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{{Infobox Television |
{{About |the television series}}
| show_name = Doctor Who
{{pp-vandalism|expiry=24 November 2014|small=yes}}
| image =
{{Use British English|date=November 2013}}
| caption =
{{pp-move-indef}}
| format = [[Drama]] [[cereka sains]]
{{Infobox television
| picture_format = hitam putih 405-baris (1963–1967)<br />hitam putih 625-baris (1968–1969)<br />[[PAL]] warna 625-baris (1970–1989)<br />[[16:9]] 720x576 (2005–kini)
| show_name = Doctor Who
| runtime = 25 min. (1963–1984, 1986–1989)<br />45 min. (1985, 2005–kini)<br />pelbagai tempoh lain
| image = Doctor Who - Current Titlecard.png
| country = [[United Kingdom]]
| image_size = 250px
| network = [[BBC Television|BBC tv]] (kini [[BBC One]])
| genre = Science fiction drama
| on_demand = [[BBC iPlayer]], [[Virgin Media]]
| picture_format = {{unbulleted list| [[405-line television system|405-line]] [[Black-and-white]] (1963–67) | [[576i|625-line]] Black-and-white (1968–69) | 625-line [[PAL]] (1970–89) | [[480i|525-line]] [[NTSC]] (1996) | [[576i]] [[Aspect ratio (image)|16:9]] [[Digital television|DTV]] (2005–08) | [[1080i]] [[High-definition television|HDTV]] (2009–present) }}
| first_aired = '''Siri asal:''' <br />[[23 November]] [[1963]]
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Single/multiple-camera hybrid]]
| last_aired = <br />[[6 Disember]] [[1989]]<br />'''Wayang Televisyen:'''<br />[[12 Mei]] [[1996]]<br />'''Siri kini:'''<br />[[26 Mac]] [[2005]] – kini
| runtime = '''Regular episodes:'''<br>{{unbulleted list| 25 minutes (1963–84, 1986–89) | 45 minutes (1985, 2005–present)}}'''Specials:'''<br>Various: 50–75 minutes
| creator = [[Sydney Newman]]<br />[[C. E. Webber]]<br />[[Donald Wilson (penulis dan penerbit)|Donald Wilson]] <br /> [[BBC]]
| country = United Kingdom
| starring = '''Doctor'''<br />(Untuk 2014 [[Peter Capaldi]]) <br />'''Teman'''<br />(Untuk 2014 [[Jenna Coleman]])
| network = [[BBC One]] (1963–1989, 1996, 2005–present)<br>[[BBC One HD]] (2010–present)<br>[[BBC HD]] (2007–10)
| num_series = 31
| on_demand = [[BBC iPlayer]], [[Virgin Media]], S4/Clic
| num_episodes = 808 ([[97 Hilang]])
| first_aired = '''Classic series:'''<br />{{Start date|df=yes|1963|11|23}}
| list_episodes = Senarai siri Doctor Who
| last_aired = <br />6 December 1989<br />'''Television film:'''<br />12 May 1996<br />'''Revived series:'''<br />26 March 2005&nbsp;– present
| opentheme= [[Muzik tema Doctor Who]] digubah oleh [[Ron Grainer]]
| creator = {{unbulleted list| [[Sydney Newman]] | [[C. E. Webber]] | [[Donald Wilson (writer and producer)|Donald Wilson]] }}
| endtheme= Muzik tema Doctor Who (ulangan)
| executive_producer = [[List of Doctor Who producers#Executive producer credits|Various]]<br />(as of 2014, [[Steven Moffat]] and Brian Minchin<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/doctorwho/articles/Brian-Minchin-confirmed-as-New-Executive-Producer-of-Doctor-Who |publisher=BBC |title=Brian Minchin confirmed as New Executive Producer of Doctor Who |date=30 April 2013 |accessdate=30 April 2013}}</ref>)
| imdb_id= 0056751
| writer = [[List of Doctor Who writers|Various]]
| website= http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho
| director = [[List of Doctor Who directors|Various]]
| tv_com_id = 355
| audio_format = Monaural {{small|(1963–87)}}<br />Stereo {{small|(1988–89; 1996; 2005–08)}}<br />[[5.1 Surround Sound]] {{small|(2009–present)}}
| starring related = '''[[ListK-9 ofand actors who have played the Doctor|Various DoctorsCompany]]'''<br />(as of 2014,''[[Torchwood]]''<br />''[[PeterThe CapaldiSarah Jane Adventures]])''<br />'''[[CompanionK-9 (Doctorsiri WhoTV)|Various companionsK-9]]'''<br />(as''[[Doctor ofWho 2014,Confidential]]''<br />''[[JennaTotally ColemanDoctor Who]])''
|}}
| num_seasons = 26 (1963–89) + 1 TV film (1996) <!-- Please do not change to series. It is well documented that this term was used thru 1989 -->
'''Doctor Who''' merupakan sebuah siri televisyen British yang dihasilkan oleh BBC dari 1963 hingga kini. Siri ini menonjolkan pengembaraan Doctor, seorang Time Lord - Makhluk Asing Bermanusia yang Mengembara Masa. Beliau mengembara di seluruh alam semesta di dalam TARDIS, mesin masa telepati yang bernyawa dan mampu untuk terbang di dalam vortex masa. Dari pandangan luar, ia berbentuk seperti pondok telefon di Britain. Bersama dengan temannya, Doctor sering bertemu dengan pelbagai musuh sementara cuba menyelamatkan kaum makhluk asing, menyelamatkan orang biasa, dan membetulkan perkara yang salah.
| num_series = 8 (2005–present)
| num_stories = 250
| num_episodes = 809 ([[Doctor Who missing episodes|97 missing]]) <!--As of 23 August 2014. Does not count "The Infinite Quest" or ''Dreamland'' or other spin-offs. Do not report fewer than 97 missing episodes until this has been reliably confirmed.-->
| list_episodes = List of Doctor Who serials
| theme_music_composer = {{unbulleted list| [[Ron Grainer]] | [[Delia Derbyshire]] }}
| opentheme = [[Doctor Who theme music|''Doctor Who'' theme music]]
| composer = [[#Incidental music|Various composers]]<br />(since 2005, [[Murray Gold]])
| website = http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/
| website_title = ''Doctor Who'' at the BBC
| rss = http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/rss.xml
| related = {{unbulleted list| ''[[K-9 and Company]]'' (1981) | ''[[Torchwood]]'' (2006–11) | ''[[The Sarah Jane Adventures]]'' (2007–11) | ''[[K-9 (TV series)|K-9]]'' (2009–10) | |''[[Doctor Who Confidential]]'' (2005–11) | ''[[Totally Doctor Who]]'' (2006–07) | ''[[Doctor Who Extra]]'' (2014–present)}}}}
'''''Doctor Who''''' is a [[British television science fiction|British]] [[science fiction on television|science-fiction television]] programme produced by the [[BBC]] from 1963 to the present day. The programme depicts the adventures of [[Doctor (Doctor Who)|the Doctor]], a [[Time Lord]]—a [[time travel|time-travelling]] [[humanoid]] [[Extraterrestrial life|alien]]. He explores the universe in his [[TARDIS]], a [[Sentience|sentient]] time-travelling space ship. Its exterior appears as a blue British [[police box]], which was a common sight in Britain in 1963 when the series first aired. Along with a succession of [[Companion (Doctor Who)|companions]], the Doctor faces a variety of [[List of Doctor Who villains|foes]] while working to save civilisations<!-- This an acceptable spelling in British English. Please use this spelling consistently. -->, help ordinary people, and right wrongs.
 
Rancangan ini memberikan impak yang signifikan kepada kebudayaan Britain, dan telah diketahui memberi pengaruh kepada ramai ahli profesional televisyen yang menonton rancangan ini sejak dari kecil lagi. Pada asalnya, siri ini disiarkan bermula dari tahun 1963 sehingga 1989. Selepas kegagalan bagi mencetuskan semula siri ini dengan filem televisyen pada tahun 1996, rancangan ini dilancarkan semula oleh Russell T Davies yang mana kekal menjadi penggerak siri ini bagi 5 tahun pertama selepas pelancarannya. Siri pertama di abad ke 21, dan Christopher Eccleston dipilih menjadi Doctor yang kesembilan.
The show is a significant part of [[Culture of the United Kingdom|British popular culture]],<ref>{{cite journal
| date= 14 September 2006
| title = The end of Olde Englande: A lament for Blighty
| journal = [[The Economist]]
| url = http://www.economist.com/world/britain/displaystory.cfm?story_id=7912946
| accessdate =18 September 2006}}<br />{{cite web
| title=ICONS. A Portrait of England
| url=http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/collection/doctor-who
| accessdate=10 November 2007
}}</ref><ref name="Moran">{{cite news
| first = Caitlin
| last = Moran
| authorlink = Caitlin Moran
| title = Doctor Who is simply masterful
| url = http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/tv_and_radio/article1989181.ece
|work=The Times
| location=London
| publisher = [[News Corporation]]
| date = 30 June 2007
| accessdate =1 July 2007
| quote = [''Doctor Who''] is as thrilling and as loved as ''Jolene'', or bread and cheese, or honeysuckle, or Friday. It's quintessential to being British.}}</ref> and elsewhere it has become a [[cult following|cult television favourite]]. The show has influenced generations of British television professionals, many of whom grew up watching the series.<ref>{{cite video|title=Do You Remember the First Time?|series=Doctor Who Confidential |serieslink=Doctor Who Confidential |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/confidential/episodes/episode_310.shtml |network=[[BBC]]|station=BBC Three |quote=Director and presenter: [[David Tennant]] |airdate=9 June 2007}}</ref> The programme originally ran from 1963 to 1989. After an unsuccessful attempt to revive regular production in 1996 with a [[backdoor pilot]] in the form of a [[Doctor Who (film)|television film]], the programme was [[History of Doctor Who#2000s|relaunched in 2005]] by [[Russell T Davies]] who was showrunner and head writer for the first five years of its revival, produced in-house by [[BBC Cymru Wales|BBC Wales]] in [[Cardiff]]. The [[Doctor Who (series 1)|first series]] of the 21st century, featuring [[Christopher Eccleston]] in the title role, was produced by the BBC. [[Doctor Who (series 2)|Series two]] and [[Doctor Who (series 3)|three]] had some development money contributed by the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] (CBC), which was credited as a co-producer.<ref>{{cite journal | first = Andrew | last = Gurudata | title = Rage Against the Machine | journal = Enlightenment | issue = 147}}</ref> ''Doctor Who'' also spawned [[Doctor Who spin-offs|spin-offs]] in multiple media, including ''[[Torchwood]]'' (2006–11) and ''[[The Sarah Jane Adventures]]'' (2007–11), both created by Russell T Davies; ''[[K-9 (TV series)|K-9]]'' (2009–10); and a single pilot episode of ''[[K-9 and Company]]'' (1981). There also have been many [[Doctor Who spoofs|spoofs and cultural references]] of the character in other media.
 
