Bahasa-bahasa Sino-Tibet: Perbezaan antara semakan
Kandungan dihapus Kandungan ditambah
Muhd Aiman65 (bincang | sumb.) Tiada ringkasan suntingan |
Sumber: Wikipedia |
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Baris 1:
{{Infobox language family
|name=Sino-Tibet
|region=[[Asia Timur]], [[Asia Tenggara]], [[Asia Selatan]]
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
|family = Salah satu [[bahasa keluarga]] utama dunia
|child1=Kira-kira 40 kumpulan peringkat rendah yang mantap (lihat [[#Van Driem (2011)|Van Driem (2011)]], beberapa yang tidak tergolong dalam Sino-Tibet langsung
|child2=Banyak cadangan pengkumpulan peringkat tinggi
|child3=Bahagian tradisional:
|child4=[[bahasa-bahasa Sinitik|Sinitik]] vs. yang lain ([[bahasa-bahasa Tibeto-Burma|Tibeto-Burma]])
|iso2=sit
|iso5=sit
|glotto=sino1245 |glottofoot=no
|map=Sino-tibetan languages - branches.png
|mapcaption=Peluasan pelbagai cabang Sino-Tibet
}}
'''Bahasa-bahasa Sino-Tibet''' ialah sebuah [[keluarga bahasa|bahasa]] lebih daripada 400 bahasa ditutur di [[Asia Timur]], [[Asia Tenggara]] dan sebahagian [[Asia Selatan]]. Keluarga ini ialah hanya kedua kepada [[bahasa-bahasa Indo-Eropah]] dalam istilah bilangan penutur asli. Bahasa-bahasa Sino-Tibet dengan penutur asli terbanyak ialah [[varieties of Chinese|bahasa Cina]] (1.2 bilion penutur), [[Burmese language|Burmese]] (33 juta) dan [[bahasa-bahasa Tibetik]] (8 juta). Banyak bahasa-bahasa Sino-Tibet ditutur oleh masyarakat kecil di kawasan gunung terpencil dan kurang didokumenkan.
==Nota==
{{notelist}}
==Rujukan==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
===Sumber===
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| title = A Handbook of Old Chinese Phonology
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| location = Berlin | publisher = Mouton de Gruyter | year = 1992
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| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
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| postscript = .
}}
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| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| first = Christopher I. | last = Beckwith | authormask = 2
| title = Medieval Tibeto-Burman languages
| editor-first = Christopher | editor-last = Beckwith
| chapter = The Sino-Tibetan problem | pages = 113–158
| publisher = Brill | year = 2002b | isbn = 978-90-04-12424-0
| postscript = .
}}
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| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| first = Paul K. | last = Benedict | authormask = 2
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| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| year = 1972 | isbn = 978-0-521-08175-7
| url = http://stedt.berkeley.edu/pubs_and_prods/Benedict_1972_Sino-Tibetan-Conspectus.pdf
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| first1 = Roger | last1 = Blench
| first2 = Mark | last2 = Post
| chapter = Rethinking Sino-Tibetan phylogeny from the perspective of North East Indian languages
| pages = 71–104
| editor1-first = Nathan W. | editor1-last = Hill
| editor2-first = Thomas | editor2-last = Owen-Smith
| title = Trans-Himalayan Linguistics
| location = Berlin | publisher = Mouton de Gruyter | year = 2013
| isbn = 978-3-11-031083-2
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| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| chapter = Proto-Chinese and Sino-Tibetan: data towards establishing the nature of the relationship
| first = Nicholas C. | last = Bodman
| title = Contributions to historical linguistics: issues and materials
| editor1-first = Frans | editor1-last = van Coetsem
| editor2-first = Linda R. | editor2-last = Waugh
| pages = 34–199
| location = Leiden | publisher = E. J. Brill | year = 1980
| isbn = 978-90-04-06130-9
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| title = The Sal Languages
| first = Robbins | last = Burling | authorlink = Robbins Burling
| journal = Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area | year = 1983 | volume = 7 | issue = 2 | pages = 1–32
| url = http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/burling1982sal.pdf
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| chapter = Sino-Tibetan languages | pages = 693–702
| first = Scott | last = DeLancey | authorlink = Scott DeLancey
| title = The World's Major Languages
| editor-first = Bernard | editor-last = Comrie | editor-link = Bernard Comrie
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| postscript = .
