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Satu lagi fenomena moden ialah kemunculan pesanan ringkas dalam bahasa-bahasa Asli yang tersebar melalui rangkaian telefon bimbit; sayangnya, pola literasi tak formal ini tidak dapat disaksikan atas dasar menghormati privasi. Satu lagi peristiwa bersejarah ialah penerbitan muzik pop dalam bahasa-bahasa Asli, khususnya bahasa Semai dan Temiar yang berkumandang di [[Asyik FM]]. Antara album yang laris dijual ialah ''Asli'' yang dirakam oleh kugiran Orang Asli bernama Jelmol (Jɛlmɔl bermaksud "gunung-ganang" dalam [[bahasa Temiar]]).<ref name="JA">{{cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/Jelmol-Asli/release/8691092 |title=Jelmol – Asli |publisher=Discogs |access-date=2020-10-01}}</ref> Kebanyakan lagunya dalam bahasa Melayu tetapi ada dua lagu dalam bahasa Temiar.<ref name="JA"/>
==Sejarah==
[[File:Women of all nations, a record of their characteristics, habits, manners, customs and influence; (1908) (14583642829).jpg|thumb|right|AKeluarga Senoi family, 1908.]]
AboutKira-kira 7,000-3,000 yearstahun agodahulu duringsewaktu thepertengahan Middle of theusia [[HoloceneHolosen]] period, the population of thepopulasi [[MalaySemenanjung Tanah PeninsulaMelayu]] hastelah undergonemenjalani significantperubahan changesketara indari itssegi biological facebiologi, materialbudaya culturebenda, productionkemahiran skillspengeluaran, anddan languagebahasa. TheySemuanya wereberpunca partlydaripada causedkedatangan bymigran thepetani arrivaldari ofbahagian migrantutara farmersAsia from the more northern parts of mainland Southeast AsiaTenggara (Thailand, CambodiaKemboja, Vietnam)., Theantara ancestorssebab-sebab oflain. theNenek Senoimoyang peoplekaum areSenoi believeddipercayai todatang havedari arrived from southernselatan [[Thailand]] aboutkira-kira 4,500 yearstahun agodahulu.<ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.com.my/volume4/neolithiclife.html "ECONOMIC PATTERNS OF NEOLITHIC LIFE"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215001612/http://www.encyclopedia.com.my/volume4/neolithiclife.html |date=15 February 2012 }}, The Encyclopedia of Malaysia</ref> TheKedatangan arrivalmigran ofini migrantsdikaitkan isdengan associatedkemunculan withpertanian the[[tebang emergencedan ofbakar]] fire-cuttingdan agriculturetanaman onpadi thedi Malay Peninsula and the emergence of riceSemenanjung. AsKemasukan apertanian resultini ofmenjurus mixingkepada newdidirikannya groupspetempatan withsepara localtetap Negritobagi tribes,puak-puak theberkenaan ancestorsdan ofjuga thepembentukan Senoi,struktur whososial livedyang inlebih theutuh northerndalam and central parts of the peninsulapersekitarannya. TheMigran introductiondari ofutara agricultureini hasbukan ledsahaja tomendatangkan the semi-permanent residence of related groupspertanian, asbahkan welljuga as[[bahasa-bahasa theAsli]] formationyang ofkini moredituturkan stableoleh socialSemang structuresdan in their environment. The refusal of constant movement prompted the formation of individual local communities and peoplesSenoi.
Populasi semenanjung ketika ini terdiri daripada dua kelompok dengan kompleks sosioekonomi masing-masing yang utuh, iaitu [[Semang]] dan Senoi. Kaum [[Semang]] tinggal di dalam hutan hujan tebal yang terletak di bawah 300 meter atas paras laut, hidup secara berpindah randah dan bergiat dalam memburu dan mengumpul. Kaum Senoi pula tinggal di tanah tinggi dan bercucuk tanam. Kedua-dua kaum jarang berhubung, dan kaum Senoi hanya bertukar hasil tani untuk buah tangan dari hutan.
The population of the peninsula is divided into two groups, each with its own stable socio-economic complex, namely [[Semang]] and Senoi people. The [[Semang]] people lived in dense rain forests located at altitudes below 300 meters above sea level, and were engaged in nomadic hunting and gathering. Senoi lived at higher altitudes and cultivated their agricultural land. Contacts between the two groups were minimal, the Senoi people only exchanged their agricultural produce for jungle gifts.