Dua belas pelakon telah membintangi rancangan ini sebagai Doctor. Pertukaran dari seorang pelakon kepada pelakon yang seterusnya seringkali dimasukkan ke dalam plot penceritaan, dan digambarkan sebagai regenerasi, satu proses yang seorang Time Lord akan bertukar jasad, dan kadangkala personaliti baru. Walaupun setiap satu Doctor digambarkan dengan perwatakan yang berbeza-beza, mereke bertujuan untuk menjadi aspek watak yang sama, dan merupakan sebahagian daripada jalan cerita yang sama. Doctor kini dipegang wataknya oleh Peter Capaldi, yang mana mengambil watak tersebut selepas kemunculan terakhir Matt Smith pada Krismas Istimewa 2013, The Time of The Doctor.
Twelve actors have headlined the series as the Doctor. The transition from one actor to another, and the differing approach to the role that they bring, is written into the plot of the show as [[Regeneration (Doctor Who)|regeneration]] into a new [[incarnation]], a life process of [[Time Lord]]s through which the character of the Doctor takes on a new body and, to some extent, new personality, which occurs after sustaining injury which would be fatal to most other species. While each actor's portrayal differs, they are all intended to be aspects of the same character, and form part of the same [[Narrative|storyline]]. The time-travelling nature of the plot means that on occasion, [[story arc]]s have involved different Doctors meeting each other. [[Peter Capaldi]] took on the role after [[Matt Smith (actor)|Matt Smith's]] exit in the 2013 Christmas special, "[[The Time of the Doctor]]".<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite news
|title=Doctor Who: Peter Capaldi revealed as 12th Doctor
|date=4 August 2013
|newspaper=[[BBC News Online]]
|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-23570354
}}</ref>
 
==Sejarah Watak ==
=== Doktor ===
{{Main|History of Doctor Who}}
[[Fail:DW_P1.jpg|thumb|250px|Sepuluh wajah Doctor Who]]
''Doctor Who'' first appeared on [[BBC One|BBC1]] television at 17:16:20 [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]], eighty seconds after the scheduled programme time, 5:15&nbsp;pm, on [[November 1963#November 23, 1963 (Saturday)|Saturday, 23 November 1963]].<ref>Howe, Stammers, Walker (1994), p. 54</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/classic/episodeguide/unearthlychild/detail.shtml | title=An Unearthly Child |publisher=BBC | date=16 August 2012}}</ref> It was to be a regular weekly programme, each episode 25 minutes of transmission length. Discussions and plans for the programme had been in progress for a year. The [[BBC television drama|head of drama]], Canadian [[Sydney Newman]], was mainly responsible for developing the programme, with the first format document for the series being written by Newman along with the head of the script department (later head of serials) [[Donald Wilson (writer and producer)|Donald Wilson]] and staff writer [[C. E. Webber]]. Writer [[Anthony Coburn]], [[Script editor|story editor]] [[David Whitaker (screenwriter)|David Whitaker]] and initial producer [[Verity Lambert]] also heavily contributed to the development of the series.<ref>Howe, Stammers, Walker (1994), pp. 157–230 ("Production Diary")</ref><ref group=note>Newman is often given sole creator credit for the series. Some reference works such as ''The Complete Encyclopedia of Television Programs 1947–1979'' by Vincent Terrace erroneously credit Terry Nation with creating ''Doctor Who'', because of the way his name is credited in the two Peter Cushing films.{{Citation needed|date=December 2013}}<br />Newman and Lambert's role in originating the series was recognised in the 2007 episode "[[Human Nature (Doctor Who episode)|Human Nature]]", in which the Doctor, in disguise as a human named John Smith, gives his parents' names as Sydney and Verity.{{Citation needed|date=December 2013}}</ref> The programme was originally intended to appeal to a family audience,<ref>Howe, Stammers, Walker (1992), p. 3.</ref> as an educational programme using time travel as a means to explore scientific ideas and famous moments in history. On 31 July 1963 Whitaker commissioned [[Terry Nation]] to write a story under the title ''The Mutants''. As originally written, the [[Dalek]]s and [[Thal (Doctor Who)|Thal]]s were the victims of an alien [[neutron bomb]] attack but Nation later dropped the aliens and made the Daleks the aggressors. When the script was presented to Newman and Wilson it was immediately rejected as the programme was not permitted to contain any "[[bug-eyed monster]]s". The first serial had been completed and the BBC believed it was crucial that the next one be a success, however, ''The Mutants'' was the only script ready to go so the show had little choice but to use it. According to producer Verity Lambert; "We didn't have a lot of choice&nbsp;— we only had the Dalek serial to go&nbsp;... We had a bit of a crisis of confidence because Donald [Wilson] was so adamant that we shouldn't make it. Had we had anything else ready we would have made that." Nation's script became the second ''Doctor Who'' [[List of Doctor Who serials|serial]]&nbsp;– ''[[The Daleks]]'' (aka ''The Mutants''). The serial introduced the eponymous aliens that would become the series' most popular monsters, and was responsible for the BBC's first merchandising boom.<ref>Steve Tribe, James Goss ''Dr Who: The Dalek Handbook'' [[BBC Books]] [[Random House]] 2011 ISBN 978-1-84990-232-8 Pg9</ref>
Watak Doktor asalnya penuh dengan misteri.
# Doktor pertama, dilakonkan oleh William Hartnell (1963–1966)
# Doktor kedua, dilakonkan oleh Patrick Troughton (1966–1969)
# Doktor ketiga, dilakonkan oleh Jon Pertwee (1970–1974)
# Doktor keempat, dilakonkan oleh Tom Baker (1974–1981)
# Doktor kelima, dilakonkan oleh Peter Davison (1981–1984)
# Doktor keenam, dilakonkan oleh Colin Baker (1984–1986)
# Doktor ketujuh, dilakonkan oleh Sylvester McCoy (1987–1989)
# Doktor kelapan, dilakonkan oleh Paul McGann (1996)
# Doktor kesembilan, dilakonkan oleh Christopher Eccleston (2005)
# Doktor kesepuluh, dilakonkan oleh David Tennant (2005–2009)
# Doktor kesebelas, dilakonkan oleh Matt Smith (2009–2013)
# Doktor keduabelas, dilakonkan oleh Peter Capaldi (2013–kini)
 
<!--[[Imej:Devid Tenant.jpg|thumb|150px|Devid Tenant]]-->
The BBC drama department's serials division produced the programme for 26 seasons, broadcast on [[BBC One|BBC 1]]. Falling viewing numbers, a decline in the public perception of the show and a less-prominent transmission slot saw production suspended in 1989 by [[Jonathan Powell (producer)|Jonathan Powell]], controller of BBC 1.<ref name="powell">{{cite news
|url=http://media.guardian.co.uk/bbc/story/0,,1511487,00.html
|title=Doctor Who makes the Grade
|first=Jason
|last=Deans
|work=The Guardian
|quote=But Mr Grade was not at the helm when Doctor Who was finally retired for good in 1989&nbsp;— that decision fell to the then BBC1 controller, Jonathan Powell.
|date=21 June 2005
|accessdate=4 February 2007
| location=London}}</ref> Although (as series co-star [[Sophie Aldred]] reported in the documentary ''Doctor Who: More Than 30 Years in the TARDIS'') it was effectively, if not formally, [[cancellation (television)|cancelled]] with the decision not to commission a planned 27th series of the show for transmission in 1990, the BBC repeatedly affirmed that the series would return.<ref name="8thdrspecial" />
 
[[Kategori:Siri televisyen British]]
While in-house production had ceased, the BBC hoped to find an independent production company to relaunch the show. [[Philip Segal]], a British [[expatriate]] who worked for [[Columbia Pictures]]' television arm in the United States, had approached the BBC about such a venture as early as July 1989, while the 26th series was still in production.<ref name="8thdrspecial">Doctor Who Magazine Eighth Doctor Special, Panini Comics 2003</ref> Segal's negotiations eventually led to a [[Doctor Who (film)|''Doctor Who'' television film]], broadcast on the [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox Network]] in 1996 as a co-production between Fox, [[Universal Studios|Universal Pictures]], the BBC and [[BBC Worldwide]]. Although the film was successful in the UK (with 9.1&nbsp;million viewers), it was less so in the United States and did not lead to a series.<ref name="8thdrspecial" />
[[Kategori:Siri televisyen cereka sains]]
 
{{Link FA|en}}
Licensed media such as novels and audio plays provided [[Doctor Who spin-offs|new stories]], but as a television programme ''Doctor Who'' remained dormant until 2003. In September of that year,<ref>{{cite news|last=Gibson|first=Owen|title=Doctor Who returns to BBC1 screens|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2003/sep/26/bbc.broadcasting|work=The Guardian|accessdate=20 January 2012|date=26 September 2003|location=London}}</ref> [[BBC Television]] announced the in-house production of a new series after several years of attempts by BBC Worldwide to find backing for a feature film version. The executive producers of the new incarnation of the series were writer [[Russell T Davies]] and [[BBC Cymru Wales]] head of drama [[Julie Gardner]].
 
''Doctor Who'' finally returned with the episode [[Rose (Doctor Who)|"Rose"]] on BBC One on 26 March 2005.<ref>{{cite news|title=Doctor Who is Saturday night hit|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4385801.stm|publisher=BBC|accessdate=24 October 2013}}</ref> There have since been eight further series in 2006–2008 and 2010–2014, and Christmas Day specials every year since 2005. No full series was filmed in 2009,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Davies |first1=Russell T |last2=Cook | first2=Benjamin |title=Doctor Who: The Writer's Tale: The Final Chapter |year=2010 |publisher=[[BBC Books]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-84607-861-3 |page=216}}</ref> although four additional specials starring Tennant were made. In 2010, [[Steven Moffat]] replaced Davies as [[head writer]] and executive producer.<ref name=RTDgone>{{cite news|title = Doctor Who guru Davies steps down|publisher=BBC News|date = 20 May 2008|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7411177.stm|accessdate =20 May 2008}}</ref>
 
The 2005 version of ''Doctor Who'' is a direct [[Continuity (fiction)|plot continuation]] of the original 1963–1989 series,<ref group=note>This is often emphasised in the accompanying making-of documentaries in the series ''Doctor Who Confidential'', as well as in occasional flashbacks to images of earlier versions of the Doctor.</ref> as is the 1996 telefilm. This differs from other series relaunches that have either been reimaginings or reboots (for example, ''[[Battlestar Galactica (2004 TV series)|Battlestar Galactica]]'' and ''[[Bionic Woman (2007 TV series)|Bionic Woman]]'') or series taking place in the same universe as the original but in a different period and with different characters (for example, ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'' and spin-offs).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gallifreyone.com/newseriesfaq.php|title=Outpost Gallifrey: TV Series FAQ|publisher=gallifreyone.com}}{{Dead link|date=April 2010}}</ref>
 
The programme has been sold to many other countries worldwide (see [[#Viewership|Viewership]]).
 
