid=18564076&siteid=50081-name_page.html |accessdate=2007-02-21}}</ref>
== Culture ==
=== Nightlife ===
[[File:The Gate outside 4.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Gate complex is a popular nightlife destination in the city with numerous restaurants and bars such as Tiger Tiger.]]
Newcastle has a reputation for being a fun-loving city with many bars, restaurants and [[nightclub]]s. More recently, Newcastle has become popular as a destination for [[Stag party|Stag]] and [[Hen party|Hen]] parties. Newcastle was in the top ten of the country's top night spots,<ref>{{cite news|title=York 'party capital' of country |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/5028752.stm |date=30 May 2006 |accessdate=2007-01-18}}</ref> and ''The [[Rough Guides|Rough Guide]] to Britain'' placed Newcastle upon Tyne's nightlife as Great Britain's no. 1 [[tourist attraction]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Visiting Britain? Avoid 'bland' Buckingham Palace|work=Daily Mail|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=391643&in_page_id=1770|accessdate=2006-10-07}}</ref>
There are notable concentrations of pubs, bars and nightclubs around the Bigg Market, and the [[Quayside]] area of the city centre. There are many bars on the Bigg Market, and other popular areas for nightlife are [[Cuthbert Collingwood, 1st Baron Collingwood|Collingwood]] Street, Neville Street, the [[Newcastle Central Station|Central Station]] area and Osborne Road in the [[Jesmond]] area of the city. In recent years "[[The Gate, Newcastle|The Gate]]" has opened in the city centre, a new indoor complex consisting of bars, upmarket clubs, restaurants and a 12-screen [[Empire Cinemas|Empire]] multiplex [[movie theater|cinema]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Gate |url=http://www.thegatenewcastle.co.uk/|accessdate=2006-12-19}}</ref> Newcastle's [[Gay community|gay scene]] is centred around the Times Square area near the [[Centre for Life]] and has a range of bars, cafés and clubs.<ref>{{cite web |title=About |work=www.newcastlegay.co.uk right|url=http://www.newcastlegay.co.uk/about.php |accessdate=2007-01-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gay Village/Pink Triangle |work=pubsnewcastle.co.uk |url=http://www.pubsnewcastle.co.uk/GayVillage.html|accessdate=2006-12-19}}</ref>
The city has a wide variety of restaurants such as [[Italian food|Italian]], [[Indian food|Indian]], [[Persian food|Persian]], [[Japanese food|Japanese]], [[Greek food|Greek]], [[Mexican food|Mexican]], [[Spanish food|Spanish]], [[American food|American]], [[Polish food|Polish]], [[Malaysian food|Malaysian]], [[French food|French]], Mongolian, [[Moroccan food|Moroccan]], [[Thai food]] , Vietnamese, and has a [[China town|Chinese village]] with many [[Chinese food|Chinese]] [[restaurants]] on Stowell Street. There has also been a growth in [[Gourmet|premium]] [[restaurants]] in recent years with top chefs.<ref>[http://www.sugarvine.com/Newcastle/index.asp Restaurants in Newcastle & North East restaurants, eating out, places to eat in Newcastle & North East restaurant guide UK<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.thegourmetsociety.co.uk/rest.php?search=yes&page=1&shoi=0&show_county=15 Restaurants in Birmingham, Newcastle, Nottingham, Derby - The Gourmet Society UK<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
Significant changes in the last ten years have been increased opening hours, more upmarket bars, a greater range of clubs and some of the older traditional pubs closing, although many have been revamped and remain very popular.
The [[music video]] for [[Pet Shop Boys]] 1990 hit "[[So Hard]]" shows Newcastle's [[nightlife]] around various parts of the city on a Friday night. The extended mix of the track also shows even more shots of the city's [[nightlife]], clearly late on a Friday night.
=== Theatre ===
[[File:Grey Street Newcastle upon Tyne lightened.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Grey Street with Theatre Royal on left.]]
The city contains many theatres. The largest, the [[Theatre Royal, Newcastle|Theatre Royal]] on Grey Street, first opened in 1837. It has hosted a season of performances from the [[Royal Shakespeare Company]] for over 25 years, as well as touring productions of [[West End theatre|West End]] musicals.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |work=Theatre Royal |url=http://www.theatreroyal.co.uk/about_us/history.html |accessdate=2007-09-21}}</ref> [[The Journal Tyne Theatre]] hosts smaller touring productions, whilst other venues feature local talent. [[Northern Stage, Newcastle upon Tyne|Northern Stage]], formally known as the Newcastle Playhouse and Gulbenkian Studio, hosts various local, national and international productions in addition to those produced by the Northern Stage company.<ref>{{cite news |title=Curtain rises at new city theatre |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/tyne/5284740.stm |date=25 August 2006 |accessdate=2007-08-12}}</ref> Other theatres in the city include the [[Live Theatre]], the [[People's Theatre]], [[the Round]] and the [[Jubilee Theatre]]. [[NewcastleGateshead]] was voted in 2006 as the arts capital of the UK in a survey conducted by the [[Artsworld]] TV channel.<ref>{{cite news |title=North East voted 'arts capital' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/tyne/6216475.stm |work=BBC News |date=29 December 2006 |accessdate=2007-08-18}}</ref>
=== Poetry ===
Newcastle has a strong reputation as a poetry centre. The [[Morden Tower]], run by poet [[Tom Pickard]] is a major venue for poetry readings in the North East, being the place where [[Basil Bunting]] gave the first reading of ''[[Briggflatts]]'' in 1965.<ref>http://mordentower.org/</ref>
=== Festivals and fairs ===
[[File:Chinatown Arch Newcastle UK.jpg|thumb|left|The arch to Chinatown, opposite St. James' Park]]
In February, Newcastle's [[Chinatown]] is at the centre of a carnival of colour and noise as the city celebrates the [[Chinese New Year]].