Migran Austronesia terawal tiba di Semenanjung Tanah Melayu kira-kira 2,500 tahun dahulu, iaitu nenek moyang kepada kaum [[Melayu Proto]] ([[Suku Jakun|Jakun]], [[Suku Temuan|Temuan]]). [[Orang Melayu Malaysia|Orang Melayu]] tiba kemudian pada sekitar 1,500 hingga 2,000 tahun dahulu sewaktu peluasan wilayah kerajaan [[Srivijaya]] (abad ke-7 hingga ke-14) yang beribu kota di [[Sumatera]] selatan. Puak-puak Orang Asli tidak hidup berpencilan. Sekitar 500 SM, munculnya beberapa petempatan kecil di tepi pantai Semenanjung yang menjadi pusat perdagangan dan menjalin hubungan dengan [[China]], [[India]], [[Thailand]],<ref name="LOTST218">{{cite book|author=Leonard Y. Andaya|title=Leaves of the Same Tree: Trade and Ethnicity in the Straits of Melaka|year=2008|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-08-248-3189-9|page=218}}</ref> [[Timur Tengah]], dan [[Mediterranean]]. Orang Asli menjadi pembekal hasil hutan (kayu wangi, sumbu badak, dan gading gajah), di samping bijih emas dan timah yang dicari-cari oleh saudagar India untuk penghasilan gangsa. Sebagai tukaran, Orang Asli menerima kain, alat-alat besi, kalung, dan makanan termasuk nasi, dan sebagainya.
Migrants from the north brought not only agriculture but also [[Aslian languages]], which are now spoken by both the Senoi and the [[Semang]] people.
Di hujung abad ke-14 di pesisiran Semenanjung Tanah Melayu, orang Melayu mendirikan petempatan perdagangan, khususnya negeri [[Melaka]]. Pada awal abad ke-15, pemerintah Melaka memeluk [[Islam]], dan bilangan Melayu meningkat secara pesat daripada kemasukan migran baharu dari [[Sumatera]] dan serata Nusantara di samping asimilasi Orang Asli. Migran Melayu beransur-ansur pindah masuk melalui sungai ke dalaman, sementara kebanyakan Orang Asli berundur ke kawasan lereng bukit. Seiring dengan perluasan populasi dan budaya Melayu, kepentingan politik dan ekonomi Orang Asli pula menurun. Bilangan mereka pun merosot, dan kini golongan pribumi yang tinggal sekadar minoriti yang menolak asimilasi.
Early Austronesian migrants arrived on the [[Malay Peninsula]] about 2,500 years ago. They were the ancestors of modern [[Proto-Malay]]s ([[Jakun people]], [[Temuan people]]). The [[Malaysian Malays|Malays]] arrived later, probably about 1,500 to 2,000 years ago, during the political expansion of the early Malay kingdom of [[Srivijaya]] with its center in southern [[Sumatra]] (7th-14th centuries AD). The [[Orang Asli]] tribes were not isolated. Around 500 BC, small coastal settlements appeared on the [[Malay Peninsula]], which became centers of trade and maintained contacts with [[China]], [[India]], [[Thailand]],<ref name="LOTST218">{{cite book|author=Leonard Y. Andaya|title=Leaves of the Same Tree: Trade and Ethnicity in the Straits of Melaka|year=2008|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-08-248-3189-9|page=218}}</ref> the [[Middle East]], and the [[Mediterranean]]. Orang Asli became suppliers of jungle produce (aromatic wood, rubber, rhino horns and elephant tusks), as well as gold and tin ore, with the latter was especially sought out by Indian traders for the production of bronze. In exchange, the indigenous people of the Malay Peninsula received goods such as fabrics, iron tools, necklaces and food, including rice. Under the influence of external contacts there is another cultural tradition of the indigenous population, characteristic of modern [[Proto-Malay]]s. There are reports that [[South Asian languages]] may be related to modern [[Mah Meri language]] or [[Semelai language]], in the past were common in the interiors of [[Negeri Sembilan]], [[Pahang]] and [[Johor]]. Later they became part of the [[Jakun people]] and [[Temuan people]]. Thus, the southern groups of Senoi were directly involved in shaping the tradition of the indigenous [[Proto-Malay]]s.
