Pangsapuri: Perbezaan antara semakan

Kandungan dihapus Kandungan ditambah
Yosri (bincang | sumb.)
k Membalikkan suntingan oleh 175.145.63.40 (Perbincangan) kepada versi terakhir oleh Yosri
Yosri (bincang | sumb.)
Tiada ringkasan suntingan
Baris 69:
''Class D''
properties are where you'll find many [[Section 8 (housing)|Section 8]] in the US or government-subsidized housing tenants. They are generally positioned in lower socioeconomic areas.
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== HistorySejarah ==
=== RomeRom ===
InSemasa [[ancientRom Rome]]Purba, the [[insulae]] (singulartunggal ''insula'') wereadalah largebangunan apartmentpangsapuri buildingsbesar wheredi themana lowerrakyat andRom middlePurba classesgolongan ofpertengahan [[Ancientdan Rome|Romans]]bawahan (the [[plebs]]) dwelledtinggal. The floor at ground levelTingkat wasbawah useddigunakan forbagi [[taberna]]s, shopskedai anddan businessesperniagaan withdengan livingruang spacekediaman ondi the highertingkat floorsatas. [[Ancient Rome|Ancient RomanInsulae]] [[insulae]]zaman inRom Purba di Rome anddan otherbandar [[Romanlain Empire|imperial]]di citiesEmpayar reachedRom upmencecah tosehingga melebihi 10 and more storiestingkat,<ref name="Gregory S. Aldrete">Gregory S. Aldrete: "Daily Life in the Roman City: Rome, Pompeii and Ostia", 2004, ISBN 978-0-313-33174-9, p.79f.</ref> somesesetengah withdengan more thanlebih 200 stairsanak tangga.<ref>[[Martial]], Epigrams, 27</ref> SeveralBeberapa [[RomanMaharaja emperor|emperors]],Rom beginningbermula withdengan [[Augustus]] (r. 30&nbsp;BC-14&nbsp;AD), attemptedcuba tomenetapkan establish limits ofhad 20–25&nbsp;m for multi-storey buildings,bagi butbangunan metbertingkat withtetapi onlyhanya limitedseparuh successberjaya.<ref>[[Strabo]], 5.3.7</ref><ref>Alexander G. McKay: Römische Häuser, Villen und Paläste, [[Feldmeilen]] 1984, ISBN 3-7611-0585-1 p. 231</ref> TheTingkat lowerbawah floorsbiasanya werediduduki typicallyoleh occupiedkedai byatau eitherkeluarga shops or wealthy familieskaya, whilesementara thetingkat upperatas storiesdisewakan were rented out to thepada lowerkelas classesbawahan.<ref name="Gregory S. Aldrete"/> Surviving [[Oxyrhynchus Papyri]] indicateyang thatterselamat seven-storymenunjukkan buildingsbahawa evenbangunan existedtujuh intingkat [[Romanwujud province|provincial]]di bandar townsWilayah Rom, suchseperti aspada inkurun 3rd centuryke-3 [[Hermopolis]] indi [[HistoryRom of Roman Egypt|Roman Egypt]]Mesir.<ref>Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 2719, in: Katja Lembke, Cäcilia Fluck, Günter Vittmann: ''Ägyptens späte Blüte. Die Römer am Nil'', Mainz 2004, ISBN 3-8053-3276-9, p.29</ref>
 
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== History ==
=== Rome ===
In [[ancient Rome]], the [[insulae]] (singular ''insula'') were large apartment buildings where the lower and middle classes of [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] (the [[plebs]]) dwelled. The floor at ground level was used for [[taberna]]s, shops and businesses with living space on the higher floors. [[Ancient Rome|Ancient Roman]] [[insulae]] in Rome and other [[Roman Empire|imperial]] cities reached up to 10 and more stories,<ref name="Gregory S. Aldrete">Gregory S. Aldrete: "Daily Life in the Roman City: Rome, Pompeii and Ostia", 2004, ISBN 978-0-313-33174-9, p.79f.</ref> some with more than 200 stairs.<ref>[[Martial]], Epigrams, 27</ref> Several [[Roman emperor|emperors]], beginning with [[Augustus]] (r. 30&nbsp;BC-14&nbsp;AD), attempted to establish limits of 20–25&nbsp;m for multi-storey buildings, but met with only limited success.<ref>[[Strabo]], 5.3.7</ref><ref>Alexander G. McKay: Römische Häuser, Villen und Paläste, [[Feldmeilen]] 1984, ISBN 3-7611-0585-1 p. 231</ref> The lower floors were typically occupied by either shops or wealthy families, while the upper stories were rented out to the lower classes.<ref name="Gregory S. Aldrete"/> Surviving [[Oxyrhynchus Papyri]] indicate that seven-story buildings even existed in [[Roman province|provincial]] towns, such as in 3rd century [[Hermopolis]] in [[History of Roman Egypt|Roman Egypt]].<ref>Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 2719, in: Katja Lembke, Cäcilia Fluck, Günter Vittmann: ''Ägyptens späte Blüte. Die Römer am Nil'', Mainz 2004, ISBN 3-8053-3276-9, p.29</ref>
 
=== Egypt ===
During the medieval [[History of Arab Egypt|Arabic-Islamic period]], the Egyptian capital of [[Fustat]] ([[Old Cairo]]) housed many [[high-rise]] residential buildings, some seven stories tall that could reportedly accommodate hundreds of people. In the 10th century, [[Al-Muqaddasi]] described them as resembling [[minaret]]s,<ref name=Behrens/> and stated that the majority of Fustat's population lived in these multi-storey apartment buildings, each one housing over 200 people.<ref>{{citation|title=Daily Life in the Medieval Islamic World|first=James E.|last=Lindsay|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|year=2005|isbn=0313322708|page=122}}</ref> In the 11th century, [[Nasir Khusraw]] described some of these apartment buildings rising up to fourteen stories, with [[roof garden]]s on the top storey complete with ox-drawn [[water wheel]]s for irrigating them.<ref name=Behrens>{{citation|title=Islamic Architecture in Cairo|first=Doris|last=Behrens-Abouseif|year=1992|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=90 04 09626 4|page=6}}</ref>