===Kesedaran awam===
It has been suggested that the transmission of the first episode was delayed by ten minutes due to extended news coverage of the assassination of US President [[John F. Kennedy]] the previous day; whereas in fact, it went out after a delay of eighty seconds.<ref name="companion">{{Cite book| last = Howe | first = David J. | authorlink = David J. Howe | coauthors = [[Mark Stammers]] and [[Stephen James Walker]] | year = 2003 | title = The Television Companion: The Unofficial and Unauthorised Guide to DOCTOR WHO | edition = 2nd|publisher = [[Telos Publishing|Telos Publishing Ltd.]]| location = Surrey|isbn = 1-903889-51-0}}</ref> Because it was believed that the coverage of the events of the assassination as well as a series of power blackouts across the country may have caused too many viewers to miss this introduction to a new series, the BBC broadcast it again on 30 November 1963, just before the broadcast of episode two.<ref>{{cite web|title=Serial A: 100,000 BC (aka An Unearthly Child, The Tribe of Gum)|url=http://www.shannonsullivan.com/drwho/serials/a.html|publisher=shannonsullivan.com|accessdate=6 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=DOCTOR WHO'S FIRST EPISODE: AN UNEARTHLY CHILD|url=http://www.televisionheaven.co.uk/dw3.htm|publisher=televisionheaven.co.uk|accessdate=6 September 2013}}{{dead link|date=January 2014}}</ref>
 
The programme soon became a national institution in the United Kingdom, with a large following among the general viewing audience.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/454592/index.html
|title=Doctor Who (1963–89, 2005–)
|first=Anthony|last=Clark
|work=[[Screenonline]]
| quote = The science fiction adventure series Doctor Who (BBC, 1963–89) has created a phenomenon unlike any other British TV programme.
|accessdate=21 March 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/D/htmlD/doctorwho/doctorwho.htm
|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070211080018/http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/D/htmlD/doctorwho/doctorwho.htm
|archivedate = 11 February 2007
|title=Doctor Who
|first=John|last=Tulloch
|work=[[Museum of Broadcast Communications]]
| quote = The official fans have never amounted to more than a fraction of the audience. Doctor Who achieved the status of an institution as well as a cult.
| accessdate=21 March 2007}}</ref> Many renowned actors asked for, or were offered and accepted, [[List of guest appearances in Doctor Who|guest-starring roles]] in various stories.<ref>{{cite web|title=Voyage of the Damned – Cast and Crew|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/episodes/2007/credits/credits_votd.shtml|publisher=BBC|accessdate=24 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Planet of the Dead – Credits|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/s4/episodes/?episode=s0_06&action=credits|publisher=BBC|accessdate=24 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Dinosaurs on a Spaceship – Credits|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01mm5c9|publisher=BBC|accessdate=24 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Name of the Doctor – Credits|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01skh8t|publisher=BBC|accessdate=24 October 2013}}</ref>
 
With popularity came controversy over the show's suitability for children. Morality campaigner [[Mary Whitehouse]] repeatedly complained to the BBC in the 1970s over what she saw as the show's frightening and gory content.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0925766/bio | work = IMDb | title = Biography of Mary Whitehouse | accessdate =6 July 2007}}</ref> [[John Nathan-Turner]], who produced the series during the 1980s, was heard to say that he looked forward to Whitehouse's comments, as the show's ratings would increase soon after she had made them.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/new_media/1965981.stm|title=Doctor Who Producer Dies|accessdate=6 July 2007 |publisher=BBC News | date=3 May 2002}}</ref>
 
The phrase "[[Behind the sofa|Hiding behind (or 'watching from behind') the sofa]]" became coined and entered British [[popular culture|pop culture]], signifying in humour the stereotypical early-series behaviour of children who wanted to avoid seeing frightening parts of a [[television program]]me while remaining in the room to watch the remainder of it.<ref name=telegraph>{{cite news |first=Sam |last=Leith |title=Worshipping Doctor Who from behind the sofa |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/columnists/samleith/3560202/Worshipping-Doctor-Who-from-behind-the-sofa.html |work=[[Daily Telegraph]] |date=2008-07-04 |accessdate=2008-07-05 |quote=The cliché about ''Doctor Who'' — that it had us "hiding behind the sofa" — is more telling in its tone than its questionable factuality. It connotes nostalgia, and a pleasurable mixture of fright and fascination — but above all it connotes domesticity. It united fear and soft furnishings in the British mind.}}</ref> The phrase retains this association with Doctor Who, to the point that in 1991 the [[Museum of the Moving Image (London)|Museum of the Moving Image]] in [[London]] named their exhibition celebrating the programme "Behind the Sofa". The electronic [[Doctor Who theme music|theme music]] too was perceived as eerie, novel, and frightening, at the time. A 2012 article placed this childhood juxtapose of fear and thrill "at the center of many people's relationship with the show",<ref>[http://io9.com/5971113/if-you-werent-scared-of-doctor-who-as-a-child-you-may-never-fully-understand-it If you weren't scared of Doctor Who as a child, you missed out on a crucial experience] - IO9, by Charlie Jane Anders, 2012-12-25</ref> and a 2011 online vote at [[Digital Spy]] deemed the series the "scariest TV show of all time".<ref>[http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/s7/doctor-who/tubetalk/a348363/doctor-who-named-scariest-tv-show-of-all-time-your-top-10-revealed.html 'Doctor Who' named scariest TV show of all time: Your Top 10 revealed], digitalspy.co.uk, Catriona Wightman & Morgan Jeffery, 2011-10-31.</ref>
 
During [[Jon Pertwee]]'s [[List of Doctor Who serials#Season 8 (1971)|second series]] as the Doctor, in the serial ''[[Terror of the Autons]]'' (1971), images of murderous plastic dolls, daffodils killing unsuspecting victims, and blank-featured policemen marked the apex of the show's ability to frighten children.<ref>{{cite web|title=BBC – Doctor Who Classic Episode Guide – Terror of the Autons|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/classic/episodeguide/terrorautons/detail.shtml|publisher=BBC|accessdate=25 October 2013}}</ref> Other notable moments in that decade include a disembodied brain falling to the floor in ''[[The Brain of Morbius]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Doctor Who Classic Episode Guide – The Brain of Morbius|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/classic/episodeguide/brainmorbius/detail.shtml|publisher=BBC|accessdate=25 October 2013}}</ref> and the Doctor apparently being drowned by Chancellor Goth in ''[[The Deadly Assassin]]'' (both 1976).<ref>{{cite web|title=BBC – Doctor Who Classic Episode Guide – The Deadly Assassin|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/classic/episodeguide/deadlyassassin/detail.shtml|publisher=BBC|accessdate=25 October 2013}}</ref>
 
[[File:TARDIS2.jpg|thumb|The fibreglass [[TARDIS]] prop used between 1980 and 1989.]]
A BBC audience research survey conducted in 1972 found that, by their own definition of violence ("any act[s] which may cause physical and/or psychological injury, hurt or death to persons, animals or property, whether intentional or accidental") ''Doctor Who'' was the most violent of the drama programmes the corporation produced at the time.<ref name="times-violence">{{cite news|title=Violence is not really Dr Who's cup of tea|work=The Times|first=Philip|last=Howard|date=29 January 1972|page=2}}</ref> The same report found that 3% of the surveyed audience regarded the show as "very unsuitable" for family viewing.<ref name="times-audience">{{cite news|title=The Times Diary&nbsp;— Points of view|work=The Times|date=27 January 1972|page=16}}</ref> Responding to the findings of the survey in ''[[The Times]]'' newspaper, journalist Philip Howard maintained that, "to compare the violence of ''Dr Who'', sired by a horse-laugh out of a nightmare, with the more realistic violence of other television series, where actors who look like human beings bleed paint that looks like blood, is like comparing [[Monopoly (game)|Monopoly]] with the property market in London: both are fantasies, but one is meant to be taken seriously."<ref name="times-violence"/>
 
The image of the [[TARDIS]] has become firmly linked to the show in the public's consciousness; BBC scriptwriter [[Anthony Coburn]], who lived in the resort of [[Herne Bay, Kent]], was one of the people who conceived the idea of a police box as a time machine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-kent-13411516|title=Doctor Who fan in tardis replica plan for Herne Bay|publisher=BBC|accessdate=31 July 2013}}</ref> In 1996, the BBC applied for a trade mark to use the TARDIS' blue [[police box]] design in merchandising associated with ''Doctor Who''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ipo.gov.uk/tmcase/Results/1/UK00002104259 |title=Case details for Trade Mark UK00002104259 |accessdate=27 October 2013 |work=[[Intellectual Property Office (United Kingdom)|UK Patent Office]]}}</ref> In 1998, the Metropolitan Police Authority filed an objection to the trade mark claim; but in 2002, the [[Intellectual Property Office (United Kingdom)|Patent Office]] ruled in favour of the BBC.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.patent.gov.uk/tm/t-decisionmaking/t-challenge/t-challenge-decision-results/t-challenge-decision-results-bl?BL_Number=O/336/02 |title=Trade mark decision |accessdate=17 January 2007 |work=[[UK Intellectual Property Office|UK Patent Office]] website}}<br />{{cite web |url= http://www.patent.gov.uk/tm//legal/decisions/2002/o33602.pdf |title=In the matter of application No. 2104259 by The British Broadcasting Corporation to register a series of three marks in Classes 9, 16, 25 and 41 AND IN THE MATTER OF Opposition thereto under No. 48452 by The Metropolitan Police Authority |accessdate=17 January 2007 |last=Knight |first=Mike |work=[[UK Intellectual Property Office|UK Patent Office]]|format=PDF}}<br />{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/tv_and_radio/2352743.stm |title=BBC wins police Tardis case |accessdate=17 January 2007 |date=23 October 2002 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref>
 
The programme's broad appeal attracts audiences of children and families as well as [[science fiction fandom|science fiction fans]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Sam |last=Leith |title=Worshipping Doctor Who from behind the sofa |url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/main.jhtml?xml=/opinion/2008/07/05/do0502.xml |work=The Daily Telegraph | location=London |date=4 July 2008 |accessdate=7 July 2008|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080706030948/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/main.jhtml?xml=/opinion/2008/07/05/do0502.xml|archivedate=6 July 2008}}</ref>
 
The 21st century revival of the programme has become the centrepiece of BBC One's Saturday schedule, and has, "defined the channel".<ref>{{cite news |first=James |last=Robinson |title=Television's Lord of prime time awaits his next regeneration |url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/business/story/0,,2036415,00.html |work=The Observer|date=18 March 2007 |accessdate=19 March 2007 | location=London}}</ref> Since its return, ''Doctor Who'' has consistently received high ratings, both in number of viewers and as measured by the [[Appreciation Index]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Andrew |last=Pettie |title=Casting Matt Smith shows that Doctor Who is a savvy multi-million pound brand |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/4094067/Casting-Matt-Smith-shows-that-Doctor-Who-is-a-savvy-multi-million-pound-brand.html |work=The Daily Telegraph | location=London |date=4 January 2009 |accessdate=4 January 2009}}</ref> In 2007, [[Caitlin Moran]], television reviewer for ''[[The Times]]'', wrote that ''Doctor Who'' is, "quintessential to being British".<ref name="Moran" /> Director [[Steven Spielberg]] has commented that, "the world would be a poorer place without ''Doctor Who''".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/organgrinder/2008/08/steven_moffat_dont_rule_out_do.html|title=Edinburgh TV Festival 2008: don't rule out Doctor Who feature film, says Steven Moffat|first=Ben|last=Dowell|work=The Guardian |date=23 August 2008|accessdate=23 August 2008 | location=London}}</ref>
 
On 4 August 2013, a live programme titled ''Doctor Who Live: The Next Doctor'' was broadcast on BBC One, during which the actor playing the Twelfth Doctor was revealed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-23531724|title=New Doctor Who star to be unveiled|accessdate=3 August 2013|date=2 August 2013|publisher=BBC}}</ref> The show was simultaneously broadcast in the US and Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/from-spin-doctor-to-doctor-who-stars-childhood-dream-comes-true.21792902|title=From spin doctor to Doctor Who&nbsp;... star's childhood dream comes true|date=5 August 2013|accessdate=18 August 2013|publisher=HeraldScotland}}</ref>
 