[[File:Pagan races of the Malay Peninsula (1906) (14781134312).jpg|thumb|left| ASebuah group ofpuak Senoi tribedengan withalat-alat musicalmuzik instruments atdi [[Chenderiang]], [[ Daerah Batang Padang District]], [[Perak]], 1906.]] ▼At the end of the 14th century. on the coast of the [[Malay Peninsula]], the [[Malaysian Malays|Malays]] established their trading settlements, the most famous of which was [[Melaka]]. At the beginning of the 15th century, the ruler of Malacca converted to [[Islam]]. The number of Malays was constantly increasing due to the influx of new migrants from [[Sumatra]] and other parts of modern-day [[Indonesia]], as well as the assimilation of the Orang Asli. Malay migrants moved in slowly by rivers into the interior of the peninsula, and most Orang Asli retreated in parallel to the foothills and mountains. The Malay language and culture gradually spread. As the Malay population increased, the political and economic importance of the Orang Asli were diminished. Their numbers also declined, and now the indigenous population that remains are only the minorities that rejected assimilation.
TheMasyarakat riseSenoi ofmula thediketepikan ekoran kebangkitan [[ Malaynegeri-negeri statesMelayu]] , firstmalah turnedselepas the Senoi people into subordinates and after the establishment ofkedatangan [[Islam]], theymereka weredihina regardeddan asdilayan despised pagans andsebagai [[kafir]] s.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Christopher R. Duncan|title=Civilizing the Margins: Southeast Asian Government Policies for the Development of Minorities|year=2008|publisher=NUS Press|isbn=978-99-716-9418-0|page=47}}</ref><ref name="BTG184">{{cite book|editor=Helen Leake|title=Bridging the Gap: Policies and Practices on Indigenous Peoples' Natural Resource Management in Asia|year=2007|contribution=Jannie Lasimbang|publisher=United Nations Development Programme, Regional Indigenous Peoples' Programme|isbn=978-92-112-6212-4|page=184}}</ref> TheGaya lifestyle of the Orang Aslihidup, their clothing traditionspemakaian, asdan wellparas asrupa theirOrang physicalAsli characteristicsmula amongmenjadi thebahan [[Malaysianpersendaan Malays|Malays]]di becamekalangan the object ofmasyarakat ridiculeMelayu.<ref name="MOP18">{{cite book|author=Kirk Endicott|title=Malaysia's Original People|year=2015|page=18}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor=Christopher R. Duncan|title=Kinta Valley: Pioneering Malaysia's Modern Development|year=2005|publisher=Areca Books|isbn=98-342-1130-9|page=355}}</ref> InPada theabad-abad 18thke-18 anddan 19th centurieske-19, Orang Asli fellmenjadi victimmangsa topemburu slavehamba raiders, mostlyoleh [[ MalayOrang IndonesiansMelayu Indonesia| MalaysMelayu]] fromdari [[Sumatra]]Sumatera.<ref name="MOP18"/><ref name="TAPOPM">{{cite book|author=Govindran Jegatesen|title=The Aboriginal People of Peninsular Malaysia: From the Forest to the Urban Jungle|year=2019|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-04-298-8452-8}}</ref> TheOrang indigenousAsli peopleini werebukan not MuslimsMuslim, somaka theytiada werelarangan notuntuk bannedMuslim frommemperhambakan being enslaved by other Muslimsmereka. TypicallyLazimnya, well-armedgerombolan menlelaki attackedbersenjata amenyerbu villagekampung orpada campwaktu atmalam; night,penghuni killingdewasa adultdibunuh mensementara andkanak-kanak womenditawan. andAda capturingkalanya children.orang SometimesMelayu Malaysmenggertak provokedatau ormemaksa forcedpenghulu Orang Asli leadersuntuk tomenculik abduct people from another group ofpuak Orang Asli , whomlain theyuntuk handeddiserahkan overkepada toMelayu thesemata-mata [[Malaysianuntuk Malays|Malays]];melindungi insuku ansendiri attemptdaripada to protect their own wives from captivityditawan. EnthusiasticAdanya slaveshamba formedyang thegigih labormembentuk forcetenaga bothburuh indi thebandar citiesdan andrumah inpenghulu thedan householdspemerintah, ofsementara thehamba chiefslain andpula sultans;diperdagangkan whilekepada otherspedagang werehamba soldyang inmengangkut slavemereka marketske torantauan slave traders, who transported them to other lands, includingseperti [[ JavaJawa]]. FromPada thatzaman timeinilah comestimbulnya thekata derogatory termmakian " ''sakai ''" asyang usedbermaksud byorang theliar Malaysatau forhamba, thedigunakan Senoioleh people;Melayu whichuntuk meansmenghina "animal (rough or savages) aborigines" or "slaves"Senoi.