In early March there is the [[NewcastleGateshead]] Comedy Festival, this event makes a return to the region since the last event in 2006, it is hoped it will now continue as an annual event.<ref>{{cite web | title=About The Festival | work=www.newcastlegatesheadcomedyfestival.com | url=http://www.newcastlegatesheadcomedyfestival.com/about.html | accessdate=2008-01-20}}</ref> The Newcastle Science Festival, now called [[Newcastle ScienceFest]] returns annually in early March.<ref>http://www.newcastlesciencefest.com/</ref>
The Newcastle [[Beer Festival]], organised by [[Campaign for Real Ale|CAMRA]], takes place in April.<ref>{{cite web | title=Beer Festival | work=www.cannybevvy.co.uk | url=http://www.cannybevvy.co.uk/Beer_Festival/beer_festival.html | accessdate=2008-01-20}}</ref> In May, Newcastle and [[Gateshead]] host the Evolution Festival, a music festival held on the Newcastle and Gateshead [[Quaysides]] over the Spring [[bank holiday]], with performances by acts from the world of [[Rock music|Rock]], [[Independent music|Indie]] and [[Dance music]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Evolution Festival 2009 | work=www.evolutionfestival.co.uk | url=http://www.evolutionfestival.co.uk/ | accessdate=2008-01-20}}</ref> The biennial [[AV Festival]] of international electronic art, featuring exhibitions, concerts, conferences and film screenings, is held in March. The North East Art Expo, a festival of art and design from the regions professional artists, is held in late May.<ref>http://www.northeast-artexpo.com/</ref> [[EAT! NewcastleGateshead]], a festival of food and drink, runs for 2 weeks each year in mid June.<ref>{{cite web | title=Food Festival | work=www.newcastlegateshead.com | url=http://www.newcastlegateshead.com/2138/Food_Festival.html | accessdate=2008-01-20}}</ref>
[[The Hoppings]], reputedly the largest travelling fair in Europe, takes place on [[Town Moor, Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle Town Moor]] every June. The event has its origins in the [[Temperance movement#United Kingdom|Temperance Movement]] during the early 1880s and coincides with the annual [[Horse racing|race week]] at High Gosforth Park.<ref>{{cite web | title=Town Moor Hoppings | work=www.newcastle.gov.uk | url=http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/wwwfileroot/localstudies/factsheets/Factsheet3Hoppings.pdf | month=September | year=2004 | format=PDF | accessdate=2008-01-20}}</ref> Newcastle Community Green Festival, which claims to be the UK’s biggest free community [[Environmental science|environmental]] [[festival]], also takes place every June, in [[Leazes Park]].<ref>{{cite web | title=History Of The Festival | work=www.newcastlegreenfestival.org.uk | url=http://www.newcastlegreenfestival.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=27&Itemid=40 | accessdate=2008-01-20}}</ref> The Northern Rock Cyclone, a cycling festival, takes place within, or starting from, Newcastle in June.<ref>{{cite web | title=What is it? | work=www.northernrockcyclone.co.uk | url=http://www.northernrockcyclone.co.uk/about.asp | accessdate=2008-01-20}}</ref> The Ouseburn Festival, a family oriented weekend festival near the city centre, incorporating a "Family Fun Day" and "Carnival Day", is held in late July.<ref>{{cite web | title=Ouseburn Festival home page | work=www.ouseburnfestival.org | url=http://www.ouseburnfestival.org/index.htm | accessdate=2008-01-25}}</ref>
Newcastle [[Mela]], held on the late [[August Bank Holiday|August bank holiday]] weekend, is an annual two-day [[Multiculturalism|multicultural]] event, blending drama, music and food from [[Punjabi culture#Modern Punjabi Culture|Punjabi]], [[Culture of Pakistan|Pakistani]], [[Bengal#Culture|Bengali]] and [[Hindu]] cultures.<ref>{{cite web | title=What is the Mela ? | work=www.newcastle.gov.uk | url=http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/core.nsf/a/mela_what | accessdate=2008-01-25}}</ref> NewcastleGateshead also holds an annual International Arts Fair. The 2009 event will be in the [[Norman Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank|Norman Foster]] designed [[Sage Gateshead]] Music and Arts Centre in September.<ref>{{cite web | title=NewcastleGateshead Arts Fair home page | work=www.ngartfair.com | url=http://www.ngartfair.com/ | accessdate=2008-01-25}}</ref> In October, there is the Design Event festival—an annual festival providing the public with an opportunity to see work by regional, national and international designers.<ref>{{cite web | title=Introducing Design Event | work=www.design-event.co.uk | url=http://www.design-event.co.uk/index.htm | accessdate=2008-02-22}}</ref>
The SAMA Festival, an East Asian cultural festival is also held in early October.<ref>http://www.samafestival.org</ref>
=== Music ===
{{See also|List of bands and musicians from Newcastle Upon Tyne}}
The 1960s saw the internationally successful rock group [[The Animals]], emerge from Newcastle night spots such as Club A-Go-Go on Percy Street. Other well-known acts with connections to the city include [[Sting (musician)|Sting]], [[Bryan Ferry]], [[Dire Straits]] and more recently [[Maxïmo Park]]. There is also a thriving [[underground music]] scene that encompasses a variety of styles, including [[Drum and Bass]], [[doom metal]] and [[Post-rock]].
