Nîmes: Perbezaan antara semakan
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{{Infobox French commune
|name = Nîmes
|commune status = [[Communes di Perancis|Commune]]
|image = Nîmes, Centre ville.jpg
|
|arrondissement = Nîmes
|canton =
|image coat of arms = Blason ville fr Nîmes (Gard).svg
|INSEE = 30189
|postal code = 30000
|mayor = Jean-Paul Fournier
|term =
|intercommunality = Nîmes Métropole
|
|elevation m = 39
|elevation min m = 21
|elevation max m = 215
|area km2 = 161.85
|population =
|population date =
}}
'''Nîmes''' ({{IPAc-en|n|iː|m}}; {{IPA-fr|nim|lang}}; [[dialek Provençal|Provençal]] [[Occitan]]: ''Nimes'' {{IPA-oc|ˈnimes|}}) adalah sebuah bandar yang terletak di wilayah [[Occitanie]], selatan [[Perancis]]. Ia merupakan ibu negeri bagi [[Jabatan di Perancis|jabatan]] [[Gard]]. Nîmes terletak di antara [[Laut Mediterranean]] dan pergunungan [[Cévennes]]. Penduduknya dianggarkan berjumlah 146,709 orang (2012).<ref>http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=nattef01204</ref> Nîmes kaya dengan sejarah, bermula sejak zaman [[empayar Rom]] apabila kota ini didiami oleh 50,000–60,000 penduduk.<ref name="Sear1983">{{cite book|author=Frank Sear|title=Roman Architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rkdt_p6uvw0C&pg=PA213|year=1983|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=0-8014-9245-9|page=213}}</ref><ref name="RingWatson2013">{{cite book|author1=Trudy Ring|author2=Noelle Watson|author3=Paul Schellinger|title=Northern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uWjYAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT853|date=28 October 2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-136-63951-7|page=853}}</ref><ref>http://conservationengineers.org/conferences/2013presentations/Tuesday_Nimes_Aqueduct_GMihalevich.pdf</ref><ref name="MobileReference2007">{{cite book|author=MobileReference|title=Travel Barcelona, Spain for Smartphones and Mobile Devices - City Guide, Phrasebook, and Maps|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KH3MnM_v0_gC&pg=PT428|date=1 January 2007|publisher=MobileReference|isbn=978-1-60501-059-5|page=428}}</ref> Beberapa monumen terkenal terdapat di Nîmes, seperti [[Arena Nîmes]] dan [[Maison Carrée]]. Oleh kerana ini, Nîmes sering kali dirujuk sebagai Rom Perancis.
==
Nîmes mengalami [[cuaca mediterranean]] yang mana paling panas di Perancis. Kedudukannya yang agak ke darat, arah selatan membawa udara panas ke atas kota semasa musim panas, manakala semasa musim sejuk agak dingin.
