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Sosiologi: Perbezaan antara semakan

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'''Sosiologi''' merupakan kajian tentang [[adat|hukum masyarakat]] dan [[proses]] yang berkenaan dengannya; dan orang yang berlainan bukan setakat sebagai individu, tetapi juga sebagai ahli [[persatuan]], [[kumpulan sosial]], dan [[institusi]](pendek kata sebagai anggota masyarakat)
 
Sosiologi secara teori sering kali dikaitkan dengan soal-soal manusia dalam masyarakatnya. Sosiologi berminat tentang perangai kita sebagai manusia; atau secara ringkas, mengkaji hubungan antara manusia yang pada awalnya saling tidak kenal kepada suatu peringkat yang lebih [[sejagat|proses sosial sejagat]].
 
==Pengenalan==
Sosiologi yang muncul pada [[abad ke 19]] dianggap sebagai tindak balas akademik tentang gaya [[kemodenan]]; apabila dunia semakin kecil dan lebih bersepadu, pandangan hidup manusia tentang dunia semakin mengecil dan tersebar. Ahli sosiologi berharap, melalui ilmu ini dapatlah kita memahami unsur-unsur yang menjalinkan perpaduan (mencari persamaan) antara kita, dan juga untuk membentuk "penawar" (antidote) kepada perpecahan atau krisis moral masyarakat.
 
Para sosiologi masa kini menyelidik struktur makro yang membentuk dan seterusnya meladeni masyarakat, seperti [[kaum]] atau [[etnik]], [[kelas masyarakat]] dan [[peranan gender]] dan institusi seperti [[keluarga]]; proses sosial yang mewakili lencongan daripada, atau kehancuran, struktur ini, termasuk [[jenayah]] dan [[perceraian]]; dan proses mikro seperti interaksi interpersonal
 
Ahli Sosiologi sering kali bergantung kepada [[kaedah kuantitatif]] untuk menghurai corak hubungan sosial, dan untuk membina model model yang boleh membantu dalam meramal perubahan sosial dan kesannya kepada manusia. Sesetengah ahli sosiologi pula berpendapat [[kaedah kuantitatif]] (seperti wawancara terarah, diskusi berkumpulan, dan kaedah etnografi) mampu memberi pemahaman yang lebih mendalam terhadap proses sosial. Cara yang terbaik ialah menggunakan kedua dua kaedah secara serentak. Keputusan daripada kedua dua kaedah ini boleh digunakan untuk menguatkan hujah antara satu sama lain. Contohnya, kaedah kuantitatif boleh menghurai corak am sosial, manakala kaedah kualitatif pula boleh membantu dalam memahami bagaimana seseorang individu bergerak balas terhadap perubahan sosial.
 
== Sejarah ==
Sosiologi merupakan bidang kajian yang agak baru berbanding bidang sains social lain termasuk [[ekonomi]], [[sains politik]], [[anthropologi]], [[psychologi]]
 
Istilah ini di cipta oleh [[Auguste Comte]], yang berharap untuk menyatukan semua kajian mengenai manusia -- termasuk sejarah , psychologi dan ekonomi. Skema sosiologinya merupakan yang biasa untuk [[abad ke 18]]; dia percaya semua kehidupan manusia melalui tahap sejarah yang jelas berbeza dan bahawa, sekiranya seseorang dapat memahami proses ini, seseorang itu dapat menghasilkan penawar bagi kesemua masalah penyakit sosial.
 
Akhirnya, sosiologi tidak menggantikan sains sosial yang lain, tetapi salah satu dari mereka, dengan penekanan tersendiri pada segi subject matter dan kaedah. Hari ini, kajian sosiologi mengkaji organisasi manusia dan institusi sosial, kebanyakannya melalui kaedah bandingan. Ia memusat terutamanya pada organisasi kompleks [[masyarakat pengilangan|masyarakat pengilangan "industrial society"]].
 