[[Lindisfarne (band)|Lindisfarne]] are a folk-rock group with a strong [[Tyneside]] connection. Their most famous song, "[[Fog on the Tyne]]" (1971), was covered by [[Geordie]] ex-footballer [[Paul Gascoigne]] in 1990. [[Venom (band)|Venom]], reckoned by many to be the originators of [[black metal]] and extremely influential to the [[extreme metal]] scene as a whole, formed in Newcastle in 1979. [[Folk metal]] band [[Skyclad (band)|Skyclad]], often regarded as the first [[folk metal]] band, also formed in Newcastle after the breakup of [[Martin Walkyier]] thrash metal band, [[Sabbat (band)|Sabbat]].
The predominant record company in Newcastle is [[Kitchenware Records]] (circa 1982), previously home to acclaimed bands such as [[Prefab Sprout]], [[Martin Stephenson and the Daintees]] and [[Fatima Mansions]], the management of [[The Lighthouse Family]] and home to recent successes [[Editors]] as well as other bands of varied genres.
The 1990s boom in [[progressive house]] music saw the city's [[Global Underground]] record label corner the market in the mix CD market with the likes of [[Sasha (DJ)|Sasha]], [[Paul Oakenfold]], [[James Lavelle]], and [[Danny Howells]] recording mix compilations. The label is still going strong today with offices in London and New York, and new releases from [[Deep Dish]] and [[Adam Freeland]].<ref>{{Citation
| title = GLOBAL UNDERGROUND IS 10
| quote = Global Underground has become more than an internationally renowned dance music label. It’s become a way of life. This is an impressive legacy – especially for an independent label based in Newcastle-Upon-Tyne in the North of England.
| url = http://www.globalunderground.co.uk/news_detail.php?ID=110
| accessdate = 2008-08-20}}</ref>
=== Concert venues ===
[[File:Metroradio Arena, Newcastle.jpg|thumb|Metro Radio Arena]]
The largest [[music venue]] in the city is the 11,000-seat [[Metro Radio Arena Newcastle|Metro Radio Arena]], which is situated in the south of the city centre near the [[Centre for Life]]. The 2,000-seat [[Newcastle City Hall]] holds a number of music events every month, particularly featuring [[solo (music)|solo artists]]. Both of the city's universities also have large performance venues (each holding around 2,000 people).
On 14 October 2005, the 2,000 capacity [[O2 Academy Newcastle]] opened, providing a new music venue in the city centre. The opening night was headlined by [[The Futureheads]] and the profile of the venue has attracted a greater variety of bands to play in the city. The O2 Academy Newcastle is the newest in a string of [[Academy Music Group|Academies]] to be opened across the UK.
Other popular music venues in the city include The Head of Steam, which is near [[Newcastle Central railway station]], and Trillians Rock Bar at Princess Square. The Cluny and the Cumberland Arms are both situated in the [[Ouseburn Valley]] between the city centre and [[Byker]].
=== Cinema ===
The [[Tyneside Cinema]] on Pilgrim Street originally opened as the 'Bijou News-Reel Cinema' in 1937, and was designed and built by Dixon
Scott, great uncle of film director [[Ridley Scott]].
In May 2008 the Tyneside Cinema reopened in the restored and refurbished original building. The site currently houses three cinemas, including the restored Classic - the United Kingdom's last surviving news cinema still in full-time operation - alongside two new screens, a roof extension containing the Tyneside Bar, and dedicated education and teaching suites.
=== Museums and galleries ===
There are several museums and galleries in Newcastle, including the [[Discovery Museum]], the [[Hancock Museum|Great North Museum]], [[Gallagher & Turner Gallery]], the [[Laing Art Gallery]], and the [[Newburn Hall Motor Museum]].
=== In Film ===
The 1971 film [[Get Carter]] features the city of Newcastle as one of its stars. The film was shot on location in and around Newcastle and offers an opportunity to see what Newcastle looked like in the 1960s and early 1970s.
== Sport ==
[[File:St James Park Newcastle south west corner.jpg|thumb|right|250px|St. James' Park - home of Newcastle United Football Club.]]
The city has a strong sporting tradition. [[Association football|Football]] club [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]] has been based at [[St James' Park]] since the club was established in 1892, although any traces of the original structure are now long gone as the stadium now holds more than 52,000 seated spectators.<ref name="bbc360">{{cite web |title=[[St James' Park]] |publisher=[[bbc.co.uk]] |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/tyne/content/panoramas/360_stjames.shtml |accessdate=2007-09-17}}</ref> The city also has a [[non-League football]] club, [[Newcastle Benfield F.C.|Newcastle Benfield]]. Also based in Newcastle are [[Guinness Premiership]] [[rugby union]] side [[Newcastle Falcons]] and 1996 Pilkington Shield winners [[Medicals RFC]].
The Metro Radio Arena is home to [[Newcastle Vipers]] [[ice hockey]] team and [[Newcastle Eagles]] [[basketball]] team.