==Episod==
{{Further|List of Doctor Who serials}}
''Doctor Who'' originally ran for 26 seasons on BBC One, from 23 November 1963 until 6 December 1989. During the original run, each weekly episode formed part of a story (or "serial")&nbsp;— usually of four to six parts in earlier years and three to four in later years. Notable exceptions were: ''[[The Daleks' Master Plan]]'', which aired in 12 episodes (plus an earlier one-episode teaser,<ref>''[[The Daleks' Master Plan]]''. Writers [[Terry Nation]] and [[Dennis Spooner]], Director [[Douglas Camfield]], Producer [[John Wiles]]. ''Doctor Who''. BBC. BBC One, London. 13 November 1965&nbsp;– 29 January 1966.</ref> "[[Mission to the Unknown]]", featuring none of the regular cast<ref>{{cite episode | title = Mission to the Unknown | episodelink = Mission to the Unknown | series = Doctor Who | credits = Writer [[Terry Nation]], Director [[Derek Martinus]], Producer [[Verity Lambert]] | network = BBC | station = BBC One | city = London | airdate = 9 October 1965}}</ref>); almost an entire season of seven-episode serials (season 7); the 10-episode serial ''[[The War Games]]'';<ref name=WarGames>''[[The War Games]]''. Writers [[Malcolm Hulke]] and [[Terrance Dicks]], Director [[David Maloney]], Producer [[Derrick Sherwin]]. ''Doctor Who''. BBC. BBC One, London. 19 April 1969&nbsp;– 21 June 1969.</ref> and ''[[The Trial of a Time Lord]]'', which ran for 14 episodes (albeit divided into three production codes and four narrative segments) during [[List of Doctor Who serials#Season 23 (1986)|season 23]].<ref name=Trial>''[[The Trial of a Time Lord]]''. Writers [[Robert Holmes (scriptwriter)|Robert Holmes]], [[Philip Martin (screenwriter)|Philip Martin]] and [[Pip and Jane Baker]], Directors [[Nicholas Mallett]], [[Ron Jones (television director)|Ron Jones]] and Chris Clough, Producer [[John Nathan-Turner]]. ''Doctor Who''. BBC. BBC One, London. 6 September 1986&nbsp;– 6 December 1986.</ref> Occasionally serials were loosely connected by a storyline, such as [[List of Doctor Who serials#Season 8 (1971)|season 8]] being devoted to the Doctor battling a rogue Time Lord called [[Master (Doctor Who)|The Master]],<ref>{{cite web|title=BBC – Doctor Who Classic Episode Guide – Season 8|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/classic/episodeguide/season8.shtml|publisher=BBC|accessdate=25 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Master – BBC|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/classic/characters/the-master.shtml|publisher=BBC|accessdate=25 October 2013}}</ref> [[List of Doctor Who serials#Season 16 (1978–79)|season 16]]'s quest for [[The Key to Time]],<ref>{{cite web|title=BBC – Doctor Who Classic Episode Guide – Season 16|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/classic/episodeguide/season16.shtml|publisher=BBC|accessdate=25 October 2013}}</ref> [[List of Doctor Who serials#Season 18 (1980–81)|season 18]]'s journey through [[E-Space]] and the theme of entropy,<ref>{{cite web|title=BBC – Doctor Who Classic Episode Guide – Logopolis|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/classic/episodeguide/logopolis/detail.shtml|publisher=BBC|accessdate=25 October 2013}}</ref> and [[List of Doctor Who serials#Season 20 (1983-84)|season 20]]'s Black Guardian Trilogy.<ref>{{cite web|title=BBC – Season 20 – Episode guide|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00sfvc7/episodes/guide|publisher=BBC|accessdate=25 October 2013}}</ref>
 
The programme was intended to be educational and for family viewing on the early Saturday evening schedule.<ref name="Doctor Who Education">{{cite web|title=10 things you didn't know about Doctor Who
|url=http://uktv.co.uk/watch/stepbystep/aid/576125
|publisher=[[Watch (TV channel)|Watch]]
|accessdate=20 January 2012
|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110116052952/http://uktv.co.uk/watch/stepbystep/aid/576125
|archivedate =16 January 2011}}</ref> Initially, it alternated stories set in the past, which were intended to teach younger audience members about history, with stories set either in the future or in outer space to teach them about science.<ref name="Doctor Who Education" /> This was also reflected in the Doctor's original companions, one of whom was a science teacher and another a history teacher.<ref name="Doctor Who Education" />
 
However, science fiction stories came to dominate the programme and the "historicals", which were not popular with the production team,<ref name="Doctor Who Education" /> were dropped after ''[[The Highlanders (Doctor Who)|The Highlanders]]'' (1967). While the show continued to use historical settings, they were generally used as a backdrop for science fiction tales, with one exception: ''[[Black Orchid (Doctor Who)|Black Orchid]]'' set in 1920s England.<ref name=Orchid>''[[Black Orchid (Doctor Who)|Black Orchid]]''. Writer [[Terence Dudley]], Director [[Ron Jones (television director)|Ron Jones]], Producer [[John Nathan-Turner]]. ''Doctor Who''. BBC. BBC One, London. 1 March 1982&nbsp;– 2 March 1982.</ref>
 
The early stories were serial-like in nature, with the narrative of one story flowing into the next, and each episode having its own title, although produced as distinct stories with their own production codes.<ref name="BBC Doctor Who Episode List">{{cite web|title=Doctor Who Episode List|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/treasurehunt/missing/drwho.shtml|publisher=BBC|accessdate=26 October 2013}}</ref> Following ''[[The Gunfighters]]'' (1966), however, each serial was given its own title, with the individual parts simply being assigned episode numbers.<ref name="BBC Doctor Who Episode List" />
 
Of the programme's [[List of Doctor Who writers|many writers]], [[Robert Holmes (scriptwriter)|Robert Holmes]] was the most prolific,<ref>{{cite web|last=Debnath|first=Neela|title=Review of Doctor Who 'The Talons of Weng-Chiang' (Series 14)|url=http://blogs.independent.co.uk/2012/12/31/review-of-doctor-who-%E2%80%98the-talons-of-weng-chiang%E2%80%99-series-14/|publisher=[[The Independent]]|accessdate=26 October 2013|date=21 September 2013}}</ref> while [[Douglas Adams]] became the most well-known outside ''Doctor Who'' itself, due to the popularity of his ''Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy''.<ref>{{cite web|title=BBC Online – Cult – Hitchhiker's – Douglas Adams – Biography|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/hitchhikers/dna/biog.shtml|publisher=BBC|accessdate=26 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Shada, Douglas Adams's 'lost' Doctor Who story, to be novelised|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/mar/24/douglas-adams-doctor-who-story-published|publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=26 October 2013|date=24 March 2011}}</ref>
 
The serial format changed for the [[Doctor Who (series 1)|2005 revival]], with each series usually consisting of 13 45-minute, self-contained episodes (60 minutes with adverts, on overseas commercial channels), and an extended episode broadcast on Christmas Day. Each series includes several standalone and multi-part stories, linked with a loose story arc that resolves in the series finale. As in the early "classic" era, each episode, whether standalone or part of a larger story, has its own title. Occasionally, regular-series episodes will exceed the 45-minute run time; notably, the episodes "[[Journey's End (Doctor Who)|Journey's End]]" from 2008 and "[[The Eleventh Hour (Doctor Who)|The Eleventh Hour]]" from 2010 exceeded an hour in length.
 
800 ''Doctor Who'' instalments have been televised since 1963, ranging between 25-minute episodes (the most common format), 45-minute episodes (for ''[[Resurrection of the Daleks]]'' in the 1984 series, a single season in 1985, and the revival), two feature-length productions (1983's ''[[The Five Doctors]]'' and the [[Doctor Who (1996 film)|1996 television film]]), eight [[Christmas special#Television series specials|Christmas specials]] (most of 60 minutes' duration, one of 72 minutes), and four additional specials ranging from 60 to 75 minutes in 2009, 2010 and 2013. Four mini-episodes, running about eight minutes each, were also produced for the 1993, 2005 and 2007 [[Children in Need]] charity appeals, while another mini-episode was produced in 2008 for a ''Doctor Who''-themed edition of [[The Proms]]. The 1993 2-part story, entitled ''[[Dimensions in Time]]'', was made in collaboration with the cast of the BBC soap-opera ''[[EastEnders]]'' and was filmed partly on the ''EastEnders'' set. A two-part mini-episode was also produced for the 2011 edition of [[Comic Relief]]. Starting with the 2009 special "[[Planet of the Dead]]", the series was filmed in [[1080i]] for [[HDTV]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Doctor Who to be filmed in HD|url=http://www.drwho-online.co.uk/news/#newseries-hd0|work=Doctor Who Online|date=4 February 2009|accessdate=5 February 2009}}{{dead link|date=February 2013}}</ref> and broadcast simultaneously on BBC One and [[BBC HD]].
 
To celebrate the 50th anniversary of the show, a special [[3D television|3D]] episode, "[[The Day of the Doctor]]", was broadcast in 2013.<ref name="bbc3D">{{cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-21413511 | title=BBC announces Doctor Who 3D Special | publisher=BBC | work=BBC News | date=11 February 2013 | accessdate=12 February 2013}}</ref> In March 2013, it was announced that Tennant and Piper would be returning,<ref name="tennantReturns">{{cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-21980892 | title=Doctor Who: David Tennant returns for anniversary show | publisher=BBC | work=BBC News | date=30 March 2013 | accessdate=2 April 2013}}</ref> and that the episode would have a limited cinematic release worldwide.<ref name="NotParticularlyGoodReferenceWillReplace">{{cite web | url=http://www.digitaltrends.com/home-theater/doctor-who-to-go-3d-for-half-century-sepcial-edition/ | title='Doctor Who' goes 3D for its half-century edition | publisher=Digital Trends | date=12 February 2013 | accessdate=2 April 2013 | author=McMillan, Graeme}}</ref>
 
===Kehilangan episod===
{{Main|Doctor Who missing episodes}}
Between about 1964 and 1973, large amounts of older material stored in the BBC's various video tape and film libraries were either destroyed,<ref group=note>The tapes, based on a [[405-line television system|405-line broadcast standard]], were rendered obsolete when UK television changed to a [[625-line television system|625-line signal]] in preparation for the soon-to-begin colour transmissions.</ref> [[wiping|wiped]], or suffered from poor storage which led to severe deterioration from [[broadcast quality]]. This included many old episodes of ''Doctor Who'', mostly stories featuring the first two Doctors: [[William Hartnell]] and [[Patrick Troughton]]. In all, 97 of 253 episodes produced during the first six years of the programme are not held in the BBC's archives (most notably seasons 3, 4, & 5, from which 79 episodes are missing). In 1972, almost all episodes then made were known to exist at the BBC,<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.purpleville.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/rtwebsite/archive.htm
|title=BBC Archive Holdings
|first=Richard|last=Molesworth
|work=[[Doctor Who Restoration Team]]
|quote=A full set was held at least until early 1972, as 16 mm black and white film negatives (apart&nbsp;— of course&nbsp;— from 'Masterplan' 7). .
|accessdate=30 April 2007}}</ref> while by 1978 the practice of wiping tapes and destroying "spare" film copies had been brought to a stop.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.purpleville.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/rtwebsite/archive.htm
|title=BBC Archive Holdings
|first=Richard|last=Molesworth
|work=[[Doctor Who Restoration Team]]
|quote=the videotapes began to be wiped, or re-used, until the formation of the BBC's Film and Videotape Library in 1978 put a stop to this particular practice.
|accessdate=30 April 2007}}</ref>
 
No 1960s episodes exist on their original videotapes (all surviving prints being film transfers), though some were transferred to film for editing before transmission, and exist in their broadcast form.<ref name="Doctor Who Restoring and Reconstructing Missing Episodes">{{cite news|title='Doctor Who': Restoring and Reconstructing Missing Episodes|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/dna/place-lancashire/plain/A14066589|publisher=BBC|accessdate=20 January 2012}}</ref>
 
Some episodes have been returned to the BBC from the archives of other countries who bought prints for broadcast, or by private individuals who acquired them by various means. Early colour videotape recordings made off-air by fans have also been retrieved, as well as excerpts filmed from the television screen onto 8&nbsp;mm [[cine film]] and clips that were shown on other programmes. Audio versions of all of the lost episodes exist from home viewers who made tape recordings of the show. Short clips from every story with the exception of ''[[Marco Polo (Doctor Who)|Marco Polo]]'', "[[Mission to the Unknown]]" and ''[[The Massacre of St Bartholomew's Eve]]'' also exist.
 