<ref name="BTG184"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/49749ce85.html#:~:text=Historical%20context&text=However%2C%20other%20Orang%20Asli%20were,by%20the%20derogatory%20expression%2C%20semang. |title=World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Malaysia: Orang Asli |publisher=Minority Rights Group International |date=January 2018 |access-date=2020-08-26}}</ref> Following theEkoran British [[ SlaveryAkta AbolitionPemansuhan ActPerhambaan 1833]] , slaverydi wasBritain, subsequentlyamalan abolishedperhambaan throughoutdimansuhkan thedi [[British Empire]] andseluruh [[ slaveEmpayar raidingBritish]] wastermasuklah made illegal by the British colonial government injajahan [[ Malaya British Malaya]] inpada tahun 1883, althoughnamun thereterdapat werecatatan recordspemburuan ofhamba [[slaveselewat raiding]]tahun up to the 20th centuries in the 1920s1920-an.<ref name="TAPOPM"/> ▼▲[[File:Pagan races of the Malay Peninsula (1906) (14781134312).jpg|thumb|left|A group of Senoi tribe with musical instruments at [[Chenderiang]], [[Batang Padang District]], [[Perak]], 1906.]]
ThePeristiwa-peristiwa eventslampau ofini thetelah past have sown a deep distrust of themenyebabkan Orang Asli peoplecuriga towardsterhadap thepopulasi MalayMelayu, population.maka Theymereka triedcuba tomengasingkan isolatediri themselvesdi inkawasan-kawasan remote areasterpencil. OnlyHubungan thedengan abolitionorang ofluar slaverykembali hashanya ledsetelah toamalan theperhambaan increase of contact with outsidersdiharamkan. The [[ Malayan Emergency]] of the 1950s in [[BritishDarurat Malaya |Darurat]] acceleratedpada thetahun penetration1950-an ofmempercepat thekemaraan statenegeri intoke thedalam interiorspedalaman. InDalam ancubaan attemptmenghalang toOrang depriveAsli thedari menyokong [[ MalayanParti CommunistKomunis PartyMalaya]] of support from the Orang Asli(PKM), theorang British carriedmenjalankan outpemindahan forcedpaksa relocationgolongan ofpribumi theke indigenousperkhemahan peoplekhas toyang specialdilindungi campstentera under the protection of the army anddan policepolis.<ref>{{cite book|author=Roy Davis Linville Jumper & Charles H. Ley|title=Death Waits in the "dark"|year=2001|page=40}}</ref> TheyMereka weretinggal livingdi inperkhemahan theselama campsdua fortahun twosebelum years,dibenarkan afterkembali whichke they were allowed to return to the junglehutan. ThisPeristiwa eventini wasamat aderita severekerana blowratusan toorang them,mati as hundreds of people died in thedalam campsperkhemahan fromakibat variouspelbagai diseasespenyakit.<ref name="SIH">{{cite book|author=Yunci Cai|title=Staging Indigenous Heritage: Instrumentalisation, Brokerage, and Representation in Malaysia|year=2020|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-04-296-2076-8}}</ref> SinceSemenjak thenitu, thepihak governmentkerajaan hasmemberi paidlebih moreperhatian attention to thekepada Senoi and otherdan indigenouspribumi peopleslain.<ref name="SIH"/> Then the [[ DepartmentJabatan ofKemajuan Orang Asli Development| DepartmentJabatan ofHal AboriginalEhwal AffairsOrang Asli]] (JHEOA), thependahulu predecessor of the modernkepada JAKOA , wasditubuhkan foundedpada intahun 1954, whichdiberi waskuasa authorizeduntuk tomemimpin lead themasyarakat Orang Asli communities.