The city's [[Motorcycle speedway|speedway]] team [[Newcastle Diamonds]] are based at Brough Park in [[Byker]], a venue that is also home to [[greyhound racing]]. Newcastle also hosts the start of the annual [[Great North Run]], the world's largest [[half marathon|half-marathon]] in which participants race over the [[Tyne Bridge]] into [[Gateshead]] and then towards the finish line {{convert|13.1|mi|km|}} away on the coast at [[South Shields]].<ref>
{{cite news
| title = Great North Run
| work = [[BBC News]]
| publisher = [[bbc.co.uk]]
| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/cumbria/content/articles/2004/07/26/great_north_run_feature.shtml
| accessdate = 2007-09-17
}}
</ref> Another famous athletic event is the {{convert|5.7|mi|km|adj=on}} [[Blaydon Race]] (a road race from Newcastle to [[Blaydon]]), which has taken place on 9 June annually since 1981, to commemorate the celebrated [[Blaydon Races]] horse racing.<ref>
{{cite news
| title = Runners set for traditional race
| work = [[BBC News]]
| publisher = [[bbc.co.uk]]
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/tyne/6736805.stm
| date = 2007-06-09
| accessdate = 2007-09-17
}}</ref>
== Governance ==
{{Main|Newcastle City Council}}
[[File:Civic Centre Newcastle upon Tyne.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Newcastle Civic Centre]]]]
Newcastle is governed using the leader and [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet]] system, and the [[executive (government)|executive]] is [[Liberal Democrats|Liberal Democrat]], as they have 49 [[councillors]] against the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party's]] 29. No other parties hold [[legislature|seats]] on the city's council.<ref>{{cite web
| title=How newcastle Voted 2008
| work=www.newcastle.gov.uk
| url=http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/wwwfileroot/cxo/elections/HNV2008.pdf}}</ref>
For the purposes of City Council elections, Newcastle is divided into 26 [[ward (politics)|electoral wards]].<ref>{{cite web
| title=Where You Live (Ward Info)
| work=www.newcastle.gov.uk
| url=http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/wsapp.nsf/soapweb/PCSearch?opendocument
| accessdate=2007-11-25}}</ref>
{| width="500" |
| valign="top" width="250" |
* [[Benwell and Scotswood]]
* [[Blakelaw]]
* [[Byker]]
* [[Castle, Newcastle upon Tyne|Castle]]
* [[Dene, Newcastle upon Tyne|Dene]]
* [[Denton, Newcastle upon Tyne|Denton]]
* [[Elswick, Tyne and Wear|Elswick]]
* [[Fawdon]]
* [[Fenham]]
* [[Gosforth]] ([[East Gosforth|East]] and [[West Gosforth|West]])
* [[Heaton, Newcastle|Heaton]] (North and South)
* [[Jesmond]] (North and South)
| valign="top" width="250" |
* [[Kenton, Newcastle upon Tyne|Kenton]]
* [[Lemington]]
* [[Newburn]]
* [[Ouseburn]]
* [[Parklands, Newcastle upon Tyne|Parklands]]
* [[Walker, Newcastle upon Tyne|Walker]]
* [[Walkergate]]
* [[Westerhope]]
* [[Westgate, Newcastle upon Tyne|Westgate]]
* [[Wingrove]]
* [[Woolsington]]
|}
== Transport ==
{{See also|Transport in Tyne and Wear}}
=== Airport ===
{{Main|Newcastle Airport}}
[[File:Newcastle International Airport.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Newcastle International Airport]]
Newcastle International Airport is located approximately {{convert|6|mi|km}} from the city centre on the northern outskirts of the city near [[Ponteland]] and is the largest of the two main airports serving the North East. It is connected the to the city via the Metro Light Rail system and a jourrney into Newcastle City Centre takes approximately 20 minutes. The airport handles over five million passengers per year, and is the tenth largest, and the fastest growing regional airport in the UK,<ref>{{cite web |title=Easter record at Newcastle Airport |work=uk-airport-news.info |url=http://www.uk-airport-news.info/newcastle-airport-news-190406.htm |accessdate=2007-03-26}}</ref> expecting to reach 10 million passengers by 2016, and 15 million by 2030.<ref>{{cite web |title=Airport - Metro link marks 15th birthday as passenger numbers take off! |work=newcastleairport.com |url=http://www.newcastleairport.com/General/News/Airport_metro_link.htm |accessdate=2007-03-26}}</ref> As of 2007, over 90 destinations are available worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |title=Destinations & Offers |work=www.newcastleairport.com
|url=http://www.newcastleairport.com/Destinations/Destinations.htm?Version=access
|accessdate=2007-12-08}}</ref>
=== Rail ===
{{Main|Newcastle railway station}}
[[File:Newcastle Station Exterior.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Newcastle Central Station]]
Newcastle railway station, also known as Newcastle Central Station, is a principal stop on the [[East Coast Main Line]] and [[Cross Country Route]]. Opened in 1850 by [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]], it was the first covered railway station in the world and was much copied across the UK. It has a [[neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] facade, originally designed by the architect John Dobson, and was constructed in collaboration with [[Robert Stephenson]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Trainshed, Central Station, Newcastle |work=www.victorianweb.org |url=http://www.victorianweb.org/art/architecture/misc/21.html
| date=2006-07-20 |accessdate=2007-12-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Life of Robert Stephenson – a Timeline |work=www.robertstephensontrust.com
| url=http://www.robertstephensontrust.com/time.htm
| accessdate=2007-12-08}}</ref> The first services were operated by the [[North Eastern Railway (UK)|North Eastern Railway]] company. The city's other mainline station, [[Manors railway station|Manors]], is to the east of the city centre.
