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Maharaja Kuning: Perbezaan antara semakan

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[[File:Yellowemperor.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Gambaran Maharaja Kuning pada makam dari pertengahan abad ke-2 M. Kata prasasti: "Maharaja Kuning mewujudkan dan mengubah pelbagai perkara; baginda mencipta senjata dan [[sistem sawah]]; baginda mencipta baju dan seluar, serta menubuhkan istana dan rumah."<ref>{{harvnb|Birrell|1993|p=48}}.</ref>]]
Menurut kisah Cina tradisional, Maharaja Kuning dikenang kerana meningkatkan mata pencarian para pemburu yang berpindah-randah dalam puaknya. Baginda mengajar mereka membina tempat berteduh, menjinakkan haiwan liar, dan bercucuk tanam.<ref name="tonsi2"/> Di samping itu, baginda juga dikatakan mencipta pedati, perahu dan pakaian.<ref name="tonsi2" />
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Other inventions credited to the emperor include the Chinese diadem ({{linktext|冠冕}}), throne rooms ({{linktext|宮室}}), the [[bow (weapon)|bow sling]], early [[Chinese astronomy]], the [[Chinese calendar]], math calculations, code of sound laws ({{linktext|音律}}),<ref name="wch">{{harvnb|Wang|1997|p=13}}.</ref> and [[cuju]], an early Chinese version of football.<ref>[[Liu Xiang (scholar)|Liu Xiang]] (77–6 BC), ''Bielu'' 别录："It is said that cuju was invented by Huangdi; others claim that it arose during the Warring States period" (蹴鞠者，传言黄帝所作，或曰起戰國之時); cited in ''[[Hou Hanshu|Book of the Later Han]]'' (5th century), chapter 34, p. 1178 of the standard Zhonghua shuju edition. {{zh icon}}</ref> He is also sometimes said to have been[[history of the guqin|partially responsible]] for the invention of the [[guqin|''guqin''zither]],<ref>{{harvnb|Yin|2001|pages=1–10}}.</ref> although others credit the Yan emperor with inventing instruments for [[Ling Lun]]'s compositions.<ref>{{harvnb|Huang|1989}}, vol. 2 {{page needed|date=November 2011}}.</ref>▼
 
In traditional accounts, he also goads the historian [[Cangjie]] into creating the first [[Chinese character]] writing system, the [[Oracle bone script]],<ref name="tonsi2"/> and his principal wife[[Leizu]] invents [[sericulture]] and teaches his people how to weave silk and dye clothes.<ref name="tonsi2"/>
 
▲OtherAntara inventionsciptaan creditedlain toyang thedipercayai emperordaripada includemaharaja theini Chineseialah diademmahkota ({{linktext|冠冕}}), thronebalairung roomsseri ({{linktext|宮室}}), the [[bow (weapon)busur|bowgalas slingbusur]], early [[Chineseastronomi astronomyCina]], the [[Chinesetakwim calendarCina]], mathilmu calculationshisab, code of soundperaturan lawsmuzik ({{linktext|音律}}),<ref name="wch">{{harvnb|Wang|1997|p=13}}.</ref> anddan [[cuju]], aniaitu earlysuatu Chinesebentuk versionbola ofsepak footballyang purba.<ref>[[Liu Xiang (scholarcendekiawan)|Liu Xiang]] (77–6 BCSM), ''Bielu'' 别录："ItAdalah isdikatakan said thatbahawa cuju wasdicipta invented byoleh Huangdi; others claimjuga thatdidakwa itbahawa aroseia duringtimbul thesewaktu Warringzaman StatesNegeri_negeri periodBerperang" (蹴鞠者，传言黄帝所作，或曰起戰國之時); citeddipetik indari ''[[Hou Hanshu|BookPustaka ofHan the Later HanAkhir]]'' (5thabad centuryke-5), chapterbab 34, pms. 1178 ofedisi the standardpiawai ''Zhonghua shuju edition''. {{zh icon}}</ref> HeBaginda isjuga alsodipercayai sometimesterlibat saiddalam topenciptaan havecetra been''[[history of the guqin|partially responsible]] for the invention of the [[guqin|''guqin''zither]],<ref>{{harvnb|Yin|2001|pages=1–10}}.</ref> althoughtetapi othersada creditpihak thelain yang menyebut Maharaja Yan emperorsebagai withpencipta inventingbunyi-bunyian instrumentsuntuk forlagu-lagu gubahan [[Ling Lun]]'s compositions.<ref>{{harvnb|Huang|1989}}, vol. 2 {{page needed|date=November 2011}}.</ref>
At one point in his reign the Yellow Emperor allegedly visited the [[East Sea (Chinese mythology)|mythical East sea]] and met a talking beast called the [[Bai Ze]] who taught him the knowledge of all supernatural creatures.<ref name="ifengbai">iFeng.com,[http://big5.ifeng.com/gate/big5/book.ifeng.com/lianzai/detail_2008_10/31/290688_12.shtml "The traitor Bai Ze" 背叛者白澤] {{zh icon}}; from {{harvnb|Xu|2008}}. Retrieved on 2010-09-04.</ref><ref name="gunt">{{harvnb|Ge|2005|p=474}}.</ref> This beast explained to him there were 11,522 (or 1,522) kinds of supernatural creatures.<ref name="ifengbai" /><ref name="gunt" />▼
 