In addition to these, there are off-screen photographs made by photographer [[John Cura]], who was hired by various production personnel to document many of their programmes during the 1950s and 1960s, including ''Doctor Who''. These have been used in [[Doctor Who missing episodes#Reconstruction|fan reconstructions]] of the serials. These amateur reconstructions have been tolerated by the BBC, provided they are not sold for profit and are distributed as low-quality VHS copies.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lewinski|first=John Scott|title=Fans Reconstruct Doctor Who's Trashed Past|url=http://www.wired.com/underwire/2008/09/who-recon/|work=Wired|accessdate=20 January 2012|date=29 September 2008}}</ref>
 
One of the most sought-after lost episodes is part four of the last William Hartnell serial, ''[[The Tenth Planet]]'' (1966), which ends with the [[First Doctor]] transforming into the [[Second Doctor|Second]]. The only portion of this in existence, barring a few poor-quality silent 8&nbsp;mm clips, is the few seconds of the regeneration scene, as it was shown on the children's magazine show ''[[Blue Peter]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Martin|first=Lara|title=Zimbabwe 'hoarding lost 'Who' episodes'|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/s7/doctor-who/news/a147355/zimbabwe-hoarding-lost-who-episodes.html|work=[[Digital Spy]]|accessdate=20 January 2012|date=20 February 2009}}</ref> With the approval of the BBC, efforts are now under way to restore as many of the episodes as possible from the extant material.
 
"Official" reconstructions have also been released by the BBC on VHS, on MP3 [[CD-ROM]], and as special features on DVD. The BBC, in conjunction with animation studio [[Cosgrove Hall Films|Cosgrove Hall]], reconstructed the missing episodes 1 and 4 of ''[[The Invasion (Doctor Who)|The Invasion]]'' (1968), using remastered audio tracks and the comprehensive stage notes for the original filming, for the serial's DVD release in November 2006. The missing episodes of ''[[The Reign of Terror (Doctor Who)|The Reign of Terror]]'' were animated by animation company Theta-Sigma, in collaboration with [[Big Finish Productions|Big Finish]], and became available for purchase in May 2013 through Amazon.com.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.doctorwhonews.net/2011/06/dwn210611211508-reign-of-terror-update.html|title=The Reign of Terror&nbsp;— animation update|publisher=[[Doctor Who News Page]]|first=Chuck|last=Foster|date=21 June 2011}}</ref> Subsequent animations made in 2013 include ''[[The Tenth Planet]]'', ''[[The Ice Warriors]]'' and ''[[The Moonbase]]''.
 
In April 2006, ''[[Blue Peter]]'' launched a challenge to find missing Doctor Who episodes with the promise of a full-scale [[Dalek]] model as a reward.<ref>{{cite web
|date=April 2006
| url =http://www.bbc.co.uk/cbbc/bluepeter/content/articles/2006/04/19/doctor_who_feature.shtml
| archiveurl =http://web.archive.org/web/20060424144255/http://www.bbc.co.uk/cbbc/bluepeter/content/articles/2006/04/19/doctor_who_feature.shtml
| archivedate =24 April 2006
| title =Blue Peter&nbsp;— Missing Doctor Who tapes
|publisher=BBC
| accessdate =24 April 2006
}}</ref>
 
In December 2011, it was announced that part 3 of ''[[Galaxy 4]]'' and part 2 of ''[[The Underwater Menace]]'' had been returned to the BBC by a fan who had purchased them in the mid-1980s without realising that the BBC did not hold copies of them.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mulkern|first=Patrick|title=Doctor Who: two long-lost episodes uncovered|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2011-12-11/doctor-who-two-long-lost-episodes-uncovered|accessdate=11 December 2011|newspaper=Radio Times|date=11 December 2011}}</ref>
 
On 10 October 2013, the BBC announced that films of eleven episodes, including nine missing episodes, had been found in a Nigerian television relay station in [[Jos]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Christopher Allen |url=http://www.doctorwho.tv/whats-new/article/two-missing-doctor-who-adventures-found/ |title=Two "Missing" Doctor Who Adventures Found |publisher=BBC Worldwide |date=10 October 2013 |accessdate=11 October 2013}}</ref> Six of the eleven films discovered were the six-part serial ''[[The Enemy of the World]]'', from which all but the third episode had been missing.<ref>{{cite web |author=Doctor Who Online |url=http://news.drwho-online.co.uk/Nine-Missing-Doctor-Who-Episodes-Recovered!.aspx |title=Nine Missing Doctor Who Episodes Recovered! |publisher=Doctor Who Online |date=11 October 2013 |accessdate=11 October 2013}}</ref> The remaining films were from another six-part serial, ''[[The Web of Fear]]'', and included the previously missing episodes 2, 4, 5, and 6. Episode 3 of ''The Web of Fear'' is still missing.<ref>{{cite web|title=Doctor Who: Yeti classic among episodes found in Nigeria|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-24467337|publisher=BBC|accessdate=25 October 2013}}</ref>
 
==Watak==
 
===Doctor===
{{Main|Doctor (Doctor Who)}}
[[File:Versions of the Doctor.jpg|thumb|right|251px|<div class="center">The Doctor portrayed by series leads in chronological order. Left to right from top row; [[William Hartnell]], [[Patrick Troughton]], [[Jon Pertwee]], [[Tom Baker]], [[Peter Davison]], [[Colin Baker]], [[Sylvester McCoy]], [[Paul McGann]], [[Christopher Eccleston]], [[David Tennant]], [[Matt Smith (actor)|Matt Smith]] and [[Peter Capaldi]].</div>]]
 
The character of the Doctor was initially shrouded in mystery. All that was known about him in the programme's early days was that he was an eccentric alien traveller of great intelligence who battled injustice while exploring time and space in an unreliable [[time machine]], the "[[TARDIS]]" (an [[acronym]] for time and relative dimension(s) in space), which notably appears much larger on the inside than on the outside (a quality referred to as "dimensional transcendentality").<ref group=note>When it became an entry in the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', the word "TARDIS" often came to be used to describe anything that appeared larger on the inside than its exterior implied.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.jessesword.com/sf/view/424|title = Full record for Tardis-like adj.|work = Science Fiction Citations|accessdate=7 September 2007}}</ref>
 
The initially irascible and slightly sinister Doctor quickly mellowed into a more compassionate figure. It was eventually revealed that he had been on the run from his own people, the [[Time Lord]]s of the planet [[Gallifrey]].
 
====Perubahan penampilan====
Producers introduced the concept of [[Regeneration (Doctor Who)|regeneration]] to permit the recasting of the main character. This was first prompted by original star [[William Hartnell]]'s poor health. The actual term "regeneration" was not initially conceived of until the Doctor's third on-screen regeneration however; Hartnell's Doctor had merely described undergoing a "renewal," and the Second Doctor underwent a "change of appearance".{{cn|date=July 2014}} The device has allowed for the recasting of the actor various times in the show's history, as well as the depiction of alternative Doctors either from the Doctor's relative past or future.{{cn|date=July 2014}}
 
The serials ''[[The Deadly Assassin]]'' and ''[[Mawdryn Undead]]'' and the 1996 [[Doctor Who (film)|TV film]] would later establish that a Time Lord can only regenerate 12 times, for a total of 13 incarnations. This line has stuck in the public consciousness despite not often being repeated, and was recognised by producers of the show as a plot obstacle for when the show finally had to regenerate the Doctor a thirteenth time.<ref>{{cite web|first=Ian|last=Berriman|url=http://www.sfx.co.uk/2010/10/26/interview-russell-t-davies-talks-about-that-sarah-jane-adventures-line/|title=Interview: Russell T Davies Talks About THAT Sarah Jane Adventures Line|publisher=SFX.co.uk|date=26 October 2010|accessdate=19 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.doctorwho.tv/whats-new/article/steven-moffat-on-doctor-numbers-and-the-regeneration-limit|title=Steven Moffat on ‘Doctor numbers’ and the regeneration limit|author=Darren Scott|date=26 November 2013}}</ref> The episode "[[The Time of the Doctor]]" depicted the Doctor acquiring a new cycle of regenerations, starting from the [[Twelfth Doctor]], due to the [[Eleventh Doctor]] being the product of the Doctor's twelfth regeneration from his original set.<!--A note explaining this can go here, but it would be best not to digress into an explanation of the circumstances of a particular regeneration in the paragraph which introduces the general concept-->{{cn|date=July 2014}}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Series lead !! Incarnation !! Tenure
|-
| [[William Hartnell]] || [[First Doctor]] || 1963–66<ref name="guestappearances" group=note>Earlier incarnations of the Doctor have occasionally appeared with the then current incarnation in later plots. The First and Second Doctors appeared in the 1973 Third Doctor story, ''[[The Three Doctors (Doctor Who)|The Three Doctors]]''; The First, Second, Third and Fourth appeared in the 1983 Fifth Doctor story, ''[[The Five Doctors]]''; the Second appeared with the Sixth in the 1985 story, ''[[The Two Doctors]]''; the Fifth appeared with the Tenth in the 2007 mini-episode, "[[Time Crash]]"; and the Tenth appeared with the Eleventh in "[[The Day of the Doctor]]". The Eighth Doctor also returned in the 2013 mini-episode "[[The Night of the Doctor]]".</ref>
|-
| [[Patrick Troughton]] || [[Second Doctor]] || 1966–69<ref name="guestappearances" group=note/>
|-
| [[Jon Pertwee]] || [[Third Doctor]] || 1970–74<ref name="guestappearances" group=note/>
|-
| [[Tom Baker]] || [[Fourth Doctor]] || 1974–81<ref name="guestappearances" group=note/>
|-
| [[Peter Davison]] || [[Fifth Doctor]] || 1981–84<ref name="guestappearances" group=note/>
|-
| [[Colin Baker]] || [[Sixth Doctor]] || 1984–86
|-
| [[Sylvester McCoy]] || [[Seventh Doctor]] || 1987–89, 1996<ref>
{{cite web
|date =31 March 2008
|url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/classic/episodeguide/
|title = Official episode guide
|publisher=BBC | location = UK
|accessdate =31 March 2008
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/classic/episodeguide/index_seventh.shtml | work =Doctor Who&nbsp;— Classic Series | title = Episode Guide&nbsp;— Seventh Doctor Index |publisher=BBC | location = UK | accessdate=30 July 2011}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/classic/episodeguide/tvmovie/detail.shtml#cast
|title =TV Movie cast & crew
|publisher=BBC | location = UK
|accessdate =15 April 2008
}}</ref>
|-
| [[Paul McGann]] || [[Eighth Doctor]] || 1996<ref name="guestappearances" group=note/>
|-<-- Please do not add John Hurt here without discussing it on the talk page-->
| [[Christopher Eccleston]] || [[Ninth Doctor]] || 2005
|-
| [[David Tennant]] || [[Tenth Doctor]] || 2005–10<ref name="guestappearances" group=note/>
|-
| [[Matt Smith (actor)|Matt Smith]] || [[Eleventh Doctor]] || 2010–13
|-
| [[Peter Capaldi]] || [[Twelfth Doctor]] || 2013–
<!--Please do not add the War Doctor here without discussing it on the talk page-->|}
 