Train operator [[East Coast]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Passengers see East Coast switch |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/7134314.stm |date=2007-12-08 |accessdate=2007-12-08}}</ref> provides a half-hourly frequency of trains to [[London King's Cross railway station|London King's Cross]], with a journey time of about three hours.<ref>[http://www.nationalexpresseastcoast.com/Documents/Timetables/Full%20Timetables/Full_timetable_2008.pdf untitled<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> [[CrossCountry]] and [[First TransPennine Express]] operate regular services to many major destinations, whereas [[Northern Rail]] provides local and regional services.
=== Metro ===
[[File:Monument T&W Metro station - platfom 4 01.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Monument Metro station in Newcastle City Centre]]
The city is served by the [[Tyne and Wear Metro]], a system of suburban and underground railways covering a lot of Tyne and Wear. It was opened in five phases between 1980 and 1984, and was Britain's first urban light rail transit system;<ref>{{cite web | title=History of public transport | work=www.nexus.org.uk | url=http://www.nexus.org.uk/wps/wcm/connect/Nexus/Nexus/Press+office/Transport+history/ | accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref> two extensions were opened in 1991 and 2002.<ref>{{cite web | title=Tyne and Wear Metro | work=www.nexus.org.uk | url=http://www.nexus.org.uk/wps/wcm/connect/Nexus/Nexus/Press+office/Media+briefing+notes/Nexus+-+Tyne+and+Wear+Metro | accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref> It was developed from a combination of existing and newly built tracks and stations, with deep-level tunnels constructed through Newcastle city centre.<ref>{{cite web | title=Newcastle-upon-Tyne | work=www.urbanrail.net | url=http://www.urbanrail.net/eu/new/newcstle.htm | accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Tyne and Wear Metro | work=www.thetrams.co.uk | url=http://www.thetrams.co.uk/tyneandwear/ | accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref> A [[Queen Elizabeth II Metro Bridge|bridge]] was built across the Tyne, between Newcastle and Gateshead, and opened by [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]] in 1981.<ref>{{cite web | title=SINE Project, Structure Details for Queen Elizabeth II Bridge | work=sine.ncl.ac.uk | url=http://sine.ncl.ac.uk/view_structure_information.asp?struct_id=964 | accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref> The network is operated by Nexus and carries over 37 million passengers a year,<ref>{{cite web | title=Getting Around | work=www.newcastlegateshead.com | url=http://www.newcastlegateshead.com/147/Getting_Around.html | accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref> extending as far as Newcastle Airport, Tynemouth, [[South Shields]] and [[South Hylton]] in [[City of Sunderland|Sunderland]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Metro Map (Large) | work=www.nexus.org.uk | url=http://www.nexus.org.uk/wps/wcm/connect/Nexus/Metro?srv=cmpnt&source=library&cmpntname=IMG%20-%20MetroMap%20(Large) | accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref> The Metro system is the first in the UK to have mobile phone antennae installed in the tunnels.{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}
The Metro consists of two lines. The Green line starts at Newcastle Airport, goes through the city centre and into Sunderland, terminating at South Hylton. The yellow line starts at St. James Park, runs north of the river alongside Byker towards Whitley Bay, before returning to the city, on to Gateshead and terminates at South Shields.
=== Road ===
Major roads in the area include the [[A1 road (Great Britain)|A1]] (Gateshead Newcastle Western Bypass), stretching north to [[Edinburgh]] and south to London; the [[A19 road|A19]] heading south past [[Sunderland, Tyne and Wear|Sunderland]] and [[Middlesbrough]] to [[York]] and [[Doncaster]]; the [[A69 road|A69]] heading west to [[Carlisle, Cumbria|Carlisle]]; the [[A167 road|A167]], the old "Great North Road", heading south to [[Gateshead]], [[Chester-le-Street]], [[Durham]] and [[Darlington]]; and the [[A1058 road|A1058]] "Coast Road", which runs from [[Jesmond]] to the east coast between [[Tynemouth]] and [[Cullercoats]]. Many of these designations are recent—upon completion of the Western Bypass, and its designation as the new line of the A1, the roads between this and the former line through the [[Tyne Tunnel]] were [[Great Britain road numbering scheme|renumbered]], with many city centre roads changing from a 6-prefix<ref>{{cite web | title=Newcastle Map Scans | work=www.rural-roads.co.uk | url=http://www.rural-roads.co.uk/oldmaps/newcastle/newcastle.shtml | accessdate=2007-12-09}}</ref> to their present 1-prefix numbers.
=== Bus ===
[[File:Haymarket Bus Station.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Haymarket Bus Station, one of the city's two main bus stations.]]