<div style="width:82%;">
{{Weather box
|location = Nîmes (purata 1981–2010)
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
|Jan record high C = 21.5
|Feb record high C = 23.8
|Mar record high C = 27.3
|Apr record high C = 30.7
|May record high C = 34.7
|Jun record high C = 39.1
|Jul record high C = 38.8
|Aug record high C = 41.6
|Sep record high C = 35.4
|Oct record high C = 31.9
|Nov record high C = 26.1
|Dec record high C = 20.6
|year record high C = 41.6
|Jan high C = 11.0
|Feb high C = 12.4
|Mar high C = 16.0
|Apr high C = 18.6
|May high C = 23.0
|Jun high C = 27.5
|Jul high C = 31.0
|Aug high C = 30.5
|Sep high C = 25.7
|Oct high C = 20.4
|Nov high C = 14.5
|Dec high C = 11.3
|year high C = 20.2
|Jan low C = 2.7
|Feb low C = 3.2
|Mar low C = 5.8
|Apr low C = 8.3
|May low C = 12.1
|Jun low C = 15.8
|Jul low C = 18.7
|Aug low C = 18.4
|Sep low C = 14.9
|Oct low C = 11.5
|Nov low C = 6.5
|Dec low C = 3.6
|year low C = 10.2
|Jan record low C = -12.2
|Feb record low C = -14.0
|Mar record low C = -6.8
|Apr record low C = -2.0
|May record low C = 1.1
|Jun record low C = 5.4
|Jul record low C = 10.0
|Aug record low C = 9.2
|Sep record low C = 5.4
|Oct record low C = -1.0
|Nov record low C = -4.8
|Dec record low C = -9.7
|year record low C = -14.0
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 64.7
|Feb precipitation mm = 47.3
|Mar precipitation mm = 40.4
|Apr precipitation mm = 65.1
|May precipitation mm = 58.5
|Jun precipitation mm = 40.9
|Jul precipitation mm = 28.2
|Aug precipitation mm = 53.3
|Sep precipitation mm = 96.4
|Oct precipitation mm = 119.2
|Nov precipitation mm = 83.1
|Dec precipitation mm = 65.8
|year precipitation mm = 762.9
|Jan snow days = 0.7
|Feb snow days = 1.0
|Mar snow days = 0.5
|Apr snow days = 0.0
|May snow days = 0.0
|Jun snow days = 0.0
|Jul snow days = 0.0
|Aug snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.0
|Oct snow days = 0.0
|Nov snow days = 0.3
|Dec snow days = 0.9
|year snow days = 3.4
|Jan humidity = 71
|Feb humidity = 68
|Mar humidity = 63
|Apr humidity = 63
|May humidity = 64
|Jun humidity = 61
|Jul humidity = 56
|Aug humidity = 60
|Sep humidity = 67
|Oct humidity = 73
|Nov humidity = 72
|Dec humidity = 72
|year humidity = 65.8
|Jan sun = 141.6
|Feb sun = 166.3
|Mar sun = 222.2
|Apr sun = 229.8
|May sun = 262.0
|Jun sun = 311.0
|Jul sun = 341.1
|Aug sun = 301.6
|Sep sun = 239.0
|Oct sun = 166.6
|Nov sun = 147.9
|Dec sun = 134.0
|year sun = 2662.9
|source 1= Météo France<ref name= Météo>{{cite web
| url = http://www.meteofrance.com/climat/france/nimes/30189001/normales
| title = Données climatiques de la station de Nîmes
| publisher = Meteo France
| language = French
| accessdate = January 7, 2016}}</ref><ref name=MFclimat2>{{cite web
| url = http://www.meteofrance.com/climat/france/languedoc-roussillon/regi91/normales
| title = Climat Languedoc-Roussillon
| publisher = Meteo France
| language = French
| accessdate = January 7, 2016}}</ref>
|source 2 = Infoclimat.fr (humidity and snowy days, 1961–1990)<ref name=Infoclimat>{{cite web
| url = http://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie-07645-nimes-courbessac.html
| title = Normes et records 1961-1990: Nimes-Courbessac (30) - altitude 59m
| language = French
| publisher = Infoclimat
| accessdate = January 7, 2016}}</ref>
}}
</div>
==Sejarah==
{{see also|Timeline of Nîmes}}
[[File:2015-Arena-of-Nîmes.jpg|thumb|left|[[Arena of Nîmes]].]]
The city derives its name from that of a spring in the Roman village. The contemporary coat of arms of the city of Nîmes includes a crocodile chained to a palm tree with the inscription <small>COL NEM</small>, for ''Colonia Nemausus'', meaning the "colony" or "settlement" of [[Nemausus]], the local Celtic god of the [[Volcae Arecomici]]. Veterans of the Roman legions who had served Julius Caesar in his Nile campaigns, at the end of fifteen years of soldiering, were given plots of land to cultivate on the plain of Nîmes.<ref>Alain Veyrac, "Le symbolisme de l'as de Nîmes au crocodile" ''Archéologie et histoire romaine'' vol. 1 (1998) ([http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/dha_0755-7256_2000_num_26_2_2560 on-line text]).</ref>
The city was located on the [[Via Domitia]], a [[Roman road]] constructed in 118 BC which connected [[Italy]] with [[:Spain]].