}}
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| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| first = George | last = van Driem | authormask = 2
| title = Sino-Bodic
| journal = Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
| volume = 60 | issue = 3 | pages = 455–488 | year = 1997
| doi = 10.1017/S0041977X0003250X
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| first = George | last = van Driem | authormask = 2
| title = Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region
| publisher = Brill | year = 2001 | isbn = 978-90-04-12062-4
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| last = van Driem | first = George L. | authormask = 2
| title = Tibeto-Burman subgroups and historical grammar
| journal = Himalayan Linguistics Journal | volume = 10 | issue = 1
| year = 2011a | pages = 31–39
| url = http://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/HimalayanLinguistics/articles/2011/HLJ1001B.html
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| first = George | last = van Driem | authormask = 2
| title = The Trans-Himalayan phylum and its implications for population prehistory
| journal = Communication on Contemporary Anthropology | year = 2011b
| volume = 5 | pages = 135–142 | doi = 10.4236/coca.2011.51020
| url = http://comonca.org.cn/PDF/2011/COMONCA05-020.pdf
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| chapter = Word order in Sino-Tibetan languages from a typological and geographical perspective
| first = Matthew S. | last = Dryer
| pages = 43–55
| title = The Sino-Tibetan languages
| editor1-first = Graham | editor1-last = Thurgood
| editor2-first = Randy J. | editor2-last = LaPolla
| location = London | publisher = Routledge | year = 2003
| isbn = 978-0-7007-1129-1
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| title = A Comparative Study of the Chinese, Tibetan, and Burmese Vowel Systems
| last = Gong | first = Hwang-cherng | authorlink = Gong Hwang-cherng
| journal = Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology
| publisher = Academia Sinica | volume = 51 | year = 1980 | pages = 455–489
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| title = Research on Tibeto-Burman Languages
| series = State-of-the-art report, Trends in linguistics | volume = 14
| first = Austin | last = Hale
| publisher = Walter de Gruyter | year = 1982 | isbn = 978-90-279-3379-9
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| first = Zev | last = Handel
| title = What is Sino-Tibetan? Snapshot of a Field and a Language Family in Flux
| journal = Language and Linguistics Compass | volume = 2 | issue = 3 | year = 2008 | pages = 422–441
| doi = 10.1111/j.1749-818X.2008.00061.x
| url = https://www.academia.edu/2347515/2008_What_is_Sino-Tibetan_Snapshot_of_a_Field_and_a_Language_Family_in_Flux
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| title = The six vowel hypothesis of Old Chinese in comparative context
| first = Nathan W. | last = Hill
| journal = Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics | volume = 6 | number = 2 | year = 2012
| pages = 1–69
| url = http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/15863/
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| title= Cognates of Old Chinese *-n, *-r, and *-j in Tibetan and Burmese
| first = Nathan W. | last = Hill
| journal = Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale | volume = 43 | number = 2 | year = 2014
| pages = 91–109
| url= http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/19139/
}}
* {{citation
| first = Julius | last = Klaproth | authorlink = Julius Klaproth
| title = Asia Polyglotta
| location = Paris | publisher = B.A. Shubart | year = 1823
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| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
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| year = 1889
| pages = 189–236
| url = http://publikationen.stub.uni-frankfurt.de/files/13039/E001841522_A1b.pdf
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| chapter = Overview of Sino-Tibetan morphosyntax
| first = Randy J. | last = LaPolla | authorlink = Randy LaPolla
| pages = 22–42
| title = The Sino-Tibetan languages
| editor1-first = Graham | editor1-last = Thurgood
| editor2-first = Randy J. | editor2-last = LaPolla
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| isbn = 978-0-7007-1129-1
| postscript = .