There are 3 main bus companies providing services in the city; [[Arriva North East]], [[Go North East]] and [[Stagecoach North East]]. Arriva services mainly operate from [[Haymarket Bus Station]] to [[Gosforth]] and the northern surburbs, [[North Tyneside]] and [[Northumberland]]. Go-Ahead operates mainly from [[Eldon Square Bus Station]] and [[Grainger Town]] to [[Gateshead]], [[Metro Centre]] and [[County Durham]]. Stagecoach is the main operator in the city proper, providing services mainly between both the West and East ends via the city centre. Bus Services in Newcastle upon Tyne and the surrounding boroughs part of the [[Tyne and Wear]] area are coordinated by Nexus, the [[Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport Executive]].<ref name="NexusBus">{{cite web | title=Nexus – Bus | work=www.nexus.org.uk | url=http://www.nexus.org.uk/wps/wcm/connect/Nexus/Bus | accessdate=2008-01-13}}</ref> Other major departure points are Pilgrim Street for buses running South of the Tyne via [[Gateshead]], and Blackett Street/Monument for services to the East or West of the city. Many bus services also pass [[Newcastle Central Station]], a major interchange for Rail and Metro Services.<ref>{{cite web | title=Full timetable list | work=www.nexus.org.uk | url=http://www.nexus.org.uk/wps/wcm/connect/16-19/Bus/Timetables/ | accessdate=2008-01-13}}</ref> [[QuayLink]] is a hybrid electric bus service operated to the Quayside. [[Newcastle Coach Station]], near the railway station, handles long distance bus services operated by [[National Express]].
=== Cycle ===
Newcastle is accessible by several mostly traffic-free [[cycle route]]s that lead to the edges of the city centre, where cyclists can continue into the city by road, using [[Bus lane|no car lanes]]. The traffic-free [[Sea to Sea Cycle Route|C2C]] cycle route runs along the north bank of the [[River Tyne]], enabling cyclists to travel off-road to [[North Shields]] and [[Tynemouth]] in the east, and westwards towards [[Hexham]].
Suburban cycle routes exist, which utilise converted trackbeds of former industrial [[wagonway]]s and industrial [[railway]]s. A network of signed on-road cycle routes is being established, including some designated on-road cycle lanes that will lead from the city centre to the suburbs of [[Gosforth]], [[Heaton, Newcastle|Heaton]] and [[Wallsend]].
=== Water ===
Newcastle has access to an international [[Ferry]] Terminal, at [[North Shields]], which offers services to destinations including [[IJmuiden]] (near [[Amsterdam]]).<ref>{{cite web | title=By Ferry | work=www.newcastle.gov.uk | url=http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/core.nsf/a/internationalferryterminal | accessdate=2007-12-15}}</ref> A ferry to [[Gothenburg]], Sweden, operated by Danish [[DFDS|DFDS Seaways]], ceased crossing at the end of October 2006. The company cited high fuel prices and new competition from [[Low-cost carrier|low-cost air services]] as the cause. From summer 2007, Thomson cruise lines includes Newcastle as a port of call on its Norwegian and Fjords cruise.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thelocal.se/article.php?ID=4805&date=20060906 |title=DFDS scraps Newcastle-Gothenburg line |work=The Local |date=2006-09-07 |accessdate=2007-09-21}}</ref>
== Education ==
[[File:University of Newcastle Upon Tyne.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Newcastle has one of the country's largest universities for research.]]
The city has two universities - [[Newcastle University]] and [[Northumbria University]]. Established as a School of Medicine and Surgery in 1834, and becoming independent from [[Durham University]] in 1963, Newcastle University is now one of the UK’s leading international universities.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |work=Newcastle University |url=http://www.ncl.ac.uk/about/history/unihistory.phtml |accessdate=2007-09-22}}</ref> It won the coveted [[Sunday Times University of the Year|''Sunday Times'' University of the Year]] award in 2000.<ref>{{cite news |first=Alastair |last=McCall |title=King of the Castle |format=Reprint on Newcastle University's website |work=Sunday Times |url=http://www.ncl.ac.uk/press.office/award.html |date=2000-09-17 |accessdate=2007-09-22}}</ref> Newcastle Polytechnic was granted university status in 1992, becoming the University of Northumbria at Newcastle. Northumbria University, as it is currently known, was voted 'Best New University' by ''[[The Times]]'' Good University Guide 2005. The latter university also won a much coveted company award of the "Most IT enabled organisation" (in the UK), by the IT industry magazine ''[[Computing (magazine)|Computing]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=2006 Winners |work=Computing Awards |url=http://www.computingawards.net/2006winners.asp?m_pid=21200&m_nid=18927 |accessdate=2007-09-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Northumbria University wins top IT Award |work=Northumbria University |url=http://northumbria.ac.uk/browse/ne/uninews/compaward |date=2006-10-26 |accessdate=2007-09-22}}</ref>
There are eleven [[LEA]]-funded 11 to 18 schools and seven [[independent school]]s with [[sixth form]]s in Newcastle. There are a number of successful [[state school]]s, including [[Gosforth High School]], [[Heaton Manor School]], [[St Cuthbert's High School]], [[St. Mary's Catholic Comprehensive School]], [[Kenton Comprehensive School]],[[George Stephenson High School]] and [[Sacred Heart Catholic High School (Newcastle upon Tyne)|Sacred Heart]]. The largest [[Coeducation|co-ed]] independent school is the [[Royal Grammar School, Newcastle|Royal Grammar School]]. The largest girls' independent school is [[Central Newcastle High School]]. Both schools are located on the same street in Jesmond. Another notable girls' independent school is Newcastle Upon Tyne Church High School located at Tankerville Terrace. [[Newcastle School for Boys]] is the only independent boys' only school in the city and it situated in [[Gosforth]]. [[Newcastle College]] is the largest general [[further education]] college in the North East and is a [[Beacon Status|beacon status]] college; there are two smaller colleges in the Newcastle area.