== Cabang utama ==
*[[Functionalism (sociology)|functionalism]]
*[[teori konflik|teori konflik "conflict theory"]]
*interaksi "interactionism" atau teori Aksi Masyarakat "Social Action theory" dan [[interaksi-simbolik|interaksi-simbolik "symbolic-interactionism"]]
 
== Bidang khusus ==
 
Ahli sosiologi mengkaji pelbagai topik yang luas. Untuk mendapatkan gambaran mengenai bidang yang dirangkumi, lawati Persatuan Sosiologi Antarabangsa - International Sociological Association's [http://www.ucm.es/info/isa/rc.htm Research Committee's page] yang menyenaraikan topik seperti Penuaan, Seni, Pertelingkahan Bersenjata, Bencana, Penyelidikan Masa Depan, Kesihatan, Undang-undang, Rehlah, Migrasi, Penduduk, Agama, Pelancungan, Wanita dalam Masyarakat, Kerja, dan banyak lagi. Persatuan Sosiologi Amerika - American Sociological Association's [http://www.asanet.org/sections/general.html sections page] menyenaraikan seksion merangkumi kebanyakan topik yang sama, termasuk yang lain.
 
Di bawah adalah sebahagian dari bidang dan topik tersebut, dengan pautan kepada perbincangan Wikipedia berkenaan bidang dan topik tersebut.
 
*[[Sosialogi ekonomi|Sosialogi ekonomi ( ''Economic Sociology'' )]]
*[[Sosialogi alam sekitar|Sosialogi alam sekitar ( ''Environmental sociology'' )]]
*[[Ekologi kemanusiaan|Ekologi kemanusiaan ( ''Human ecology'' )]] (sometimes included into sociology proper)
*[[Sosiologi pengilangan|Sosiologi pengilangan ( ''Industrial sociology'' )]]
*[[Sosiologi perubatan|Sosiologi perubatan ( M''edical sociology'' )]]
*[[micro-sociology|Micro sociology]]
*[[Political sociology]]
*[[Program Evaluation|Program Evaluation]]
*[[Rural sociology]]
*[[Sociology of religion]]
*[[Sociology of science and technology]]
*[[Systems theory]]
*[[Sociology of Markets]]
*[[Sociology of Industrial Relations]]
*[[Social Change]]
*[[Social Demography]]
*[[Sociology of Disaster]]
*[[Urban sociology]]
 
==Key sociological topics==
*[[sociology of knowledge]] (or: [[social constructionism]])
*[[structuralism]]
*[[social class|class]]
*[[race]]
*[[gender role|gender/sex]]
*[[culture]]
*[[deviance]]
*[[justified irresponsibility]]
*[[role]] and [[role homogeneity]]
*[[Labour (economics)|work]]
*[[role]]
*[[social structure]]
*[[modernity]]
*[[generation]]s
*[[new institutionalism]]
 
==Sociology and the Internet==
 
The [[Internet]] is of interest for sociologists in three views at least: as a tool for [[social research|research]], for example by using [[online questionnaires]] instead of paper ones, as a discussion platform (see 'External links' section below), and as a research topic. Sociology of the Internet in the last sense includes analysis of online communities (e.g. as found in newsgroups), virtual communities and [[Virtual World|virtual worlds]] organisational change catalysed through new media like the Internet, and societal change at-large in the transformation from [[industrial society|industrial]] to [[informational society]] (or to [[information society]]).
 
== Terms and methods==
*''[[sociological perspective]]''
*''[[social fact]]''
*''[[belonging]]''
 
'''Methods:''' [[quantitative method]], [[qualitative method]], [[ethnography]]
 
== Sociologists ==
See [[List of sociologists]] for sociologists with entries in Wikipedia.
 