Menurut catatan tradisional, Maharaja Kuning juga merangsang ahli sejarah [[Cangjie]] untuk mencipta sistem [[tulisan Cina]] yang pertama, iaitu [[tulisan tulang nujum]],<ref name="tonsi2"/> sementara isteri utamanya [[Leizu]] mencipta [[serikultur|penternakan ulat sutera]] dan mendidik rakyat jelata untuk menenun kain sutera dan mencelup warna pakaian.<ref name="tonsi2"/>
[[File:Chi You.gif|thumb|left|140px|[[Chi You]], the mythical opponent of the Yellow Emperor at the[[Battle of Zhuolu]], here depicted in a Han-dynasty tomb relief.]]▼
 
▲AtDi onesatu pointketika indalam hispemerintahan reignbaginda, theMaharaja YellowKuning Emperordikatakan allegedlypernah visitedberangkat theke [[EastLaut SeaTimur (Chinesemitos mythologyCina)|mythical EastLaut seaTimur]] anddan metbersemuka adengan talkingmakhluk beastyang calledboleh thebertutur iaitu [[Bai Ze]] who taughtyang himmengajar thebeliau knowledgepengetahuan oftentang allsegala supernaturalmakhluk creaturesghaib.<ref name="ifengbai">iFeng.com,[http://big5.ifeng.com/gate/big5/book.ifeng.com/lianzai/detail_2008_10/31/290688_12.shtml "The traitor Bai Ze" 背叛者白澤] {{zh icon}}; fromdari {{harvnb|Xu|2008}}. RetrievedDiterima onpada 2010-09-04.</ref><ref name="gunt">{{harvnb|Ge|2005|p=474}}.</ref> ThisMakhluk beastini explainedmenjelaskan tokepada himbaginda therebahawa wereterdapat 11,522 (oratau 1,522) kinds ofjenis supernaturalmakhluk creaturesghaib.<ref name="ifengbai" /><ref name="gunt" />
===Battles===
{{main|Battle of Zhuolu|Battle of Banquan}}
According to traditional accounts, the Yan emperor meets the force of the "[[Nine Li]]" (九黎) under their bronze-headed leader [[Chi You]]<ref name="tonsi1"/> and his 81 horned and four-eyed brothers<ref name="history1"/> and is decisively defeated. He flees to Zhuolu and begs the Yellow Emperor for help. During the ensuing [[Battle of Zhuolu]], the Yellow Emperor employs his tamed animals and Chi You darkens the sky by breathing out a thick fog.<ref name="big5chariot">Big5.china.com.cn,[http://big5.china.com.cn/aboutchina/zhuanti/lddw/2007-10/15/content_9059220.htm "Huangdi's great battle against Chi You, and the south-pointing chariot" 黃帝大戰蚩尤與指南車] {{zh icon}}. Retrieved on 2010-08-22.</ref> This leads the emperor to develop the [[South Pointing Chariot]], which he uses to lead his army out of the miasma.<ref name="history1"/><ref name="big5chariot"/> He next calls upon the drought demon [[Nuba (Chinese mythology)|Nuba]] to dispel Chi You's storm.<ref name="history1"/><ref name="big5chariot"/> He then destroys the Nine Li before falling out with the Yan emperor and [[Battle of Banquan|defeating him at Banquan]]<ref name="tonsi1"/> and replacing him as the primary ruler.<ref name="Haw" />
 