In addition to those actors who have headlined the series, others have portrayed versions of the Doctor in guest roles. Notably, in 2013, [[John Hurt]] guest-starred as an hitherto unknown incarnation of the Doctor known as the [[War Doctor]] in the run-up to the show's 50th anniversary special "[[The Day of the Doctor]]".<ref name="HurtDoctor">{{cite web | url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/doctor-who/10065201/Doctor-Who-The-Name-of-the-Doctor-BBC-One-review.html | title=Doctor Who: The Name of the Doctor, BBC One, review | work=Telegraph | date=18 May 2013 | accessdate=22 May 2013 | author=Hogan, Michael}}</ref> He is shown in mini-episode "[[The Night of the Doctor]]" to have been [[retroactive continuity|retroactively inserted]] into the show's fictional chronology between McGann and Eccleston's Doctors, although his introduction was written so as not to disturb the established numerical naming of the Doctors.<ref name="HurtDoctorNumber">{{cite web | url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/s7/doctor-who/news/a533505/doctor-who-steven-moffat-on-regeneration-limit.html?rss | title='Doctor Who': Steven Moffat on regeneration limit | work=[[Digital Spy]] | date=24 November 2013 | accessdate=25 November 2013 | author=Rigby, Sam}}</ref> Another example is from the 1986 serial ''[[The Trial of a Time Lord]]'', where [[Michael Jayston]] portrayed the [[Valeyard]], who is described as an amalgamation of the darker sides of the Doctor's nature, somewhere between his twelfth and final incarnation.
 
On rare occasions, other actors have stood in for the lead. In ''[[The Five Doctors]]'', [[Richard Hurndall]] played the First Doctor due to William Hartnell's death in 1975. In ''[[Time and the Rani]]'', Sylvester McCoy briefly played the Sixth Doctor during the regeneration sequence, carrying on as the Seventh. For more information, see the [[list of actors who have played the Doctor]]. In other media, the Doctor has been played by various other actors, including [[Peter Cushing]] in two films. {{cn|date=July 2014}}
 
The casting of a new Doctor has often inspired debate and speculation: in particular, the desirability or possibility of a new Doctor being played by a woman.<ref>Ted B. Kissell. [http://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2013/08/the-depressing-disappointing-maleness-of-i-doctor-who-i-s-new-time-lord/278380/ "The depressing, disappointing maleness of ''Doctor Who'' 's new Time Lord",] ''The Atlantic'', August 5, 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.sundayworld.com/entertainment/tv/neil-gaiman-hopes-a-non-white-person-will-take-doctor-who-role-someday "Neil Gaiman hopes a non-white person will take Doctor Who role someday",] ''Sunday World'', August 8, 2013.</ref> In October 2010, the ''Sunday Telegraph'' revealed that the series' co-creator, Sydney Newman, had urged the BBC to recast the role of the Doctor as a female "Time Lady" during the ratings crisis of the late 1980s.<ref>{{cite web|first=Marc|last=Horne|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/doctor-who/8052694/How-Doctor-Who-nearly-became-the-Time-Lady.html|title='How Doctor Who nearly became the Time Lady'|publisher=Sunday Telegraph|accessdate=10 October 2010}}</ref>
 
====Pertemuan dengan inkarnasi yang berbeza====
There have been instances of actors returning at later dates to reprise the role of their specific Doctor. In 1973's ''[[The Three Doctors (Doctor Who)|The Three Doctors]]'', William Hartnell and Patrick Troughton returned alongside Jon Pertwee. For 1983's ''[[The Five Doctors]]'', Troughton and Pertwee returned to star with Peter Davison, and Tom Baker appeared in previously unseen footage from the uncompleted [[Shada]] episode. For this episode, Richard Hurndall replaced William Hartnell. Patrick Troughton again returned in 1985's ''[[The Two Doctors]]'' with Colin Baker. In 2007, Peter Davison returned in the Children in Need short "[[Time Crash]]" alongside David Tennant, and most recently in 2013's 50th anniversary special episode, "[[The Day of the Doctor]]", [[David Tennant|David Tennant's]] [[Tenth Doctor]] appeared alongside [[Matt Smith (actor)|Matt Smith]] as the [[Eleventh Doctor]] and [[John Hurt]] as the [[War Doctor]], as well as brief footage from all of the previous actors.<ref>{{cite episode |title=The Day of the Doctor |series=Doctor Who |network=BBC |station=BBC One |city=Cardiff |date=23 November 2013 |minutes=60}}</ref> In addition, the Doctor has occasionally encountered himself in the form of his own incarnation, from the near future or past. The First Doctor encounters himself in the story ''[[The Space Museum]]'' (albeit frozen and as an exhibit), the Third Doctor encounters and interacts with himself in the story ''[[Day of the Daleks]]'', the Ninth Doctor observes a former version of his current incarnation in "[[Father's Day (Doctor Who)|Father's Day]]", and the Eleventh Doctor briefly comes face to face with himself in "[[The Big Bang (Doctor Who)|The Big Bang]]". In "[[The Almost People]]" the Doctor comes face-to-face with himself although it is found out that this incarnation is in fact just a flesh replica. In "[[The Name of the Doctor]]", the [[Eleventh Doctor]] meets an unknown incarnation of himself, whom he refers to as "his secret" and who is subsequently revealed to be the [[War Doctor]].<ref name="HurtDoctor" />
 
Additionally, multiple Doctors have returned in new adventures together in audio dramas based on the series. Peter Davison, Colin Baker and Sylvester McCoy appeared together in the 1999 audio adventure ''[[The Sirens of Time]]''. To celebrate the 40th anniversary in 2003, an audio drama titled ''[[Zagreus (audio drama)|Zagreus]]'' featuring Paul McGann, Colin Baker, Sylvester McCoy and Peter Davison was released with additional archive recordings of Jon Pertwee.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bigfinish.com/50-Doctor-Who-Zagreus|title=Doctor Who&nbsp;— Zagreus|publisher=[[Big Finish Productions|Big Finish]]}}</ref> Again in 2003, Colin Baker and Sylvester McCoy appeared together in the audio adventure ''[[Project Lazarus|Project: Lazarus]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bigfinish.com/45-Doctor-Who-Project--Lazarus|title=Doctor Who&nbsp;— Project: Lazarus|publisher=[[Big Finish Productions|Big Finish]]}}</ref> In 2010, Peter Davison, Colin Baker, Sylvester McCoy and Paul McGann came together again to star in the audio drama ''[[The Four Doctors]]''.
 
====Pendedahan Doctor====
{{See also|Doctor (Doctor Who)#Continuity inconsistencies|l1= Doctor Who Continuity inconsistencies}}
 
Throughout the programme's long history, there have been revelations about the Doctor that have raised additional questions. In ''[[The Brain of Morbius]]'' (1976), it was hinted that the First Doctor may not have been the first incarnation (although the other faces depicted may have been incarnations of the Time Lord Morbius). In subsequent stories the First Doctor was depicted as the earliest incarnation of the Doctor. In ''[[Mawdryn Undead]]'' (1983), the Fifth Doctor explicitly confirmed that he was then currently in his fifth incarnation. Later that same year, during 1983's 20th Anniversary special ''[[The Five Doctors]]'', the First Doctor enquires as to the Fifth Doctor's regeneration; when the Fifth Doctor confirms "Fourth", the First Doctor excitedly replies "Goodness me. So there are five of me now." In 2010, the Eleventh Doctor similarly calls himself "the Eleventh" in "[[The Lodger (Doctor Who)|The Lodger]]". In the 2013 episode "The Time of the Doctor," the Eleventh Doctor clarified he was the product of the twelfth regeneration, due to a previous incarnation which he chose not to count and one other aborted regeneration. The name Eleventh is still used for this incarnation; the same episode depicts the prophesied "Fall of the Eleventh" which had been trailed throughout the series.
 
During the Seventh Doctor's era, it was hinted that the Doctor was more than just an ordinary Time Lord. In the [[Doctor Who (1996 film)|1996 television film]], the Eighth Doctor describes himself as being, "half human".<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/classic/episodeguide/tvmovie/detail.shtml
| title =Doctor Who: the TV movie
|publisher=BBC
| accessdate =13 June 2008
}}</ref> The BBC's FAQ for the programme notes that "purists tend to disregard this",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/s4/faq/plot_continuity.shtml |title=Doctor Who&nbsp;— FAQ&nbsp;— Plot and Continuity |publisher=BBC |date=28 March 2008 |accessdate=30 April 2010}}</ref> instead focusing on his Gallifreyan heritage.
 
The programme's first serial, ''[[An Unearthly Child]]'', shows that the Doctor has a granddaughter, [[Susan Foreman]]. In the 1967 serial, ''[[Tomb of the Cybermen]]'', when [[Victoria Waterfield]] doubts the Doctor can remember his family because of, "being so ancient", the Doctor says that he can when he really wants to—"The rest of the time they sleep in my mind". The 2005 series reveals that the Ninth Doctor thought he was the last surviving Time Lord, and that his home planet had been destroyed; in "[[The Empty Child]]" (2005), Dr. Constantine states that, "Before the war even began, I was a father and a grandfather. Now I am neither." The Doctor remarks in response, "Yeah, I know the feeling." In "[[Smith and Jones (Doctor Who)|Smith and Jones]]" (2007), when asked if he had a brother, he replied, "No, not any more." In both "[[Fear Her]]" (2006) and "[[The Doctor's Daughter]]" (2008), he states that he had, in the past, been a father.
 
In "[[The Wedding of River Song]]" (2011), it is implied that the Doctor's true name is a secret that must never be revealed; this is explored further in "The Time of the Doctor" (2013) where speaking his true name becomes the signal by which the Time Lords would know they can safely return to the universe, an event opposed by many species.
 
===Teman===
{{Main|Companion (Doctor Who)}}
The perennial companion figure has been a constant feature in ''Doctor Who'' since the programme's inception in 1963. Generally human, one of the roles of the companion is to remind the Doctor of his "moral duty".<ref name=Overview>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7736130.stm|title=Doctor Who (before the Tardis)|work=BBC News|publisher=BBC|date=19 November 2008|accessdate=22 May 2012}}</ref> The Doctor's first companions seen on screen were his granddaughter [[Susan Foreman]] ([[Carole Ann Ford]]) and her teachers [[Barbara Wright (Doctor Who)|Barbara Wright]] ([[Jacqueline Hill]]) and [[Ian Chesterton]] ([[William Russell (actor)|William Russell]]). These characters were intended to act as [[audience surrogates]], through which the audience would discover information about the Doctor who was to act as a mysterious father figure.<ref name=Overview/> The only story from the original series in which the Doctor travels alone is ''[[The Deadly Assassin]]''. Notable companions from the earlier series included [[Romana (Doctor Who)|Romana]] ([[Mary Tamm]] and [[Lalla Ward]]), a [[Time Lord|Time Lady]]; [[Sarah Jane Smith]] ([[Elisabeth Sladen]]); and [[Jo Grant]] ([[Katy Manning]]). Dramatically, these characters provide a figure with whom the audience can identify, and serve to further the story by requesting exposition from the Doctor and manufacturing peril for the Doctor to resolve. The Doctor regularly gains new companions and loses old ones; sometimes they return home or find new causes&nbsp;— or loves&nbsp;— on worlds they have visited. Some have died during the course of the series. Companions are usually human, or humanoid aliens.
 