<ref name="SIH"/> InPada tahun 1956 , duringdalam theperjuangan strugglemenentang againstPKM, thepihak [[Malayan Communist Party]] insurgents, thepenjajah British colonialmenubuhkan authorities createddetasmen [[Senoi Praaq]] detachments ( in"orang tentera" dalam [[ bahasa Semai language]] , it roughly means "military people") , whichyang servedbertugas assebagai militaryperisik intelligencetentera indan additionpegawai topolis. policeSenoi functions.Praaq Theyterdiri consisted ofdaripada Orang Asli anddan operatedbertugas indi thepedalaman deep junglehutan. [[Unit-unit Senoi Praaq ]] unitsterbukti provedamat toberkesan bedan veryberjaya effectivemenyekat andkemaraan theirkomunis, operationsmalah werecukup extremelydigeruni successfulkerana inkekejaman suppressingmereka theyang communistmelampaui insurgents. They gained notoriety for their brutality, which surpassed any othermana-mana unit ofangkatan thekeselamatan securityyang forceslain.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/088506000304952?journalCode=ujic20 |author=Roy D. L. Jumper |title=Malaysia's Senoi Praaq Special Forces |journal=International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence |publisher=International Journal of Intelligence and Counter Intelligence, Vol. 13, Issue 1 |pages=64–93 |year=2000 |volume=13 |doi=10.1080/088506000304952 |s2cid=154149802 |access-date=2020-08-26}}</ref> TodayKini, theySenoi arePraaq nowmerupakan part of theanggota [[ GeneralPasukan OperationsGerakan ForceAm]] of thedalam [[ RoyalPolis MalaysiaDiraja PoliceMalaysia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/02/24/small-town-with-many-links/ |author=Chang Yi |title=Small town with many LINKS |publisher=The Borneo Post |date=24 February 2013 |access-date=2016-12-11}}</ref> ▼▲The rise of the [[Malay states]] first turned the Senoi people into subordinates and after the establishment of [[Islam]], they were regarded as despised pagans and [[kafir]]s.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Christopher R. Duncan|title=Civilizing the Margins: Southeast Asian Government Policies for the Development of Minorities|year=2008|publisher=NUS Press|isbn=978-99-716-9418-0|page=47}}</ref><ref name="BTG184">{{cite book|editor=Helen Leake|title=Bridging the Gap: Policies and Practices on Indigenous Peoples' Natural Resource Management in Asia|year=2007|contribution=Jannie Lasimbang|publisher=United Nations Development Programme, Regional Indigenous Peoples' Programme|isbn=978-92-112-6212-4|page=184}}</ref> The lifestyle of the Orang Asli, their clothing traditions, as well as their physical characteristics among the [[Malaysian Malays|Malays]] became the object of ridicule.<ref name="MOP18">{{cite book|author=Kirk Endicott|title=Malaysia's Original People|year=2015|page=18}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor=Christopher R. Duncan|title=Kinta Valley: Pioneering Malaysia's Modern Development|year=2005|publisher=Areca Books|isbn=98-342-1130-9|page=355}}</ref> In the 18th and 19th centuries, Orang Asli fell victim to slave raiders, mostly [[Malay Indonesians|Malays]] from [[Sumatra]].<ref name="MOP18"/><ref name="TAPOPM">{{cite book|author=Govindran Jegatesen|title=The Aboriginal People of Peninsular Malaysia: From the Forest to the Urban Jungle|year=2019|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-04-298-8452-8}}</ref> The indigenous people were not Muslims, so they were not banned from being enslaved by other Muslims. Typically, well-armed men attacked a village or camp at night, killing adult men and women and capturing children. Sometimes Malays provoked or forced Orang Asli leaders to abduct people from another group of Orang Asli, whom they handed over to the [[Malaysian Malays|Malays]]; in an attempt to protect their own wives from captivity. Enthusiastic slaves formed the labor force both in the cities and in the households of the chiefs and sultans; while others were sold in slave markets to slave traders, who transported them to other lands, including [[Java]]. From that time comes the derogatory term "''sakai''" as used by the Malays for the Senoi people; which means "animal (rough or savages) aborigines" or "slaves".<ref name="BTG184"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/49749ce85.html#:~:text=Historical%20context&text=However%2C%20other%20Orang%20Asli%20were,by%20the%20derogatory%20expression%2C%20semang. |title=World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Malaysia: Orang Asli |publisher=Minority Rights Group International |date=January 2018 |access-date=2020-08-26}}</ref> Following the British [[Slavery Abolition Act 1833]], slavery was subsequently abolished throughout the [[British Empire]] and [[slave raiding]] was made illegal by the British colonial government in [[British Malaya]] in 1883, although there were records of [[slave raiding]] up to the 20th centuries in the 1920s.<ref name="TAPOPM"/>
