Alkimia: Perbezaan antara semakan
Kandungan dihapus Kandungan ditambah
{{padamkerana|90% bahasa Inggeris - padam atau sorokkan bahagian bahasa Inggeris?}} |
sembunyikan teks bahasa Inggeris |
||
Baris 1:
Dalam sejarah [[sains]], '''alkimia''' ([[bahasa Arab]]: الكيمياء, ''al-kimia'') atau '''kimia kuno''' merujuk kepada kedua-dua jenis penyelidikan sains alam dan disiplin falsafah dan rohaniah yang menggabungkan unsur [[kimia]], [[metalurgi]], [[fizik]], [[perubatan]], [[astrologi]], [[semiotik]], [[mistik]], [[spiritualisme]] dan [[seni]] yang digabungkan menjadi suatu daya yang kuat. Alkimia sudah lama diamalkankan di [[Mesopotamia]], [[Mesir Purba]], [[Parsi]], [[India]], [[China]], dalam Greek Lama dan Rom Purba, dalam [[Tamadun Islam]], dan di [[Eropah]] hingga kurun ke-19 dalam jaringan sekolah yang kompleks dan sistem falsafah yang menjangkau kira-kira 2500 tahun.
Baris 11 ⟶ 8:
==Muqaddimah==
{{terjemahan|Alchemy}}
[[Imej:William Fettes Douglas - The Alchemist.jpg|thumb|right|250px|"Ahli Kimia Kuno", oleh Sir William Fettes Douglas, 1853]]
Baris 19 ⟶ 17:
At the same time, it was clear to the alchemists that "something" was generally being conserved in chemical processes, even in the most dramatic changes of physical state and appearance; that is, that substances contained some "principles" that could be hidden under many outer forms, and revealed by proper manipulation. Throughout the history of the discipline, alchemists struggled to understand the nature of these principles, and find some order and sense in the results of their chemical experiments—which were often undermined by impure or poorly characterized reagents, the lack of quantitative measurements, and confusing and inconsistent nomenclature.
<!--
===Alchemy as a philosophical and spiritual discipline===
The best known goals of the [[List of alchemists|alchemist]]s were the [[transmutation]] of common metals into [[gold]] or [[silver]] (less well known is plant alchemy, or "[[spagyrics]]"), and the creation of a "[[universal panacea|panacea]]," a remedy that supposedly would cure all diseases and prolong life indefinitely. Although these were not the only uses for the science, they were the ones most documented and well known. Starting with the [[Middle Ages]], European alchemists invested much effort on the search for the "[[philosopher's stone]]", a legendary substance that was believed to be an essential ingredient for either or both of those goals. The philosopher's stone was believed to mystically amplify the user's knowledge of alchemy so much that anything was attainable. Alchemists enjoyed prestige and support through the centuries, though not for their pursuit of those goals, nor the mystic and philosophical speculation that dominates their literature. Rather it was for their mundane contributions to the "chemical" industries of the day—the invention of gunpowder, ore testing and refining, metalworking, production of ink, dyes, paints, and cosmetics, leather tanning, ceramics and glass manufacture, preparation of extracts and liquors, and so on (It seems that the preparation of ''[[aqua vitae]]'', the "water of life", was a fairly popular "experiment" among European alchemists).
Baris 43 ⟶ 41:
===Alchemy as a subject of historical research===
The history of alchemy has become a vigorous academic field. As the obscure hermetic language of the alchemists is gradually being "deciphered", historians are becoming more aware of the intellectual connections between that discipline and other facets of Western cultural history, such as the sociology and psychology of the intellectual communities, [[kabbala|kabbalism]], [[spiritualism]], [[Rosicrucianism]], and other mystic movements, [[cryptography]], [[witchcraft]], and the evolution of [[science]] and [[philosophy]].
-->
==References==
Baris 370 ⟶ 118:
===Bahan-bahan ahli kimia kuno===
*[[plumbum]] • [[
*[[fosforus]] • [[sulfur]] • [[arsenik]] • [[antimoni]]
*[[vitriol]] • [[raksa mentah]] • [[pirit]] • [[orpiment]] • [[galena]]
*[[magnesium oksida|magnesia]] • [[kalsium oksida|kapur tohor]] • [[potash]] • [[natron]] • [[saltpetre]] • [[kohl (kosmetik)|kohl]]
*[[ammonia]] • [[ammonium klorida]] • [[alkohol]] • [[camphor]]
*
*[[aqua regia]] • [[gunpowder]]
Baris 384 ⟶ 132:
*[[en:List of occultists]]
== Pautan luar ==
*[http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-04 ''Dictionary of the History of Ideas'':] Alchemy
*[http://antiquity.ac.uk/ProjGall/martinon/index.html A 16th century lab in a 21st century lab] : Analytical study of the archaeological remains of an alchemical laboratory
|