Its name appears in inscriptions in [[Gaulish]] as ''dede matrebo Namausikabo'' = "he has given to the mothers of Nîmes" and "''toutios Namausatis''" = "citizen of Nîmes".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aPEENAEp938C&lpg=PA183&ots=Bhb1Sq0G4Q&dq=namausikabo&pg=PA183#v=onepage&q=namausikabo&f=false |title=The Ancient Languages of Europe - Woodard - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.co.uk |date= |accessdate=}}</ref>
===Prehistory===
The site on which the built-up area of Nîmes has become established in the course of centuries is part of the edge of the alluvial plain of the Vistrenque River which butts up against low hills: to the northeast, Mont Duplan; to the southwest, Montaury; to the west, Mt. Cavalier and the knoll of Canteduc.
===4000–2000 BC===
The Neolithic site of Serre Paradis reveals the presence of semi-nomadic cultivators in the period 4000 to 3500 BC on the future site of Nîmes. The population of the site increased during the thousand-year period of the Bronze Age.
The [[menhir]] of Courbessac (or La Poudrière) stands in a field, near the airstrip. This limestone monolith of over two metres in height dates to about 2500 BC, and must be considered the oldest monument of Nîmes.
===1800–600 BC===
The Bronze Age has left traces of villages that were made out of huts and branches
===600–49 BC===
The Warrior of Grezan is considered to be the most ancient indigenous sculpture in southern Gaul.{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}} The hill named Mt. Cavalier was the site of the early [[oppidum]], which gave birth to the city. During the third and 2nd centuries BC a surrounding wall was built, closed at the summit by a dry-stone tower, which was later incorporated into the masonry of the [[Tour Magne]]. The Wars of Gaul and the fall of [[Marseille]] (49 BC) allowed Nîmes to regain its autonomy under Rome.
===Roman period===
{{See also| Nemausus}}
[[File:Pont du gard.jpg|thumb|left|Pont du Gard from the south bank]]
[[File:2015-Arena-of-Nîmes-Interior.JPG|thumb|Arena Interior.]]
[[File:2015-Maison-Carrée-Nîmes.JPG|thumb|Maison Carrée.]]
Nîmes became a Roman colony sometime before 28 BC, as witnessed by the earliest coins, which bear the abbreviation <small>NEM. COL</small>, "Colony of Nemausus".<ref>Colin M. Kraay, "The Chronology of the coinage of Colonia Nemausus", ''Numismatic Chronicle'' '''15''' (1955), pp. 75-87.</ref> Some years later a sanctuary and other constructions connected with the fountain were raised on the site. Nîmes was already under Roman influence, though it was Augustus who made the city the capital of [[Narbonne]] province, and gave it all its glory. It was also known as the birthplace of the family of [[Roman Emperor]] [[Antoninus Pius]].