Sejak 1980-an, petempatan Orang Asli diguguat oleh pihak-pihak berkepentingan baik individu, syarikat korporat mahupun pemerintah negeri.<ref name="SO438">{{cite book|editor=John J. Macionis & Nijole Vaicaitis Benokraitis|title=Seeing Ourselves: Classic, Contemporary, and Cross-cultural Readings in Sociology|year=1998|publisher=Prentice Hall|isbn=01-361-0684-6|page=438}}</ref> Berleluasanya kerja-kerja pembalakan dan penggantian hutan dengan dusun getah dan kelapa sawit,<ref name="SO438"/> lebih-lebih lagi pada 1990-an, menjejaskan kehidupan ramai puak Orang Asli. Tiadanya hutan akan menyebabkan puak pemburu-pengumpul tidak dapat lagi berpeluang memungut dan memburu hasil hutan, sebaliknya terpaksa menyesuaikan diri dengan kehidupan baharu berasaskan wang. Pembinaan lebuh raya dan perkembangan ekonomi tanaman menyebabkan Orang Asli berpindah ke bandar dan perkampungan baharu yang dibina khusus oleh kerajaan negeri.<ref name="TAPOPM"/>
▲The events of the past have sown a deep distrust of the Orang Asli people towards the Malay population. They tried to isolate themselves in remote areas. Only the abolition of slavery has led to the increase of contact with outsiders. The [[Malayan Emergency]] of the 1950s in [[British Malaya]] accelerated the penetration of the state into the interiors. In an attempt to deprive the [[Malayan Communist Party]] of support from the Orang Asli, the British carried out forced relocation of the indigenous people to special camps under the protection of the army and police.<ref>{{cite book|author=Roy Davis Linville Jumper & Charles H. Ley|title=Death Waits in the "dark"|year=2001|page=40}}</ref> They were living in the camps for two years, after which they were allowed to return to the jungle. This event was a severe blow to them, as hundreds of people died in the camps from various diseases.<ref name="SIH">{{cite book|author=Yunci Cai|title=Staging Indigenous Heritage: Instrumentalisation, Brokerage, and Representation in Malaysia|year=2020|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-04-296-2076-8}}</ref> Since then, the government has paid more attention to the Senoi and other indigenous peoples.<ref name="SIH"/> Then the [[Department of Orang Asli Development|Department of Aboriginal Affairs]], the predecessor of the modern JAKOA was founded in 1954, which was authorized to lead the Orang Asli communities.<ref name="SIH"/> In 1956, during the struggle against the [[Malayan Communist Party]] insurgents, the British colonial authorities created [[Senoi Praaq]] detachments (in [[Semai language]], it roughly means "military people"), which served as military intelligence in addition to police functions. They consisted of Orang Asli and operated in the deep jungle. [[Senoi Praaq]] units proved to be very effective and their operations were extremely successful in suppressing the communist insurgents. They gained notoriety for their brutality, which surpassed any other unit of the security forces.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/088506000304952?journalCode=ujic20 |author=Roy D. L. Jumper |title=Malaysia's Senoi Praaq Special Forces |journal=International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence |publisher=International Journal of Intelligence and Counter Intelligence, Vol. 13, Issue 1 |pages=64–93 |year=2000 |volume=13 |doi=10.1080/088506000304952 |s2cid=154149802 |access-date=2020-08-26}}</ref> Today, they are now part of the [[General Operations Force]] of the [[Royal Malaysia Police]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/02/24/small-town-with-many-links/ |author=Chang Yi |title=Small town with many LINKS |publisher=The Borneo Post |date=24 February 2013 |access-date=2016-12-11}}</ref>
