Liga Bangsa: Perbezaan antara semakan
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[[Fail:Palaisgeneva.jpg|thumb|right|370px|The ''[[Palais des Nations]]'' in [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]], built between 1929 and 1938, was constructed as the League's headquarters. Today, it serves as the [[United Nations]]' [[Europe]]an headquarters and flies the [[Flag of the United Nations|UN flag]].]]
==
[[Fail:Origin of the League of Nations.png|thumb|right|250px|
The concept of a peaceful community of nations had previously been described in [[Immanuel Kant]]’s ''[[Perpetual Peace]]''. The idea of the actual League of Nations appears to have originated with [[Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs|British Foreign Secretary]] [[Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon|Edward Grey]], and it was enthusiastically adopted by the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Woodrow Wilson]] and his advisor [[Colonel]] [[Edward M. House]] as a means of avoiding bloodshed like that of World War I. The creation of the League was a centrepiece of Wilson's [[Fourteen Points|Fourteen Points for Peace]], specifically the final point: "A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike."
The Paris Peace Conference accepted the proposal to create the League of Nations ([[French language|French]]: ''Société des Nations'', [[German language|German]]: ''Völkerbund'') on [[January 25]], [[1919]]. The Covenant of the League of Nations was drafted by a special commission, and the League was established by Part I of the Treaty of Versailles, which was signed on [[June 28]] [[1919]]. Initially, the Charter was signed by 44 [[state]]s, including 31 states which had taken part in the war on the side of the [[Triple Entente]] or joined it during the conflict. Despite Wilson's efforts to establish and promote the League, for which he was awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 1919, the [[United States]] neither [[ratification|ratified]] the Charter nor joined the League due to opposition from [[United States isolationism|isolationists]] in the [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]], especially influential [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] leader [[Henry Cabot Lodge]], together with Wilson's refusal to compromise.
The League held its first meeting in [[New York City]] on [[10 January]] [[1920]]. Its first action was to ratify the [[Treaty of Versailles]], officially ending World War I. The headquarters of the League moved to [[Geneva]] on [[November 1]], [[1920]], where the first general assembly of the League was held on [[November 15]], [[1920]] with representatives from 41 nations in attendance.
== Simbol-simbol ==
[[Fail:League of nations symbol.gif|thumb|right|A semi-official emblem of League of Nations used from 1939 to 1941]]
The League of Nations did not have an official [[flag]] or [[logo]]. Proposals for adopting an official symbol were made during the League's beginning in 1920, but the member states never reached agreement. However, League of Nations organizations used varying logos and flags (or none at all) in their own operations. An international contest was held in 1929 to find a design, which again failed to produce a symbol. One of the reasons for this failure may have been the fear by the member states that the power of the supranational organization might supersede them.
Finally, in 1939, a semi-official emblem emerged: two five-pointed [[star (disambiguation)|stars]] within a blue [[pentagon]]. The pentagon and the five-pointed stars were supposed to symbolise the five [[continent]]s and the [[race (historical definitions)|five races]] of mankind. In a bow on top and at the bottom, the flag had the names in [[English language|English]] (''League of Nations'') and [[French language|French]] (''Société des Nations''). This flag was used on the building of the [[1939 New York World's Fair|New York World's Fair]] in 1939 and 1940.
== Bahasa-bahasa ==
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== Struktur ==
The League had three principal organs: a [[secretariat]] (headed by the [[general secretary|General Secretary]] and based in [[Geneva]]), a Council and an Assembly, and many Agencies and Commissions. Authorisation for any action required both a unanimous vote by the Council and a majority vote in the Assembly.
=== Sekretariat ===
The staff of the League's secretariat was responsible for preparing the agenda for the Council and Assembly and publishing reports of the meetings and other routine matters, effectively acting as the [[civil service]] for the League.
Over the life of the League from 1920–1946, the three Secretaries General were:
* Sir [[James Eric Drummond, 16th Earl of Perth]] (U.K.) (1920-1933)
* [
* [[Seán Lester]] (Ireland) (1940-1946)
The General Secretary wrote annual reports on the work of the League.
The first president was Paul Hymans, a well-known Belgian politician.
=== Majlis ===
The League Council had the authority to deal with any matter affecting [[world peace]]. The Council began with four permanent members (the [[United Kingdom]], [[France]], [[Italy]], [[Japan]]) and four non-permanent members elected by the Assembly every three years. The first four non-permanent members were [[Belgium]], [[Brazil]], [[Greece]] and [[Spain]]. [[United States]] was meant to be the fifth permanent member, but the [[United States Senate]] was dominated by the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] after the [[U.S. Senate election, 1918|1918 election]] and voted on [[March 19]], [[1920]] against the [[ratification]] of the [[Treaty of Versailles]], so the fifth permanent seat was taken by [[Republic of China|China]]. The composition and the number of members of the Council subsequently, with the number of non-permanent members increasing to six on [[September 22]] [[1922]] and to nine on [[September 8]] [[1926]]. [[Weimar Republic|Germany]] joined the League and became a sixth permanent member of the Council on [[September 8]] [[1926]], taking the Council to a total of fifteen members. With the departure of Germany and Japan from the League, their places were taken by new non-permanent members.
The Council met in ordinary sessions four times a year, and in extraordinary sessions when required. In total, 107 public sessions were held between 1920 and 1939.
=== Perhimpunan ===
Each member was represented and had one vote in the League Assembly. Individual member states did not always have representatives in [[Geneva]]. The Assembly held its sessions once a year in September.
[[Eamon de Valera]] was the President of the Council of the League of Nations at its 68th and Special Sessions in September and October 1932, and President of the Assembly of the League of Nations in 1938. [[C.J. Hambro]] was President in 1939 and 1946.