}}
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| editor-first2 = Gary F. | editor-last2 = Simons
| editor-first3 = Charles D. | editor-last3 = Fennig
| year = 2013 | edition = Seventeenth
| location = Dallas, Texas | publisher = SIL International
| url = http://www.ethnologue.com
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| last = Li | first = Fang-Kuei | authorlink = Li Fang-Kuei
| title = The Chinese Year Book | year = 1937
| editor1-first = Ch'ao-ying | editor1-last = Shih
| editor2-first = Ch'i-hsien | editor2-last = Chang
| publisher = Commercial Press
| contribution = Languages and Dialects | pages = 59–65
| postscript = ,
}} reprinted as {{citation
| last = Li | first = Fang-Kuei
| title = Languages and Dialects of China
| journal = Journal of Chinese Linguistics | year = 1973 | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–13
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| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| first = James R. | last = Logan | authorlink = James Richardson Logan
| title = The Maruwi of the Baniak Islands
| journal = Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia
| volume = 1 | number = 1 | year = 1856 | pages = 1–42
| url = http://archive.org/details/journalindianar01unkngoog
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| first = James R. | last = Logan | authormask = 2
| title = The West-Himalaic or Tibetan tribes of Asam, Burma and Pegu
| journal = Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia
| volume = 2 | number = 1 | year = 1858 | pages = 68–114
| url = {{google books|f5IaAQAAIAAJ|page=68|plainurl=yes}}
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| first = James A. | last = Matisoff | authorlink = James Matisoff
| title = Sino-Tibetan Linguistics: Present State and Future Prospects
| journal = Annual Review of Anthropology
| volume = 20 | year = 1991 | pages = 469–504
| jstor = 2155809 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.anthro.20.1.469
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| title = On 'Sino-Bodic' and Other Symptoms of Neosubgroupitis
| first = James A. | last = Matisoff | authormask = 2
| journal = Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
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| jstor = 1559492 | doi = 10.1017/s0041977x00008442
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| first = James A. | last = Matisoff | authormask = 2
| title = Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman: System and Philosophy of Sino-Tibetan Reconstruction
| location = Berkeley | publisher = [[University of California Press]]
| year = 2003
| isbn = 978-0-520-09843-5
| url = http://escholarship.org/uc/item/19d79619
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| title = Sino-Tibetan: Inspection of a Conspectus
| first = Roy Andrew | last = Miller | authorlink = Roy Andrew Miller
| journal = Journal of the American Oriental Society
| volume = 94 | issue = 2 | year = 1974 | pages = 195–209
| jstor = 600891
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| title = The Number 'A Hundred' in Sino-Tibetan
| first1 = J. | last1 = Przyluski | first2 = G. H. | last2 = Luce
| journal = Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
| volume = 6| issue = 3 | year = 1931 | pages = 667–668
| doi = 10.1017/S0041977X00093150
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| first = Laurent | last = Sagart | authorlink = Laurent Sagart
| chapter = Sino-Tibetan–Austronesian: an updated and improved argument
| pages = 161–176
| chapterurl = http://www.academia.edu/2460148/Sino-Tibetan-Austronesian_an_updated_and_improved_argument
| title = The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics
| editor1-first = Laurent | editor1-last = Sagart
| editor2-first = Roger | editor2-last = Blench
| editor3-first = Alicia | editor3-last = Sanchez-Mazas
| location = London | publisher = Routledge Curzon | year = 2005
| isbn = 978-0-415-32242-3
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| first = Edward | last = Sapir | authorlink = Edward Sapir
| title = Review: ''Les Langues du Monde''
| journal = Modern Language Notes | volume = 40 | issue = 6 | year = 1925
| pages = 373–375
| jstor = 2914102
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| first = Robert | last = Shafer
| title = Athapaskan and Sino-Tibetan
| journal = International Journal of American Linguistics
| volume = 18 | issue = 1 | year = 1952 | pages = 12–19
| jstor = 1263121 | doi = 10.1086/464142
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| first = Robert | last = Shafer | authormask = 2
| title = Classification of the Sino-Tibetan languages
| journal = Word (Journal of the Linguistic Circle of New York)
| year = 1955 | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 94–111
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| first = Robert | last = Shafer | authormask = 2
| title = Introduction to Sino-Tibetan | volume = 1
| location = Wiesbaden | publisher = Otto Harrassowitz | year = 1966
| isbn = 978-3-447-01559-2
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| first = Devidatta | last = Sharma
| title = A Descriptive Grammar of Kinnauri
| publisher = Mittal Publications | year = 1988
| isbn = 978-81-7099-049-9
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| chapter = A subgrouping of the Sino-Tibetan languages
| first = Graham | last = Thurgood
| pages = 3–21
| title = The Sino-Tibetan languages
| editor1-first = Graham | editor1-last = Thurgood
| editor2-first = Randy J. | editor2-last = LaPolla
| location = London | publisher = Routledge | year = 2003
| isbn = 978-0-7007-1129-1
| postscript = .