{{quote box|align=right|width=33%|quote=Tidak boleh dinafikan bahawa Melayulah kaum pribumi di negara ini kerana penduduk-penduduk asal tidak mempunyai sebarang bentuk tamadun yang setara dengan Melayu ..... Penduduk-penduduk [ini] juga tiada hala tuju dan menjalankan hidup seperti primitif di gunung-ganang dan hutan belantara|source=—[[Tunku Abdul Rahman]], Perdana Menteri pertama Malaysia, akhbar ''[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]'', 6 November 1986<ref name="TCITMW"/>}}
Since the 1980s, there has been an active invasion of Orang Asli areas by individuals, as well as corporations and state governments.<ref name="SO438">{{cite book|editor=John J. Macionis & Nijole Vaicaitis Benokraitis|title=Seeing Ourselves: Classic, Contemporary, and Cross-cultural Readings in Sociology|year=1998|publisher=Prentice Hall|isbn=01-361-0684-6|page=438}}</ref> Logging and the replacement of jungles for rubber and oil palm plantations have become widespread.<ref name="SO438"/> These processes gained the greatest scale in the 1990s. These processes severely disrupted the lives of most of the Orang Asli tribes. Without the jungles, former hunter-gatherers no longer have the opportunity to gather wild fruits and hunt wild animals. They have to adapt to a new way of life associated with the monetary economy. The construction of highways and the development of the plantation economy cause the relocation of the indigenous population to cities and new villages, specially built for them by state governments.<ref name="TAPOPM"/>
{{quote box|align=right|width=33%|quote=there could be no doubt that the Malays were the indigenous people of this country because the original inhabitants did not have any form of civilisation compared with the Malays ..... [These] inhabitants also had no direction and lived like primitives in mountains and jungles|source=—[[Tunku Abdul Rahman]], Malaysia's first Prime Minister, ''[[The Star (Malaysia)]]'', 6 November 1986<ref name="TCITMW"/>}}
The government's policy is to convert the indigenous people to [[Islam]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Alberto Gomes|title=Modernity and Malaysia|year=2004|page=60}}</ref> and to integrate them into the main population of the country as settled peasants.<ref>{{cite book |editor=Robert Harrison Barnes |editor2=Andrew Gray |editor3=Benedict Kingsbury |title=Indigenous Peoples of Asia|year=1995|publisher=Association for Asian Studies|isbn=09-243-0414-6|page=7}}</ref> At the same time, the Orang Asli would prefer to modernise without becoming [[Malaysian Malays|Malays]], even when converting to [[Islam]]. After joining the mainstream society, Orang Asli occupy the lowest rungs of the social ladder. Even their status as the first indigenous people of the peninsula is now being challenged on the almost incomprehensible grounds that they were not carriers of "civilisation."<ref name="TCITMW">{{cite book|editor=Geoffrey Benjamin|title=Tribal Communities in the Malay World|year=2003|publisher=Flipside Digital Content Company Inc.|isbn=98-145-1741-0}}</ref> The political state in [[Malaysia]] is largely organised around the idea of preserving the special ethnic status ([[Malay supremacy]]) of the [[Malaysian Malays|Malays]] as the natives (''[[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|bumiputera]]'' in [[Malay language]], literally means "son of the soil") of the land to equal among the indigenous communities. Although the more dominant [[Malaysian Malays|Malays]], the [[Orang Asal|Orang Asal of East Malaysia]] and the [[Orang Asli]] are considered as ''[[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|bumiputera]]'', they do not enjoy the same equal ranking nor the same rights and privileges.<ref>{{cite book|title=Towards a People-centered Development in the ASEAN Community: Report of the Fourth ASEAN People's Assembly, Manila, Philippines, 11-13 May 2005|year=2005|publisher=Institute for Strategic and Development Studies|isbn=97-189-1617-2|page=65}}</ref> In practice, this has profound implications for the rights of the Orang Asli to the land they have held for a millennia, and which are now largely threatened with transfer to other hands. Prolonged litigation related to these issues is conducted in several states of [[Peninsular Malaysia]], and often ends in favour of the Orang Asli especially those that received public attention. ▼