The city had an estimated population of 60,000 in the time of [[Augustus]].{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} Augustus gave the town a ring of ramparts six kilometres ({{convert|6|km|abbr=off|disp=output only}}) long, reinforced by fourteen towers; two gates remain today: the Porta Augusta and the Porte de France. An [[Roman aqueduct|aqueduct]] was built to bring water from the hills to the north. Where this crossed the [[River Gard]] between [[Uzes]] and [[Remoulins]], the spectacular [[Pont du Gard]] was built. This is {{convert|20|km|0|abbr=off}} north east of the city. Also, the [[Maison Carrée]] is one of the best preserved temples to be found anywhere in the territory of the former Roman Empire; it later inspired the design of the [[Virginia State Capitol]] at Richmond. Nothing remains of some other monuments, the existence of which is known from inscriptions or architectural fragments found in the course of excavations. It is known that the town had a civil basilica, a curia, a gymnasium and perhaps a circus. [[Arena of Nîmes|The amphitheatre]] dates from the end of the 2nd century AD and was one of the largest amphitheatres in the Empire.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="4" |Dimensions of the largest amphitheatres of the Roman Empire
|-
|[[Colosseum]] (Rome, Italy)
|188 × 156 m
|-
|[[Capua#Amphitheatre|Capua]] (Italy)
|167 × 137 m
|-
|[[Italica]] (Spain):
|157 × 134 m
|-
|[[Tours Amphitheatre|Tours]]
|156 × 134 m
|-
|[[Carthage amphitheatre|Carthage]] (Tunisia)
|156 × 128 m
|-
|[[Autun]]
|154 × 130 m
|-
|Nîmes
|133 × 101 m
|}
Emperor Constantine endowed the city with baths. It became the seat of the Diocesan Vicar, the chief administrative officer of southern Gaul.
The town was prosperous until the end of the 3rd century – during the 4th and 5th centuries, the nearby town of [[Arles]] enjoyed more prosperity. In the early 5th century the Praetorian Prefecture was moved from [[Trier]] in northeast Gaul to Arles. The [[Visigoths]] finally captured the city from the Romans in 473 AD.
===4th–13th centuries===
[[File:Nimes 1569.jpg|thumb|left|''Nemausus, Nismes Civitas Narbonensis'' surrounded by its walls, after Sebastian Münster (1569), 1572.]]
After the Roman period, in the days of invasion and decadence, the Christian Church, already established in Gaul since the 1st century AD, appeared be the last refuge of classical civilization – it was remarkably organized and directed by a series of Gallo-Roman aristocrats. However, when the Visigoths were accepted in the Roman Empire, Nîmes was included in their territory (472), even after the Frankish victory at the [[Battle of Vouillé]] (507). The urban landscape went through transformation with the Goths, but much of the heritage of the Roman era remained largely intact.
By 725, the Muslim [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyads]] had conquered the whole Visigothic territory of [[Septimania]] including Nîmes. In 736-737, Charles Martel and his brother led an expedition to Septimania and Provence, and largely destroyed the city (in the hands of Umayyads allied with the local Gallo-Roman and Gothic nobility), including the amphitheatre, thereafter heading back north. The Muslim government came to an end in 752, when [[Pepin the Short]] captured the city. In 754, an uprising took place against the Carolingian king, but was put down and count Radulf, a Frank, appointed as master of the city. After the war events, Nîmes was now only a shadow of the opulent [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] city it once had been. The local authorities installed themselves in remains of [[Arena of Nîmes|the amphitheatre]].
Carolingian rule brought relative peace, but feudal times in the 12th century brought local troubles, which lasted until the days of [[Louis IX of France|St. Louis]]. During that period Nîmes was jointly administered by a lay power resident in the old amphitheatre, where lived the Viguier and the Knights of the Arena, and the religious power based in the Bishop's palace complex, around the cathedral, its chapter and the Bishop's house; meanwhile the city was represented by four Consuls, who sat in the Maison Carrée.
Despite incessant feudal squabbling, Nîmes saw some progress both in commerce and industry as well as in stock-breeding and associated activities.
After the last effort by [[Raymond VII of Toulouse]], St. Louis managed to establish royal power in the region which became [[Languedoc]]. Nîmes thus entered finally into the hands of the King of France.
[[File:Hubert Robert - Ruins at Nimes - WGA19596.jpg|thumb|left|Ruins at Nîmes, painting by [[Hubert Robert]].]]
===Period of invasions===
During the 14th and 15th centuries the Rhone Valley underwent an uninterrupted series of invasions which ruined the economy and caused famine. Customs were forgotten, religious troubles developed (''see [[French Wars of Religion]]'') and epidemics, all of which affected the city. Nîmes, which was one of the Protestant strongholds, felt the full force of repression and fratricidal confrontations (including the ''[[Michelade]]'' massacre) which continued until the middle of the 17th century, adding to the misery of periodic outbreaks of plague.