== Religious sites ==
[[File:Newcastle upon Tyne, England.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Newcastle Cathedral|St. Nicholas' Cathedral]], as seen from the [[Newcastle Castle Keep|Castle]]]]
{{See also|Diocese of Newcastle|Diocese of Hexham and Newcastle|North East Jewry}}
Newcastle has two [[cathedral]]s, the [[Anglican]] [[Newcastle Cathedral|St. Nicholas]], with its elegant lantern tower of 1474, and the [[Roman Catholic]] [[St. Mary's Cathedral, Newcastle upon Tyne|St. Mary's]], designed by [[Augustus Welby Pugin]]. Both cathedrals began their lives as parish churches. St Mary's became a cathedral in 1850 and St Nicholas' in 1882. Another prominent church in the city centre is the [[Church of St Thomas the Martyr]] which is the only [[parish church]] in the [[Church of England]] without a parish and which is not a [[Royal Peculiar|peculiar]].
One of the largest [[Evangelicalism|evangelical]] [[Anglican]] churches in the UK is [[Jesmond Parish Church]], situated a little to the north of the city centre.
Newcastle is home to the only [[Bahá’í]] Centre in [[North East England]], the centre has served the local Bahá’í community for over 25 years and is located close to the Civic Centre in [[Jesmond]].
Newcastle was a prominent centre of the [[Plymouth Brethren]] movement up to the 1950s and some small congregations still function. Among these are at the Hall, Denmark Street and Gospel Hall, St Lawrence.
== Media ==
{{See also|List of Newcastle upon Tyne publications|List of television shows set in Newcastle upon Tyne}}
Local [[newspaper]]s that are printed in Newcastle include [[Trinity Mirror]]'s ''[[Evening Chronicle]]'' and ''[[The Journal (newspaper)|The Journal]]'', the ''[[Sunday Sun]]'' as well as the ''[[Metro (Associated Metro Limited)|Metro]]'' freesheet. ''[[The Crack (magazine)|The Crack]]'' is a monthly style and [[listings magazine]] similar to London's ''[[Time Out]]''. The adult comic ''[[Viz (comic)|Viz]]'' originated in Jesmond, and ''[[The Mag]]'' is a fanzine for Newcastle United supporters.
[[File:Tyne Tees, City Road.jpg|thumb|left|Two converted warehouses provided the base for Tyne Tees on City Road until 2005]]
[[Tyne Tees Television]], the regional contractor for [[ITV]], was based at City Road for over 40 years after its launch in January 1959.<ref name="crs">{{cite web |first=Andrew |last=Bowden |title=City Road |work=City Road |url=http://www.transdiffusion.org/tmc/cityroad/studios/cityroad.php |date=2007-05-01 |accessdate=2007-09-17}}</ref> In 2005 it moved to a new facility on The Watermark business park next to the MetroCentre in Gateshead.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Fond Farewell |work=City Road |url=http://www.transdiffusion.org/tmc/cityroad/history/farewell.php |accessdate=2007-09-19}}</ref> The entrance to studio 5 at the City Road complex gave its name to the 1980s music television programme, ''[[The Tube (TV series)|The Tube]]''.<ref name="crs"/> [[BBC North East and Cumbria]] is located to the north of the city on Barrack Road, [[Spital Tongues]], in a building known, as the result of its colouring, as the Pink Palace.<ref name=pink>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/tyne/content/articles/2006/04/26/bbc_newcastle_tours_feature.shtml |title=Take a look around |work=BBC Tyne |accessdate=2006-09-21}}</ref> It is from here that the [[BBC|Corporation]] broadcasts the ''[[BBC Look North (North East and Cumbria)|Look North]]'' television regional news programme and [[BBC Local Radio|local radio]] station [[BBC Radio Newcastle]].