Since the 2005 revival, The Doctor generally travels with a primary female companion, who occupies a larger narrative role. Steven Moffat described the companion as the main character of the show, as the story begins anew with each companion and she undergoes more change than the Doctor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2012-04-19/steven-moffat-the-companion-is-the-main-character-in-doctor-who-not-the-doctor|title=Steven Moffat: the companion is the main character in Doctor Who, not the Doctor|work=Radio Times|publisher=[[BBC Magazines]]|last=Jones|first=Paul|date=19 April 2012|accessdate=28 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.zap2it.com/frominsidethebox/2013/03/doctor-who-returns-steven-moffat-talks-new-companion-clara-and-jenna-louise-coleman.html|title='Doctor Who' returns: Steven Moffat talks new companion Clara and Jenna-Louise Coleman|publisher=[[Zap2it]]|last=Berkshire|first=Geoff|date=27 March 2013|accessdate=28 November 2013}}</ref> The primary companions of the [[Companion (Doctor Who)#Ninth Doctor|Ninth]] and [[Companion (Doctor Who)#Tenth Doctor|Tenth]] Doctors were [[Rose Tyler]] ([[Billie Piper]]), [[Martha Jones]] ([[Freema Agyeman]]), and [[Donna Noble]] ([[Catherine Tate]]) with [[Mickey Smith]] ([[Noel Clarke]]), [[Jackie Tyler]] ([[Camille Coduri]]) and [[Jack Harkness]] ([[John Barrowman]]) recurring as secondary companion figures.<ref name=AbsentPostcolonial/> Lindy A. Orthia observes that these characters introduced characteristics previously unseen in the companion figure as each of them is either black, queer and/or part of the unskilled [[working class]].<ref name=AbsentPostcolonial>{{cite journal|journal=Journal of Commonwealth Literature|doi=10.1177/0021989410366891|url=http://jcl.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/45/2/207|title="Sociopathetic Abscess" or "Yawning Chasm"? The Absent Postcolonial Transition in ''Doctor Who''|last=Orthia|first=Lindy A.|year=2010|volume=45|issue=2|pages=207–225}}</ref> The [[Eleventh Doctor]] became the first to travel with a married couple ([[Amy Pond]] ([[Karen Gillan]]) and [[Rory Williams]] ([[Arthur Darvill]])) whilst out-of-sync meetings with [[River Song (Doctor Who)|River Song]] ([[Alex Kingston]]) and [[Clara Oswald]] ([[Jenna Coleman]]) provided ongoing story arcs.
 
Some companions have gone on to re-appear either in the main series, or in spin-offs. Sarah Jane Smith became the central character in ''[[The Sarah Jane Adventures]]'' (2007-2011) following a return to ''Doctor Who'' in 2006. Guest stars in the series included former companions Jo Grant, [[K-9 (Doctor Who)|K-9]], and [[Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart]] ([[Nicholas Courtney]]). The character of Jack Harkness also served to launch a spin-off, ''[[Torchwood]]'', (2006-2011) in which Martha Jones also appeared.
 
===Musuh===
{{See also|List of Doctor Who universe creatures and aliens|List of Doctor Who villains}}
When Sydney Newman commissioned the series, he specifically did not want to perpetuate the cliché of the "[[bug-eyed monster]]" of science fiction.<ref>{{cite news |title=Doctor Who (before the Tardis) |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/7736130.stm |work= BBC Magazine |date=19 November 2008 |accessdate=3 January 2009}}</ref> However, [[monster]]s were popular with audiences and so became a staple of ''Doctor Who'' almost from the beginning.
 
With the show's 2005 revival, executive producer Russell T Davies stated<ref>{{cite news|title=Doctor Who series two secrets revealed|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/newsid_4100000/newsid_4104500/4104586.stm|publisher=BBC|accessdate=29 August 2013|date=19 June 2005}}</ref> his intention to reintroduce classic [[Cultural icon|icons]] of ''Doctor Who'' one step at a time: the [[Auton]]s with the Nestene Consciousness and [[Dalek]]s in series 1, [[Cyberman|Cybermen]] in series 2, the [[List of Doctor Who monsters and aliens#Macra|Macra]] and [[Master (Doctor Who)|the Master]] in series 3, the [[Sontaran]]s and [[Davros]] in series 4, and the [[Time Lord]]s ([[Rassilon]]) in the 2009–10 Specials. Davies' successor, Steven Moffat, has continued the trend by reviving the [[Silurian (Doctor Who)|Silurians]] in series 5, [[Cybermat]]s in series 6, the [[Great Intelligence]] and the [[Ice Warrior]]s in Series 7, and [[Zygon]]s in the 50th Anniversary Special.<ref>{{cite video |people= |year=2011 |title=Monster Files: Cybermats |url= |medium= |trans_title= |publisher=iTunes |time= |isbn= }}</ref> Since its 2005 return, the series has also introduced new recurring aliens: [[Slitheen]] (Raxacoricofallapatorian), [[Ood]], [[Judoon]], [[Weeping Angel]]s and [[Silence (Doctor Who)|the Silence]].
 
Besides infrequent appearances by the Ice Warriors, [[Ogron]]s, the [[Rani (Doctor Who)|Rani]], and [[Black Guardian]], three adversaries have become particularly iconic: the Daleks, the Cybermen, and the Master.
 
====Dalek====
{{Main|Dalek}}
The Dalek race, which first appeared in the show's second serial in 1963,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0562905/ | title = The Dead Planet | accessdate =30 June 2011}}</ref> are ''Doctor Who''{{'}}s oldest villains. The Daleks were [[Kaled]]s from the planet [[Skaro]], mutated by the scientist [[Davros]] and housed in tank-like mechanical armour shells for mobility. The actual creatures resemble octopuses with large, pronounced brains. Their armour shells contain a single eye-stalk to allow them vision, a sink-plunger-like device that serves the purpose of a hand, and a [[directed-energy weapon]]. Their main weakness is their eyestalk; most attacks on them, including those from guns and [[baseball bat]]s, will blind them, making them go mad. Their chief role in the plot of the series, as they frequently remark in their instantly recognisable metallic voices, is to "exterminate" all non-Dalek beings, even attacking the [[Time Lord]]s in the [[Time War (Doctor Who)|Time War]], which was not shown until the 50th Anniversary celebrating the show, where some snippets of the Time War are shown. The Daleks' most recent appearance was in the 2014 episode "[[Into the Dalek]]". They continue to be a recurring 'monster' within the Doctor Who franchise. Davros himself has also been a recurring figure since his debut in ''[[Genesis of the Daleks]]'', although played by several different actors.
 
The Daleks were created by writer [[Terry Nation]] (who intended them to be an [[allegory]] of the [[Nazism|Nazis]])<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/N/htmlN/nationterry/nationterry.htm | title = NATION, TERRY | accessdate =19 May 2008}}</ref> and BBC designer [[Raymond Cusick]].<ref name="cusick">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-21563344|title=Doctor Who Dalek designer Ray Cusick dies after illness|publisher=BBC|date=24 February 2013|accessdate=27 October 2013}}</ref> The Daleks' début in the programme's second serial, ''[[The Daleks]]'' (1963–64), made both the Daleks and ''Doctor Who'' very popular. A Dalek appeared on a postage stamp celebrating British popular culture in 1999, photographed by [[Antony Armstrong-Jones, 1st Earl of Snowdon|Lord Snowdon]]. In the new series, Daleks come in a range of colours; the colour of a Dalek denotes its role within the species. {{cn|date=July 2014}}
 
In the 2012 episode "Asylum of the Daleks", every generation of the Dalek species made an appearance.<ref>{{cite news |title=Every generation of The Daleks returning to 'Doctor Who' |url=http://entertainment.stv.tv/showbiz/302328-every-generation-of-the-daleks-returning-to-doctor-who/ |work=[[BANG Showbiz]]|date=2 April 2012 |accessdate=3 April 2012 | location=England}}</ref>
 
====Cyberman====
{{Main|Cyberman}}
 
Cybermen were originally a wholly organic species of humanoids originating on Earth's [[Counter-Earth|twin planet]] Mondas that began to implant more and more artificial parts into their bodies. This led to the race becoming coldly logical and calculating [[cyborg]]s, with emotions usually only shown when naked aggression was called for. With the demise of Mondas, they acquired Telos as their new home planet. They continue to be a recurring 'monster' within the ''Doctor Who'' franchise.
 
The 2006 series introduced a totally new variation of Cybermen. These Cybus Cybermen were created in a [[parallel universe (fiction)|parallel universe]] by the mad inventor John Lumic; he was attempting to preserve the life of a human by transplanting their brains into powerful metal bodies, sending them orders using a mobile phone network and inhibiting their emotions with an electronic chip.
 
====Master====
{{Main|Master (Doctor Who)}}
The Master is the Doctor's [[archenemy]], a renegade [[Time Lord]] who desires to rule the universe. Conceived as "[[Professor Moriarty]] to the Doctor's [[Sherlock Holmes]]",<ref>''Doctor Who Magazine Special Edition'' No. 2, 5 September 2002, [subtitled ''The Complete Third Doctor''], p. 14.</ref> the character first appeared in 1971. As with the Doctor, the role has been portrayed by several actors, since the Master is a Time Lord as well and able to regenerate; the first of these actors was [[Roger Delgado]], who continued in the role until his death in 1973. The Master was briefly played by [[Peter Pratt]] and [[Geoffrey Beevers]] until [[Anthony Ainley]] took over and continued to play the character until Doctor Who's hiatus in 1989. The Master returned in the 1996 television movie of ''[[Doctor Who (1996 film)|Doctor Who]]'', and was played by American actor [[Eric Roberts]].
 
The Master has appeared in the revived series, portrayed for one episode by [[Derek Jacobi]] before the character regenerated, and otherwise [[John Simm]] since then.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/s4/news/090728_news_02 |title=Doctor Who&nbsp;— John Simm returns as the Master |publisher=BBC |date=27 July 2009 |accessdate=23 November 2009}}{{dead link|date=February 2013}}</ref>
 
==Muzik==
{{See also|List of Doctor Who composers}}
 
===Muzik tema===
{{Main|Doctor Who theme music}}
{{Listen|filename=Doctor Who theme excerpt.ogg|title=Doctor Who theme excerpt|description=An excerpt from the original (1963) classic theme music to ''Doctor Who''}}
 
The [[Doctor Who theme music|''Doctor Who'' theme music]] was one of the first [[electronic music]] signature tunes for television, and after five decades remains one of the most easily recognised. It has been often called both memorable and frightening, priming the viewer for what was to follow. During the 1970s, the ''[[Radio Times]]'', the BBC's own [[listings magazine]], announced that a child's mother said the theme music terrified her son. The ''Radio Times'' was apologetic, but the theme music remained.{{cn|date=July 2014}}
 
The original theme was composed by [[Ron Grainer]] and realised by [[Delia Derbyshire]] of the [[BBC Radiophonic Workshop]], with assistance from [[Dick Mills]]. The various parts were built up using [[musique concrète]] techniques, by creating [[tape loop]]s of an individually struck piano string and individual test [[oscillation|oscillators]] and filters. The Derbyshire arrangement served, with minor edits, as the theme tune up to the end of [[List of Doctor Who serials#Season 17 (1979–80)|season 17]] (1979–80). It is widely regarded as a significant and innovative piece of electronic music, recorded well before the availability of commercial synthesisers or multitrack mixers. Each note was individually created by cutting, splicing, speeding up and slowing down segments of [[Magnetic tape sound recording|analogue tape]] containing recordings of a single plucked string, [[white noise]], and the simple [[harmonic]] waveforms of [[Tone generator|test-tone oscillators]], intended for calibrating equipment and rooms, not creating music. New techniques were invented to allow [[Audio mixing (recorded music)|mixing]] of the music, as this was before the era of multitrack tape machines. On hearing the finished result, Grainer was amazed, and famously asked, "did I write that?"{{cn|date=July 2014}}
 