===17th century to the French Revolution===
In the middle of the 17th century Nîmes experienced a period of prosperity. Population growth caused the town to expand, and slum housing to be replaced. Also to this period dates the reconstruction of Notre-Dame-Saint-Castor, the Bishop's palace and numerous mansions (Hotels). This renaissance strengthened the manufacturing and industrial vocation of the city, the population rising from 21,000 to 50,000 inhabitants.
[[File:Les Quais de la Fontaine.jpg|thumb|left|Les Quais de la Fontaine, the embankments of the spring that provided water for the city, the first civic gardens of France, were laid out in 1738–55.]]
Also in this period the Fountain gardens, the ''Quais de la Fontaine'', were laid out, the areas surrounding the Maison Carrée and [[Arena of Nîmes|the Amphitheatre]] were cleared of encroachments, whilst the entire population benefited from the atmosphere of prosperity.
===From the French Revolution to the present===
Following a European economic crisis that hit Nîmes with full force, the [[French revolution|Revolutionary period]] awoke slumbering demons of political and religious antagonism. The [[Second White Terror|White Terror]] added to natural calamities and economic recession, produced murder, pillage and arson until 1815. Order was however restored in the course of the century, and Nîmes became the metropolis of Bas-Languedoc, diversifying its industry towards new kinds of activity. At the same time the surrounding countryside adapted to market needs and shared in the general increase of wealth.
During the Second World War, Maquis resistance fighters [http://www.midi-france.info/1016_ww2.htm Jean Robert and Vinicio Faïta were executed] at Nîmes on 22 April 1943. The Nîmes marshaling yards were [http://www.zplace2b.com/464th/sortie.htm bombed by American bombers] in 1944.
The [[2nd Foreign Infantry Regiment|2º Régiment Etranger d'Infanterie (2ºREI)]], the main motorised infantry regiment of the French Foreign Legion, is garrisoned in Nîmes since 1984. {{citation needed|date=March 2015}}
==Penduduk==
{{Historical populations
|align=left
| 1793|40000
| 1800|39594
| 1806|41195
| 1821|37908
| 1831|41266
| 1841|44697
| 1851|53619
| 1861|57129
| 1872|62394
| 1881|63552
| 1891|71623
| 1901|80605
| 1911|80437
| 1921|82774
| 1931|89213
| 1936|93758
| 1946|91667
| 1954|89130
| 1962|99802
| 1968|123292
| 1975|127933
| 1982|124220
| 1990|128471
| 1999|133424
| 2008|140267
| 2012|146709
}}
[[File:Temple de Diane Nîmes.JPG|thumb|Kuil Diana]]
[[File:Nîmes La porte Auguste.png|thumb|Pintu August]]
[[File:Castellum divisorium of Nemausus, Nîmes (14791561460).jpg|thumb|''Castellum divisorium'' di ''aqueduct'']]
{{clear left}}
==Sights==
[[File:Nimes-TourMagne.JPG|thumb|left|Tour Magne.]]
[[File:NimesJardins.jpg|thumb|left|The ''Jardins de la Fontaine''.]]
Several important remains of the [[Roman Empire]] can still be seen in and around Nîmes:
* The elliptical [[Arena of Nîmes|Roman amphitheatre]], of the 1st or 2nd century AD, is the best-preserved Roman arena in France. It was filled with medieval housing, when its walls served as [[Defensive wall|rampart]]s, but they were cleared under [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]]. It is still used as a [[bull fighting]] and concert arena.
* The [[Maison Carrée]] (''Square House''), a small [[Roman temple]] dedicated to sons of [[Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa|Agrippa]] was built c. 19 BC. It is one of the best-preserved Roman temples anywhere. Visitors can watch a short film about the history of Nîmes inside.
* The 18th-century ''Jardins de la Fontaine'' (Gardens of the Fountain) built around the Roman [[thermae]] ruins.
