Spencer Perceval: Perbezaan antara semakan
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'''Spencer Perceval''', [[Konsel Diraja|KD]] ([[1 November]] [[1762]] – [[11 Mei]] [[1812]]) adalah seorang negarawan [[United Kingdom|British]] dan [[Perdana Menteri United Kingdom|Perdana Menteri]]. Beliau sahaja Perdana Menteri British yang telah [[Pembunuhan|dibunuh]].
==Biography==
Perceval was the seventh son of [[John Perceval, 2nd Earl of Egmont]] by his second wife, [[Catherine Perceval, Countess of Egmont|Catherine]]. His father, a close advisor of [[Frederick, Prince of Wales]] and [[George III of the United Kingdom|King George III]], had served briefly in the [[Cabinet]] as [[Admiralty|First Lord of the Admiralty]], but died when Perceval was ten.
He attended [[Harrow School|Harrow]] and [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity College]], [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]], where he was impressed by the evangelical Anglican movement. In later life Perceval became an expert on Biblical [[prophecy]] and wrote pamphlets relating prophecies which he had discovered. Perceval became a [[barrister]] on the Midland circuit, where he found it difficult to obtain sufficient work until aided by family connections. Through his mother's family he was appointed as a Deputy Recorder of [[Northampton]], and he was later made a Commissioner of [[Bankruptcy|Bankrupts]] and given a legal [[sinecure]] worth £119 annually. Perceval acted for the Crown in the prosecutions of [[Thomas Paine]] (1792) and [[John Horne Tooke]] (1794), and wrote pamphlets supporting the impeachment of [[Warren Hastings]].
Perceval's brother Lord Arden served in [[William Pitt the Younger]]'s government, which led to his being noticed. He was considered in 1795 as a possible Chief Secretary to the Lord Lieutenant for [[Ireland]] but rejected the idea of a political career. However he accepted nomination as MP for [[Northampton (UK Parliament constituency)|Northampton]] in 1796, when the proprietor's heir was ineligible, as a family trust. He made several speeches fiercely attacking [[Charles James Fox]] and revolutionary politics, which impressed Pitt, who apparently considered him as a possible successor. He was appointed Solicitor of the Ordnance in 1798.
Perceval had no sympathy for Pitt's resignation over [[Catholic Emancipation|Catholic relief]] after the Act of Union with Ireland. He was therefore promoted in [[Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth|Addington's]] government to be [[Solicitor General for England and Wales|Solicitor General]] from 1801, and then to [[Attorney General]] from 1802. However, Perceval did not agree with Addington's general policies (especially on foreign policy), and confined himself to speeches on legal issues. When he did defend the government, he was vituperative. He retained office when Pitt returned in 1804. While Perceval instigated prosecutions of radicals, he also reformed the laws on [[Penal transportation|transportation]] to [[Australia]].
At Pitt's funeral in January 1806, Perceval was one of the emblem bearers. He went into opposition when the new government included Fox, and made many effective speeches against the '[[Ministry of All the Talents]]'. He was especially vehement in his opposition to Catholic emancipation. When the Ministry fell, the [[William Henry Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland|Duke of Portland]] put together a shaky coalition of senior [[Tory|Tories]] with Perceval as [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]] and [[Leader of the House of Commons]]. With Portland aged, unwell and a figurehead, Perceval was effectively Prime Minister. He even lived at [[10 Downing Street]] for most of the time, despite buying Elm Grove -- a large comfortable house in [[Ealing]] {{convert|8|mi|km}} to the west of London, and former home of the Bishop of Durham -- in 1808 . <ref>{{cite book
| last = Neaves
| first = Cyrill
| title = A History of Greater Ealing
| publisher = S. R. Publishers
| date = 1971
| location = United Kingdom
| pages = p95
| id = ISBN 0-85409-679-5 }}</ref>
It was under Perceval that [[William Wilberforce]] passed his Bill abolishing the [[Slavery|slave]] trade. When [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon Bonaparte]] embargoed British trade under the [[Continental System]], Perceval drafted [[Orders in Council]] to retaliate against foreign trade. He opposed the government grant to [[St Patrick's College, Maynooth|Maynooth College]]. The government was continuously riven with splits and when the Duke of Portland suffered a stroke in August 1809 there was intense manoeuvring between Perceval and [[George Canning]] over who should take over. Perceval won out with the support of [[Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh|Viscount Castlereagh]].
Unable to include Canning and his allies, Perceval's administration was notable mostly for its lack of most of the more important statesmen of the period. He had to serve as his own Chancellor after obtaining six refusals of office. The government sometimes struggled in the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]], being defeated in motions critical of both foreign and economic policy. He remained adamantly opposed to reform of the electoral system.
Perceval found himself having to cope with the final descent of [[George III of the United Kingdom|King George III]] into madness. Though Perceval feared that the [[George IV of the United Kingdom|Prince Regent]] would dismiss his government, the Prince abandoned the [[British Whig Party|Whigs]] and confirmed Perceval in office. Later attempts by the Prince to entice others to join the Ministry were unsuccessful. Perceval pursued the [[Peninsular War]] doggedly and always defended it against those who prophesied defeat.
===Final years and assassination===
[[Image:Assassination of Spencer Perceval.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A painting depicting the assassination of Perceval. Perceval is lying on the ground while his assassin, John Bellingham, is surrendering to officials (far right)]]
The Orders in Council against trade which Perceval had instituted in 1807 became unpopular in the winter of 1811 with [[Luddite]] riots breaking out. Perceval was forced to concede an inquiry by the House of Commons.
On [[May 11]] [[1812]], Perceval was on his way to attend the inquiry when he was shot through the heart in the lobby of the House of Commons by a mentally unsound man named [[John Bellingham]], who blamed his financial instability on a casual suggestion of Perceval. He died almost instantly, uttering the words "I am murdered," and Bellingham gave himself up to officers. He was found guilty and hanged a week later.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/pm_and_pol_tl.shtml Prime Ministers and Politics Timeline], ''BBC History''</ref>. It is often thought to be [[Prohibition_of_death#In_the_United_Kingdom|illegal to die]] in the Palace of Westminster, but is in fact only illegal to die in the House of Lords, as was established in this case.
[[Image:John Bellingham assassin.gif|left|thumb|19th century illustration of Perceval's assassination in [[the Newgate Calendar]].]]
Perceval's body lay in [[10 Downing Street]] for five days before burial. He is buried at St Luke's Church in [[Charlton, Greenwich|Charlton]], south-east [[London]].
[[Image:Spencer_Percival_Guildhall_Northampton_2.jpg|right|thumb|Percival's statue at Northampton Guildhall]]
==Rujukan==
{{reflist}}
==Pautan luar==
*[http://pm.gov.uk/output/Page158.asp Lebih banyak tentang Spencer Perceval] di laman sesawang Downing Street.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Perceval, Spencer}}
[[Category:Perdana Menteri United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Canselor Exchequer United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Canselor Duchy Lancaster]]
[[Category:Attorneys General for England and Wales]]
[[Category:Ahli politik Inggeris yang terbunuh]]
[[Category:Perdana Menteri yang dihukum mati]]
[[Category:Kematian melalui senjata api di United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Ahli parlimen Tory (pra-1834)]]
[[Category:Ahli Majlis Privi United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Tokoh dari London]]
[[Category:Alumni Trinity College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Lulusan Harrow School yang Lama]]
[[Category:Kelahiran 1762]]
[[Category:Kematian 1812]]
[[cy:Spencer Perceval]]
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