A different arrangement was recorded by [[Peter Howell (musician)|Peter Howell]] for [[List of Doctor Who serials#Season 18 (1980–81)|season 18]] (1980), which was in turn replaced by [[Dominic Glynn]]'s arrangement for the season-long serial ''[[The Trial of a Time Lord]]'' in [[List of Doctor Who serials#Season 23 (1986)|season 23]] (1986). [[Keff McCulloch]] provided the new arrangement for the [[Seventh Doctor]]'s era which lasted from [[List of Doctor Who serials#Season 24 (1987)|season 24]] (1987) until the series' suspension in 1989. American composer [[John Debney]] created a new arrangement of [[Ron Grainer]]'s original theme for ''[[Doctor Who (film)|Doctor Who]]'' in 1996. For the return of the series in 2005, [[Murray Gold]] provided a new arrangement which featured [[sampling (music)|samples]] from the 1963 original with further elements added; in the 2005 Christmas episode "[[The Christmas Invasion]]", Gold introduced a modified closing credits arrangement that was used up until the conclusion of the 2007 series.{{cn|date=July 2014}}
 
A new arrangement of the theme, once again by Gold, was introduced in the 2007 Christmas special episode, "[[Voyage of the Damned (Doctor Who)|Voyage of the Damned]]"; Gold returned as composer for the 2010 season.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gallifreynewsbase.blogspot.com/2010/01/murray-gold-returns.html |title=Murray Gold Returns |date=3 January 2010 |work=Doctor Who News Page}}</ref> He was responsible for a new version of the theme which was reported to have had a hostile reception from some viewers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/doctor-who/7603262/Doctor-Who-nasty-new-theme-tune-angers-fans.html|title=Doctor Who: 'nasty' new theme tune angers fans|publisher=The Daily Telegraph|date=18 April 2010|accessdate=20 May 2010}}</ref> In 2011, the theme tune charted at number 228 of radio station Classic FM's Hall of Fame, a survey of classical music tastes. A revised version of Gold's 2010 arrangement had its debut over the opening titles of the 2012 Christmas special "[[The Snowmen]]", and a further revision of the arrangement was made for the 50th Anniversary special "[[The Day of the Doctor]]" in November 2013.{{cn|date=July 2014}}
 
Versions of the "Doctor Who Theme" have also been released as pop music over the years. In the early 1970s, Jon Pertwee, who had played the Third Doctor, recorded a version of the Doctor Who theme with spoken lyrics, titled, "Who Is the Doctor".<ref group=note>Often mistitled "I am the Doctor" on YouTube uploads. Originally released as a 7" vinyl single, plain sleeve, December 1972 on label Purple PUR III</ref> In 1978 a disco version of the theme was released in the UK, Denmark and Australia by the group Mankind, which reached number 24 in the UK charts. In 1988 the band The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu (later known as [[The KLF]]) released the single "[[Doctorin' the Tardis]]" under the name The Timelords, which reached No. 1 in the UK and No. 2 in Australia; this version incorporated several other songs, including "Rock and Roll Part 2" by [[Gary Glitter]] (who recorded vocals for some of the CD-single remix versions of "Doctorin' the Tardis").<ref name="guardianmusic">{{cite news |url=http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/07/doctor_who_a_musical_force.html |title=Doctor Who: a musical force? |accessdate=7 July 2008 |last=Peel |first=Ian |date=7 July 2008 |work=The Guardian |publisher=blog | location=London}}</ref> Others who have covered or reinterpreted the theme include [[Orbital (band)|Orbital]],<ref name="guardianmusic" /> [[Pink Floyd]],<ref name="guardianmusic" /> the Australian string ensemble [[FourPlay Electric String Quartet|Fourplay]], New Zealand punk band [[Blam Blam Blam]], [[The Pogues]], [[Thin Lizzy]], [[Dub Syndicate]], and the comedians [[Bill Bailey]] and [[Mitch Benn]], and it and obsessive fans were satirised on ''[[The Chaser's War on Everything]]''. The theme tune has also appeared on many compilation CDs and has made its way into mobile phone ring tones. Fans have also produced and distributed their own remixes of the theme. In January 2011 the Mankind version was released as a [[music download|digital download]] on the album ''Gallifrey And Beyond''.
 
===Muzik iringan===
{{Main|List of music featured on Doctor Who}}
{{See also|List of Doctor Who music releases}}
Most of the innovative incidental music for ''Doctor Who'' has been specially commissioned from freelance composers, although in the early years some episodes also used [[Royalty free music|stock music]], as well as occasional excerpts from original recordings or [[cover version]]s of songs by popular music acts such as [[The Beatles]] and [[The Beach Boys]]. Since its 2005 return, the series has featured occasional use of excerpts of pop music from the 1970s to the 2000s.
 
The incidental music for the first ''Doctor Who'' adventure, ''An Unearthly Child'', was written by [[Norman Kay (composer)|Norman Kay]]. Many of the stories of the [[William Hartnell]] period were scored by electronic music pioneer [[Tristram Cary]], whose ''Doctor Who'' credits include ''The Daleks'', ''[[Marco Polo (Doctor Who)|Marco Polo]]'', ''The Daleks' Master Plan'', ''The Gunfighters'' and ''[[The Mutants]]''. Other composers in this early period included [[Richard Rodney Bennett]], [[Carey Blyton]] and [[Geoffrey Burgon]].
 
The most frequent musical contributor during the first 15 years was [[Dudley Simpson]], who is also well known for his theme and incidental music for ''[[Blake's 7]]'', and for his haunting theme music and score for the original 1970s version of ''[[The Tomorrow People]]''. Simpson's first ''Doctor Who'' score was ''[[Planet of Giants]]'' (1964) and he went on to write music for many adventures of the 1960s and 1970s, including most of the stories of the Jon Pertwee/Tom Baker periods, ending with ''[[The Horns of Nimon]]'' (1979). He also made a [[cameo appearance]] in ''The Talons of Weng-Chiang'' (as a [[Music hall]] conductor).
 
In 1980 starting with the serial ''[[The Leisure Hive]]'' the task of creating incidental music was assigned to the Radiophonic Workshop. [[Paddy Kingsland]] and [[Peter Howell (musician)|Peter Howell]] contributed many scores in this period and other contributors included [[Roger Limb]], [[Malcolm Clarke]] and [[Jonathan Gibbs (composer)|Jonathan Gibbs]].
 
The Radiophonic Workshop was dropped after 1986's ''[[The Trial of a Time Lord]]'' series, and [[Keff McCulloch]] took over as the series' main composer until the end of its run, with [[Dominic Glynn]] and [[Mark Ayres]] also contributing scores.
 
All the incidental music for the 2005 revived series has been composed by [[Murray Gold]] and [[Ben Foster (orchestrator)|Ben Foster]] and has been performed by the [[BBC National Orchestra of Wales]] from the 2005 Christmas episode "[[The Christmas Invasion]]" onwards. A concert featuring the orchestra performing music from the first two series took place on 19 November 2006 to raise money for Children in Need. David Tennant hosted the event, introducing the different sections of the concert. Murray Gold and [[Russell T Davies]] answered questions during the interval and [[Dalek]]s and [[Cyberman|Cybermen]] appeared whilst music from their stories was played. The concert aired on [[BBC Red Button|BBCi]] on Christmas Day 2006. A [[Doctor Who Prom (2008)|Doctor Who Prom]] was celebrated on 27 July 2008 in the [[Royal Albert Hall]] as part of the annual [[BBC Proms]]. The BBC Philharmonic and the [[London Philharmonic Choir]] performed Murray Gold's compositions for the series, conducted by Ben Foster, as well as a selection of classics based on the theme of space and time. The event was presented by [[Freema Agyeman]] and guest-presented by various other stars of the show with numerous monsters participating in the proceedings. It also featured the specially filmed mini-episode "[[Music of the Spheres (Doctor Who)|Music of the Spheres]]", written by Russell T Davies and starring David Tennant.<ref>{{cite web
| date = 27 July 2008
| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/proms/2008/whatson/2707.shtml
| title = BBC Prom 27 July 2008
|publisher=BBC
| accessdate =29 September 2008
}}</ref>
 
Six soundtrack releases have been released since 2005. The [[Doctor Who: Original Television Soundtrack|first]] featured tracks from the first two series,<ref>{{cite web
| date = 17 July 2006
| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/news/cult/news/drwho/2006/07/17/33953.shtml
| title = Who soundtrack soon
|publisher=BBC
| accessdate =4 August 2006
}}{{dead link|date=July 2011}}<br />{{cite web
| date = 1 November 2006
| url = http://www.silvascreen.co.uk/news.htm
| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20061212205542/http://www.silvascreen.co.uk/news.htm
| archivedate = 12 December 2006
| title = Silva Screen announces Doctor Who CD release date
| publisher = silvascreen.co.uk
| accessdate =4 December 2006
}}</ref> the [[Doctor Who: Original Television Soundtrack - Series 3|second]] and [[Doctor Who: Original Television Soundtrack - Series 4|third]] featured music from the third and fourth series respectively. The [[Doctor Who: Original Television Soundtrack - Series 4: The Specials|fourth]] was released on 4 October 2010 as a two disc special edition and contained music from the 2008–2010 specials (''[[The Next Doctor]]'' to ''[[The End of Time|End of Time Part 2]]'').<ref>{{cite web|title=DOCTOR WHO – SERIES 4 Murray Gold|url=http://silvascreenmusic.greedbag.com/buy/doctor-who-series-3/|publisher=Silva Screen Music|accessdate=6 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=DOCTOR WHO: SERIES 4-THE SPECIALS Murray Gold|url=http://silvascreenmusic.greedbag.com/buy/doctor-who-series-4-the-specials-0/|publisher=Silva Screen Music|accessdate=6 September 2013}}</ref> The [[Doctor Who: Original Television Soundtrack - Series 5|soundtrack for Series 5]] was released on 8 November 2010.<ref>{{cite web|title=Doctor Who Series 5 Original TV Soundtrack (Music CD)|url=http://www.bbcshop.com/doctor-who/doctor-who-series-5-original-tv-soundtrack-music-cd/invt/silcd1345|publisher=|publisher=BBC|accessdate=6 September 2013}}</ref> In February 2011, a soundtrack was released for the 2010 Christmas special: "A Christmas Carol",<ref>{{cite web|title=Doctor Who: A Christmas Carol (Soundtrack)|url=http://www.bbcshop.com/doctor-who/doctor-who-a-christmas-carol-soundtrack/invt/silcd1360|publisher=BBC|accessdate=6 September 2013}}</ref> and in December 2011 the [[Doctor Who: Original Television Soundtrack - Series 6|soundtrack for Series 6]] was released, both by Silva Screen Records.<ref>{{cite web|title=Doctor Who: Series 6 (Soundtrack)|url=http://www.bbcshop.com/soundtracks/doctor-who-series-6-soundtrack/invt/silcd1375|publisher=BBC|accessdate=6 September 2013}}</ref>
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