* The nearby [[Pont du Gard]], also built by Agrippa, is a well-preserved [[aqueduct (bridge)|aqueduct]] that used to carry water across the small [[Gardon]] river valley.
* The nearby Mont Cavalier is crowned by the ''Tour Magne'' ("Great Tower"), a ruined Roman tower.<ref>Giving rise to the example of ''[[rime richissime]]'' ''Gall, amant de la Reine, alla (tour magnanime)/ Gallament de l'Arène a la Tour Magne, à Nîmes'', or "Gall, lover opf the Queen, passed (magnanimous gesture), gallantly from the Arena to the Tour Magne at Nîmes".</ref>
Later monuments include:
* [[Nîmes Cathedral|The cathedral]] (dedicated to [[Saint Castor of Apt]], a native of the city), occupying, it is believed, the site of the temple of Augustus, is partly [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] and partly [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] in style.
* The [[Musée des Beaux-Arts de Nîmes]]
There is modern architecture at Nîmes too: [[Norman Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank|Norman Foster]] conceived the ''Carré d'art'' (1986), a museum of modern art and ''mediatheque''; [[Jean Nouvel]] the Nemausus, a [[post-modern]] residential ensemble, and [[Kisho Kurokawa]] a building in the form of a hemicycle to reflect the Amphitheatre.
Tree-shaded boulevards trace the foundations of its former city walls.
==Economy==
Nîmes is historically known for its textiles. [[Denim]], the fabric of blue jeans, derives its name from this city (''[[Serge (fabric)|Serge]] de Nîmes)''.
==Culture==
A pioneering [[mathematics journal]], ''[[Annales de Gergonne]]'', was published from Nîmes from 1810 to 1822 by [[Joseph Gergonne]].
The [[asteroid]] [[51 Nemausa]] was named after Nîmes, where it was discovered in 1858.
Two times per year, Nîmes hosts one of the main French [[bullfighting]] events, [[Feria de Nîmes]] (festival), and several hundreds of thousands gather in the streets.
In 2005 [[Rammstein]] filmed their #1 live Album [[Völkerball]] in Nîmes, and are returning in 2017.
==Transportation==
[[Nîmes-Alès-Camargue-Cévennes Airport]] serves the city. The [[Gare de Nîmes]] is the central railway station, offering connections to Paris (high-speed rail), Marseille, Montpellier, Narbonne, Toulouse, Perpignan, [[Figueras]] in Spain and several regional destinations. The motorway [[A9 autoroute|A9]] connects Nîmes with Orange, Montpellier, Narbonne, and Perpignan, the [[A54 autoroute|A54]] with Arles and Salon-de-Provence.
There are plans to construct a high-speed [[TGV]] line, [[Contournement Nîmes – Montpellier]] linking Nîmes and [[Montpellier]] with the [[LGV Méditerranée]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/southern-lgv-projects-make-progress.html|accessdate=14 February 2011|title=Railway Gazette: Southern LGV projects make progress}}</ref>
==Sukan==
*Pasukan bolasepak [[Ligue 2]], [[Nîmes Olympique]] berpangkalan di Nîmes.
*Pasukan ragbi tempatan adalah [[RC Nîmes]].
*Terdapat juga pasukan bola tampar profesional juga terdapat di sini.
*Juara renang [[Sukan Olimpik]], [[Yannick Agnel]] dilahirkan di Nîmes.
==Mayors==
* Émile Jourdan, [[Parti Communiste Français|PCF]] (1965–1983)
* Jean Bousquet, [[Union pour la Démocratie Française|UDF]] (1983–1995)
* Alain Clary, PCF (1995–2001)
* [[Jean-Paul Fournier]], [[Union for a Popular Movement|UMP]] (since 2001)
==Hubungan antarabangsa==
{{See also|Senarai bandar berkembar di Perancis}}
===Bandar berkembar===
Nîmes berkembar dengan:
{|class="wikitable"
|- valign="top"
|
* {{flagicon|UK}} [[Preston, Lancashire|Preston]], United Kingdom, sejak tahun 1955.<ref name="Archant twinning">{{cite web|url=http://www.completefrance.com/language-culture/twin-towns|title=British towns twinned with French towns|accessdate = 2013-07-11|work=Archant Community Media Ltd}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Verona]], Itali, sejak tahun 1960.