▲[[File:Chi You.gif|thumb|left|140px|Ukiran [[Chi You]], themusuh mythicalketat opponentMaharaja ofKuning thedi Yellow Emperor at the[[Battle ofPertempuran Zhuolu]], herepada depictedmakam in adinasti Han-dynasty tomb relief.]]
===Death===
{{main|Mausoleum of the Yellow Emperor}}
The Yellow Emperor was said to have lived for over a hundred years before meeting a[[Fenghuang|phoenix]] and a [[qilin]] and then dying.<ref name="Giles 338"/> Two tombs were built in[[Shaanxi]] within the [[Mausoleum of the Yellow Emperor]], in addition to others in [[Henan]],[[Hebei]] and [[Gansu]].<ref>China.org.cn, [http://china.org.cn/english/features/atam/115072.htm"Mausoleums of the Yellow Emperor."] Retrieved on 2010-08-29.</ref>▼
 
===Peperangan===
Modern-day [[Chinese people]] sometimes refer to themselves as the "[[Descendants of Yan & Huang]]",<ref name="tonsi2" /> although non-Han minority groups in China may have their own myths or not count as descendants of the emperor.<ref>{{harvnb|Sautman|1997|p=83}}.</ref>
Menurut kisah turun-temurun, Maharaja Yan berdepan dengan ancaman "[[Sembilan Li]]" (九黎) yang diketuai oleh [[Chi You]] yang berkepala gangsa<ref name="tonsi1"/> dan saudara-saudaranya yang bertanduk 81 dan bermata empat<ref name="history1"/> lalu ditewaskan. Yan berlari ke Zhuolu untuk memohon Maharaja Kuning. Ini disusuli oleh [[Pertempuran Zhuolu]], apabila Maharaja Kuning menggunakan mergastua jinaknya sementara Chi You menggelapkan langit dengan menghembuskan kabus yang sungguh tebal.<ref name="big5chariot">Big5.china.com.cn,[http://big5.china.com.cn/aboutchina/zhuanti/lddw/2007-10/15/content_9059220.htm "Peperangan hebat Huangdi ke atas Chi You, dan rata yang menunjuk ke selatan" 黃帝大戰蚩尤與指南車] {{zh icon}}. Diterima pada 2010-08-22.</ref> Oleh itu, baginda membangunkan [[Rata Tunjuk Selatan]] yang dipandunya untuk memimpin bala tenteranya keluar daripada kabus itu.<ref name="history1"/><ref name="big5chariot"/> Kemudian, baginda menyeru puaka kemarau [[Nuba (mitos Cina)|Nuba]] untuk memadamkan ribut yang dihasilkan oleh Chi You.<ref name="history1"/><ref name="big5chariot"/> Kemudian, baginda menghapuskan puak Sembilan Li sebelum bermusuhan pula dengan Maharaja Yan lalu [[Pertempuran Banquan|menewaskannya di kota Banquan]]<ref name="tonsi1"/> dan mengambil tempatnya sebagai pemerintah utama.<ref name="Haw" />
 
===Kemangkatan===
▲TheMaharaja YellowKuning Emperordipercayai wastelah saidhidup toselama havelebih livedseratus fortahu oversebelum abertemu hundreddengan yearsseekor before meeting a[[Fenghuang|phoenixburung cenderawasih]] anddan aseekor makhluk ''[[qilin]]'' anddan thenakhirnya dyingmangkat.<ref name="Giles 338"/> TwoDua tombsbuah weremakam builtdibina di in[[Shaanxi]] withindi thedalam perkarangan [[Mausoleum ofMakam theMaharaja Yellow EmperorKuning]], indi additionsamping toyang otherslain-lain indi wilayah [[Henan]], [[Hebei]] anddan [[Gansu]].<ref>China.org.cn, [http://china.org.cn/english/features/atam/115072.htm"Mausoleums of the Yellow Emperor."] Retrieved on 2010-08-29.</ref>
 
Sesetengah [[Orang Cina]] zaman sekarang mengganggap diri mereka sebagai "[[Keturunan Yan dan Huang]]",<ref name="tonsi2" /> sementara kelompok minoriti bukan Han di China mungkin memiliki mitos tersendiri ataupun tidak dikira sebagai keturunan maharaja ini.<ref>{{harvnb|Sautman|1997|p=83}}.</ref>
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===Family and descendants===
[[image:Yellowemperor2.jpg|thumb|right|200px]]
Baris 77 ⟶ 76:
:# [[Xia dynasty]]
:# [[Shang dynasty]]-->
 
 
==Catatan==
Diambil daripada "https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharaja_Kuning"