[[Independent local radio]] stations include [[Metro Radio]] and sister station [[Magic 1152]], which are both based in a building on the Swan House roundabout on the north side of the Tyne Bridge. [[Galaxy North East|Galaxy 105-106]] broadcasts across Newcastle from its studios in nearby [[Wallsend]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Galaxy North East: Contact Us |url=http://www.galaxynortheast.co.uk/contactus.asp |accessdate=2006-12-19}}</ref> [[100-102 Real Radio]] and [[97.5 Smooth Radio]] both broadcast from [[Team Valley]] in Gateshead.<ref>{{cite web |title=A smooth star is born in the Northeast |date=2007-08-24 |work=GMG Radio |url=http://www.gmgradiosales.co.uk/?section=news&page=latest&id=64 |accessdate=2008-02-04}}</ref>
[[NE1fm]] launched on June 8, 2007, the first full time [[community radio]] station in the area.<ref>{{cite news |title=Radio station launch |work=Evening Chronicle |url=http://icnewcastle.icnetwork.co.uk/chroniclelive/eveningchronicle/chroniclearchive/2007/06/07/radio-station-launch-50081-19260930/ |date=2007-07-07 |accessdate=2007-09-21}}</ref> Newcastle Student Radio is run by students from both of the city's universities, broadcasting from [[Newcastle University]]'s [[Newcastle University Union Society|student's union building]] during term time.<ref>{{cite web |title=Student media |work=Newcastle University |url=http://www.ncl.ac.uk/undergraduate/life/union/media.htm |accessdate=2007-09-22}}</ref> Radio Tyneside has been the voluntary [[hospital radio]] service for most hospitals across Newcastle and Gateshead since 1951, broadcasting on 1575[[AM broadcasting|AM]].<ref>{{cite web |title=About our station |work=Radio Tyneside |url=http://www.radiotyneside.co.uk/pages/aus.htm |accessdate=2007-09-22}}</ref>
Newcastle is one of the first in the UK to have its city centre covered by [[Wi-Fi|wireless internet]] access.<ref>{{cite news |title=Newcastle joins UK 'wireless city' revolution |work=24dash.com |url=http://www.24dash.com/news/Central_Government/2006-11-13-Newcastle-joins-UK-wireless-city-revolution |accessdate=2007-10-29}}</ref>
== Notable people ==
{{Main|List of residents of Newcastle upon Tyne}}
[[Charles Avison]], the leading British composer of concertos in the 18th Century, was born in Newcastle upon Tyne in 1709 and died there in 1770. [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[Basil Hume]], [[Archbishop of Westminster]] (1976–1999) was born in the city in 1923. Other notable people born in or associated with Newcastle include: engineer and industrialist [[William George Armstrong, 1st Baron Armstrong|Lord Armstrong]], engineer [[Robert Stephenson]], modernist poet [[Basil Bunting]],<ref>http://www.bloodaxebooks.com/titlepage.asp?isbn=1852245271</ref> [[Lord Taylor]], the Portuguese writer [[Eça de Queiróz]] who was a diplomat in Newcastle from late 1874 until April 1879 - his most productive literary period,<ref>http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2000/dec/23/biography1</ref>, [[The Prime Minister]] of [[Thailand]] [[Abhisit Vejjajiva]], singers [[Eric Burdon]], [[Sting (musician)|Sting]], multiple circumnavigator [[David Scott Cowper]], [[Neil Tennant]], [[Mark Knopfler]], [[Cheryl Cole]] entertainers [[Ant and Dec]], international footballers [[Peter Beardsley]], [[Michael Carrick]] and [[Alan Shearer]], [[David A. T. Stafford]], historian and author.
== Twin cities ==
{|
| valign="top" |
* {{flagicon|USA}} - [[Atlanta, Georgia|Atlanta]] – United States
* {{flagicon|Norway}} - [[Bergen, Norway|Bergen]] – Norway
* {{flagicon|Germany}} - [[Gelsenkirchen]] – Germany
* {{flagicon|Netherlands}} - [[Groningen (city)|Groningen]] – Netherlands
* {{flagicon|Israel}} - [[Haifa]] – [[Israel]]
| valign="top" |
* {{flagicon|France}} - [[Nancy]] – France
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} - [[Malmö]] – Sweden<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.malmo.se/faktaommalmopolitik/internationelltsamarbete/vanortssamarbetet.4.33aee30d103b8f15916800032874.html |accessdate=2007-08-20 |work=malmo.se |title=Malmö stads vänortssamarbete}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Australia}} - [[Newcastle, New South Wales|Newcastle]] – Australia, on the [[Hunter River]] and also a coal hub.
* {{flagicon|South Africa}} - [[Newcastle, South Africa|Newcastle]] – South Africa
* {{flagicon|People's Republic of China}} - [[Taiyuan]] – China
* {{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}} [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]]
|}
Newcastle also has a "friendship agreement" with
* {{flagicon|USA}} - [[Little Rock, Arkansas|Little Rock]] – United States<ref>{{cite press release |title=NINE YOUTH FROM LITTLE ROCK DEPART FOR VISIT TO NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE, UNITED KINGDOM |date=2007-07-09 |publisher=City of Little Rock |url=http://www.littlerock.org/CityManager/Divisions/PublicRelations/MediaReleases.aspx?ID=178 |accessdate=2008-02-04}}</ref>
== Foreign consulates ==
The following countries have [[consulate|consular]] offices in Newcastle:
* {{flagicon|Germany}} Honorary Consul for the [[Federal Republic of Germany]]: Grainger Suite, Dobson House, Gosforth, NE3 3PF
* {{flagicon|Italy}} Honorary Consulate of Italy: 63 High Bridge, NE1 1DU
* {{flagicon|Norway}} The Royal Norwegian Consulate: 14 Grey Street, NE1 6AE
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} Honorary Consulate of Sweden: 2 Osborne Road, Jesmond, NE2 2AA
* {{flagicon|Iceland}} Honorary Consulate of Iceland: 1/3 Lansdowne Terrace, Gosforth, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE3 1HN
* {{flagicon|France}} French Consulate Agency: Dobson House, Regent Centre, Gosforth, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE3 3PF
* {{flagicon|Belgium}} Belgian Consulate: 30 Cloth Market, Newcastle Upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE1 1EE
== See also ==
{{Commons category|Newcastle upon Tyne}}
* [[River Tyne, England]]
* [[Newcastle University]]
* [[Newcastle Brown Ale]]
* [[Northumbria University]]
* [[Hadrian's Wall]]
* [[Gateshead Millennium Bridge]]
* [[Byker Wall]] award-winning redevelopment east of the city.
* [[Great fire of Newcastle and Gateshead]]
* [[Newcastle United FC]]
* [[Newcastle upon Tyne City Centre]]
* [[Dukes of Newcastle|Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne]]
== Rujukan ==
| 