=== Perbadanan lain ===
The League oversaw the [[Permanent Court of International Justice]] and several other agencies and commissions created to deal with pressing international problems. These were the [[arms control|Disarmament]] Commission, the [[World Health Organization|Health Organization]], the [[International Labour Organization]], the [[#Mandates|Mandates]] Commission, the Permanent Central [[Opium]] Board, the Commission for [[Refugee]]s, and the [[Slavery]] Commission. While the League itself is generally branded a failure, several of its Agencies and Commissions had successes within their respective mandates.
; '''Disarmament Commission''' : The Commission obtained initial agreement by France, Italy, Japan, and the United Kingdom to limit the size of their [[navy|navies]]. However, the UK refused to sign a 1923 disarmament treaty, and the [[Kellogg-Briand Pact]], facilitated by the commission in 1928, failed in its objective of outlawing war. Ultimately, the Commission failed to halt the military buildup during the 1930s by Italy, Germany and Japan.
; '''Health Organization''' : This body focused on ending [[leprosy]] and [[malaria]], the latter by starting an international campaign to exterminate [[mosquito]]es. The Health Organization also succeeded in preventing an epidemic of [[typhus]] from spreading throughout Europe due to its early intervention in the [[Soviet Union]].
; '''Mandates Commission''' : The Commission supervised League of Nations [[#Mandates|Mandates]], and also organised [[plebiscite]]s in disputed territories so that residents could decide which country they would join, most notably the plebiscite in [[Saarland]] in 1935.
; '''International Labour Organization''' : This body was led by [[Albert Thomas (France)|Albert Thomas]]. It successfully banned the addition of [[lead]] to [[paint#Pigment|paint]], and convinced several countries to adopt an [[eight hour day|eight-hour work day]] and forty-eight-hour working week. It also worked to end [[child labor|child labour]], increase the [[feminism|rights of women]] in the workplace, and make [[shipping|shipowners]] liable for accidents involving seamen.
; '''Permanent Central Opium Board''' : The Board was established to supervise the statistical control system introduced by the second [[International Opium Convention]] that mediated the production, manufacture, trade and retail of [[opium]] and its by-products. The Board also established a system of import certificates and export authorizations for the legal [[international trade]] in [[narcotic]]s.
; '''Commission for Refugees''' : Led by [[Fridtjof Nansen]], the Commission oversaw the repatriation and, when necessary the resettlement, of 400,000 refugees and ex-[[prisoner of war|prisoners of war]], most of whom were stranded in [[Russia]] at the end of World War I. It established camps in [[Turkey]] in 1922 to deal with a refugee crisis in that country and to help prevent disease and hunger. It also established the [[Nansen passport]] as a means of identification for [[stateless]] peoples.
; '''Slavery Commission''' : The Commission sought to eradicate slavery from the world, and fought forced [[prostitution]] and [[illegal drugs trade|drug trafficking]], particularly in opium. It succeeded in gaining the emancipation of 200,000 slaves in [[Sierra Leone]] and organized raids against slave traders in its efforts to stop the practice of forced labour in [[Africa]]. It also succeeded in reducing the death rate of workers in [[Tanganyika]] from 55% to 4%. In other parts of the world, the Commission kept records on slavery, prostitution and drug trafficking in an attempt to monitor those issues.
Several of these institutions were transferred to the United Nations after the [[Second World War]]. In addition to the International Labour Organisation, the Permanent Court of International Justice became a UN institution as the [[International Court of Justice]], and the Health Organization was restructured as the [[World Health Organization]].
== Mandat-mandat ==
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Antara kejadian yang paling terkenal berlaku pada bulan Oktober 1935, apabila Benito Mussolini mengarahkan Jeneral [[Pietro Badoglio]] dan 400,000 tentera untuk menceroboh [[Abyssinia]] (Habsyah). [[Tentera Darat Itali]] yang moden dengan mudahnya mengalahkan pasukan Abyssinia yang miskin dan memiliki persenjataan lemah, dan menawan [[Addis Ababa]] pada bulan Mei 1936, memaksa Maharaja [[Haile Selassie]] untuk melarikan diri. Itali telah menggunakan [[peperangan kimia|senjata kimia]] ([[gas mustard]]) dalam menentang Abyssinia.
Liga Bangsa telah mengutuk serangan Itali dan mengenakan sekatan ekonomi pada bulan November 1935, bagaimanapun sekatan ini tidak berkesan. Perdana Menteri Britain, Stanley Baldwin menyatakan, perkara ini terjadi kerana tiada seorangpun yang memiliki pasukan tentera untuk bertahan daripada serangan Itali. Pada [[9 Oktober]] [[1935]], Amerika Syarikat (bukan ahli Liga Bangsa) enggan bekerjasama dengan tindakan Liga Bangsa.
As was the case with Manchuria, the vigor of the major powers in responding to the crisis in Abyssinia was tempered by their perception that the fate of this poor and far-off country, inhabited by non-Europeans, was not a central interest of theirs.
=== Axis re-armament ===
The League was powerless and mostly silent in the face of major events leading to World War II such as Hitler's re-militarisation of the [[Rhineland]], occupation of the [[Sudetenland]] and annexation of [[Austria]]. As with Japan, both Germany in 1933 – using the failure of the [[World Disarmament Conference]] to agree to arms parity between France and Germany as a pretext – and Italy in 1937 simply withdrew from the League rather than submit to its judgment. The League commissioner in [[Gdansk|Danzig]] was unable to deal with German claims on the city, a significant contributing factor in the outbreak of World War II in 1939. The final significant act of the League was to expel the [[Soviet Union]] in December 1939 after it [[Winter War|invaded Finland]].
== Trivia ==
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