* {{flagicon|GER}} [[Braunschweig]], Jerman, sejak tahun 1962.<ref name="Braunschweig twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.braunschweig.de/kultur_tourismus/stadtportraet/partnerstaedte/index.html|title=Braunschweigs Partner und Freundschaftsstädte|accessdate = 2013-08-07|work=Stadt Braunschweig [City of Braunschweig]|language=German|trans_title=Braunschweig - Partner and Friendship Cities|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201122754/http://www.braunschweig.de/kultur_tourismus/stadtportraet/partnerstaedte/partner_freundschaftsstaedte.html|archivedate=2012-12-01}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Prague]], Republik Czech sejak tahun 1967.
||
* {{flagicon|GER}} [[Frankfurt (Oder)]], Jerman sejak tahun 1976.
* {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Salamanca]], Sepanyol, sejak tahun 1979.
* {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Rishon LeZion]], Israel, sejak tahun 1986.
* {{flagicon|MAR}} [[Meknes]], Morocco, sejak tahun 2005.
|}
==Lihat juga==
* [[Costières de Nîmes AOC]]
* [[Communes of the Gard department]]
* [[Councils of Nîmes]]
* [[Feria de Nîmes]]
* [[List of works by James Pradier]]
* [[The works of Maxime Real del Sarte]]
==Rujukan==
* [http://www.insee.fr/en/home/home_page.asp INSEE]
{{reflist}}
==Bacaan lanjut==
* {{Citation |publisher = J. Murray |publication-place = London |url = http://openlibrary.org/books/OL24627024M/A_handbook_for_travellers_in_France |title = A Handbook for Travellers in France |publication-date = 1861 |edition=8th |chapterurl= https://archive.org/stream/handbookfortrave1861john#page/461/mode/2up |chapter= Nismes }}
* {{Citation |publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica |publication-place = New York |title = The Encyclopædia Britannica |publication-date = 1910 |oclc = 14782424 |edition=11th |chapterurl = https://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediabri19chisrich#page/700/mode/2up |chapter = Nimes}}
* {{Citation |publisher = Baedeker |publication-place = Leipzig |url = http://openlibrary.org/books/OL24364670M/Southern_France_including_Corsica |title = Southern France, including Corsica |publication-date = 1914 |edition=6th |chapterurl= https://archive.org/stream/southernfrancein00karl#page/n675/mode/2up |chapter= Nimes }}
==Pautan luar==
{{Commons category|Nîmes}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
* [http://2rei.legion-etrangere.com/ 2° Régiment étranger d'infanterie]
* [http://www.nimesairport.com/ Practical Guide to Nîmes Airport]
* [http://www.nimes.fr/ City council website]
* [http://www.nimes-romaine.com/en/nimes/33-/ The official Web site of Roman Nîmes]
* [http://www.romanhideout.com/places/nimes.asp Images of Roman remains of Nîmes]
* [http://www.claudetravels.altervista.org/VdR/Nimes/gal.html Photogallery of Nîmes]
* [http://www.regordane.info Regordane Info – The independent portal for The Regordane Way or St Gilles Trail] The Regordane passes through Nîmes. (in English and French)
{{Gard communes}}
{{Préfectures of départements of France}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nimes}}
[[Category:Nîmes| ]]
[[Category:Kommune di Gard]]
[[Category:Bandar di Languedoc-Roussillon]]
[[Category:Prefektur di Perancis]]
[[Category:Tapak arkeologi di Perancis]]
[[Category:Tapak Rom di Provence]]
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