▲TheAdalah government'sdasar policykerajaan isuntuk tomemasukkan convertkaum thepribumi indigenouske peopledalam toagama [[Islam]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Alberto Gomes|title=Modernity and Malaysia|year=2004|page=60}}</ref> anddan tomenyepadukan integratemereka themdengan intoarus theperdana mainpopulasi populationnegara ofsebagai the country as settledpetani peasantstetap.<ref>{{cite book |editor=Robert Harrison Barnes |editor2=Andrew Gray |editor3=Benedict Kingsbury |title=Indigenous Peoples of Asia|year=1995|publisher=Association for Asian Studies|isbn=09-243-0414-6|page=7}}</ref> AtPada themasa sameyang timesama, the Orang Asli wouldlebih preferrela tomemodenkan modernisediri withouttanpa becomingmenjadi [[MalaysianMelayu Malays|Malays]],sungguhpun evenmemeluk whenagama converting to [[Islam ]]. AfterSetelah joiningmenyertai the mainstreamarus societyperdana, Orang Asli occupymenduduki thedarjat lowestsosial rungspaling of the social ladder. Evenrendah, theirmalah status asmereka thesebagai firstpribumi indigenouspertama peoplesemenanjung ofjuga thetercabar peninsulaatas isalasan nowbahawa beingmereka challengedbukan onpengasas the almost incomprehensible grounds that they were not carriers of "civilisationtamadun. "<ref name="TCITMW">{{cite book|editor=Geoffrey Benjamin|title=Tribal Communities in the Malay World|year=2003|publisher=Flipside Digital Content Company Inc.|isbn=98-145-1741-0}}</ref> TheSusun politicalatur state inpolitik [[Malaysia]] isberkisarkan largelygagasan organised around the idea of preserving the special ethnicmemelihara status ([[Malayetnik supremacy]])khas ofMelayu thesebagai [[ Malaysian Malays|Malays]] as the natives (''[[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|bumiputera]] '' inyang [[Malaysetara language]], literally means "son of the soil") of the land to equal among thedengan indigenousmasyarakat communitiespribumi. AlthoughBiarpun the more dominant [[Malaysian Malays|Malays]]Melayu, the [[Orang Asal |Orang AsalSabah ofdan EastSarawak, Malaysia]]dan and the [[Orang Asli ]] aresemenanjung consideredsemuanya asdianggap ''[[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|bumiputera ]]'', theytetapi dotidak notsetara enjoydari thesegi samedarjat equalsosial rankingdan nortidak thedilayan samesaksama rightsdari andsegi hak dan privilegeskeistimewaan.<ref>{{cite book|title=Towards a People-centered Development in the ASEAN Community: Report of the Fourth ASEAN People's Assembly, Manila, Philippines, 11-13 May 2005|year=2005|publisher=Institute for Strategic and Development Studies|isbn=97-189-1617-2|page=65}}</ref> InIni practice,mendatangkan thisimplikasi hasmendalam profoundbagi implications for the rights of thehak-hak Orang Asli toke theatas landtanah theyyang havedimiliki heldselama forribuan atahun millennia,yang andkini whichdigugat aredengan nowrampasan largelyoleh threatenedpihak with transfer to other handslain. ProlongedLitigasi litigationberlarutan relatedyang toberkaitan theseisu-isu issuestersebut isdiadakan conducteddi inbeberapa severalnegeri statesdan ofselalunya [[Peninsularberkesudahan Malaysia]],secara andberpihak often ends in favour of thekepada Orang Asli , especiallylebih-lebih thoselagi thatyang receivedmeraih publicperhatian attentionumum.
==Economy==
[[File:Jungle trails and jungle people - travel, adventure and abservation in the Far East (1905) (14779670292).jpg|thumb|upright|A Senoi man is cutting a 200 feet high and 6 feet in diameter tree from about 30 feet above the ground. The tree is fell in a day with a scaffolding built on the same day and by using a crude [[adze]]. 1905.]]
* [[Orang Asli Museum]]
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==Catatan==
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