}}
;Umum
* {{citation
| first = James | last = Bauman
| title = Pronominal Verb Morphology in Tibeto-Burman
| journal = Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | year = 1974 | pages = 108–155
| url = http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/bauman1974pronominal.pdf
| ref = none
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| first = William H. | last = Baxter | authorlink = William H. Baxter
| chapter = 'A Stronger Affinity ... Than Could Have Been Produced by Accident': A Probabilistic Comparison of Old Chinese and Tibeto-Burman
| editor-first = William S.-Y. | editor-last = Wang
| title = The Ancestry of the Chinese Language
| series = ''Journal of Chinese Linguistics'' Monographs | volume = 8
| location = Berkeley | publisher = Project on Linguistic Analysis | year = 1995
| pages = 1–39
| ref = none
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| first = Paul K. | last = Benedict | authorlink = Paul K. Benedict
| title = Sino-Tibetan: Another Look
| journal = Journal of the American Oriental Society | year = 1976 | volume = 96 | issue = 2 | pages = 167–197
| jstor = 599822
| ref = none
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| first1 = Roger | last1 = Blench | authorlink1 = Roger Blench
| first2 = Mark | last2 = Post
| title = (De)classifying Arunachal languages: Reconstructing the evidence
| url = http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/South%20Asia/NEI/General/Lingres/Declassifying%20Arunachal.pdf
| year = 2011
| ref = none
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| title = A Sinologist's Handlist of Sino-Tibetan Lexical Comparisons
| first = W. South | last = Coblin | authorlink = Weldon South Coblin
| series = ''Monumenta Serica'' monograph series | volume = 18
| location = Nettetal | publisher = Steyler Verlag | year = 1986
| isbn = 978-3-87787-208-6
| ref = none
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| first = George | last = van Driem | authorlink = George van Driem
| title = Black Mountain Conjugational Morphology, Proto-Tibeto-Burman Morphosyntax, and the Linguistic Position of Chinese
| journal = Senri Ethnological Studies
| volume = 41 | year = 1995 | pages = 229–259
| url = http://www.himalayanlanguages.org/files/driem/pdfs/1995BMConjMorph.pdf
| ref = none
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| first = George | last = van Driem | authormask = 2
| chapter = Tibeto-Burman vs. Sino-Tibetan
| pages = 101–119
| title = Language in time and space: a Festschrift for Werner Winter on the occasion of his 80th birthday
| editor1-first = Werner | editor1-last = Winter
| editor2-first = Brigitte L. M. | editor2-last = Bauer
| editor3-first = Georges-Jean | editor3-last = Pinault
| publisher = Walter de Gruyter | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-3-11-017648-3
| ref = none
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| last = Gong | first = Hwang-cherng | authorlink = Gong Hwang-cherng
| title = Hàn Zàng yǔ yánjiū lùnwén jí | script-title = 漢藏語硏究論文集
| trans_title = Collected papers on Sino-Tibetan linguistics
| location = Taipei | publisher = Academia Sinica | year = 2002
| isbn = 957-671-872-4
| ref = none
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| first = Guillaume | last = Jacques | authorlink = Guillaume Jacques
| title = La morphologie du sino-tibétain
| journal = La linguistique comparative en France aujourd'hui
| year = 2006
| url = http://www.academia.edu/2261533/La_morphologie_du_sino-tibetain
| ref = none
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| first = Ernst | last = Kuhn
| title = Über Herkunft und Sprache der transgangetischen Völker
| location = Munich | publisher = Verlag d. k. b. Akademie | year = 1883
| url = http://dds.crl.edu/loadStream.asp?iid=17471
| ref = none
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| first1 = Sergei | last1 = Starostin | authorlink = Sergei Starostin
| first2 = Ilia | last2 = Peiros
| title = A Comparative Vocabulary of Five Sino-Tibetan Languages
| publisher = [[Melbourne University Press]] | year = 1996
| oclc = 53387435
| ref = none
| postscript = .
}}
==Pautan luar==
*James Matisoff, [http://stedt.berkeley.edu/html/STfamily.html#TBlg Tibeto-Burman languages and their subgrouping]
*[http://www.academia.edu/969608/The_genetic_position_of_Chinese The Genetic Position of Chinese], by Guillaume Jacques
* [http://multitree.org/codes/sitb Sino-Tibetan] at the Linguist List MultiTree Project: Genealogical trees attributed to Conrady 1896, Benedict 1942, Shafer 1955, Benedict 1972, Egerod 1991, Matisoff & Namkung 1996, Peiros 1998, Thurgood & LaPolla 2003, and Matisoff 2006. (The tree attributed to Bradley 2007 does not correspond to that article.)
{{tunas}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sino-Tibetan Languages}}
[[Category:Language families]]
[[Category:Sino-Tibetan languages|*]]
[[Category:Proto-languages|Sino-Tibetan]]
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