Famous sociologists include [[Auguste Comte]], [[Emile Durkheim]], [[Ferdinand Toennies]] (Ferdinand Tönnies), [[Georg Simmel]], [[Max Weber]], [[Albion Woodbury Small]], [[Charles Horton Cooley]], [[Ibn Khaldun]], [[Pitirim Sorokin]], [[Vilfredo Pareto]], [[Robert E. Park]], [[Karl Mannheim]], [[Talcott Parsons]], [[Robert K. Merton]], [[Peter Blau]], [[Reinhard Bendix]], [[Norbert Elias]], [[Ralf Dahrendorf]], [[John Rex]], [[David Lockwood]], [[Erving Goffman]], [[Harold Garfinkel]], and [[Anthony Giddens]]. [[Karl Marx]] would not have called himself a sociologist, but his thought has had an immense impact on sociological theory. Other references can be found in the "Famous Sociologists" section [http://www2.fmg.uva.nl/sociosite/topics/sociologists.html] of the SocioSite [http://www.sociosite.net].
 
== Comparison to other social sciences ==
 
In the early 20th century, sociologists and psychologists who conducted research in non-industrial societies contributed to the development of [[anthropology]]. It should be noted, however, that anthropologists also conducted research in industrial societies. Today sociology and anthropology are better contrasted according to different theoretical concerns and methods rather than objects of study.
 
A distinction should be made between these and forensic studies within these disciplines, particularly where anatomy is involved. These latter studies might be better named as [[Forensic psychology]].
 
== Social Theory ==
 
Social theory is a distinction applied to the work considered outside of the mainstream of sociology. Among sociologists who model their work on the successful sciences of physics or chemistry, social theory may be applied to all work produced outside of the [[scientific method]], in contradistinction to a ''sociological'' theory which has been "correctly" tested. However, a natural science model has never completely predominated sociology, nor has there ever been much consensus, even among the adherents of that model, as to what would constitute valid evidence or even the proper unit of analysis. Consequently, the distinction between sociology and social theory has always been more reflective of classifier than the theory described as belonging to one or the other. Many theorists prefer to describe themselves as social theorists because they are critical of the sociological community or were not trained as sociologists.
 
[[Marxism|Marxist theory]], [[critical theory]], [[Post-colonialism|post-colonial theory]], [[feminist theory]], [[Structuralism|structuralist theory]], [[Post-structuralism|post-structuralist theory]], [[queer theory]], [[Postmodernism|Postmodern theory]], and other theories probably unmentioned have all at times been considered outside the mainstream of sociology and been referred to as social theory. However, as all these theories have been adopted to some extent by mainstream sociology, distinctions are made less often.
 
== See also ==
 
See also: [[criminology]], [[disabilities]], [[education]], [[etiquette]], [[Frankfurt School]], [[Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft]], [[gender & sexuality]], [[Marxism]], [[mass media]], [[media studies]], [[Milgram experiment]], [[revolution]], [[social engineering]], [[sociologist]], [[political economy]], [[race & ethnicity]], [[social control]], [[social movement]]s, [[tautology]], [[teleology]], [[theory]], [[sociological imagination]], [[socioeconomic system]]s, [[racism]], [[social order]], [[social structure]], [[social issue]], [[scale (social sciences)]]
 
==External links==
* [http://www.ucm.es/info/isa/ International Sociological Association ISA]
* [http://www.sociosite.net SocioSite] at University of Amsterdam
* [http://www.theory.org.uk Social theory for fans of popular culture]
* [http://www.angelfire.com/or/sociologyshop/socsnip.html Sociological Snippets]
* [http://www.conferencealerts.com/socio.htm Conference alerts - sociology]
* [http://www.sociolog.com/ Julian Dierkes' Comprehensive Guide to Sociology]
* [http://www.appliedsoc.org/ Society for Applied Sociology]
* [http://gsociology.icaap.org/ The Global Social Change Research Project]
* [http://gsociology.icaap.org/methods/ Methods in Social Science Research]
* [http://compsoc.bandungfe.net/intro/main.html Tutorial untuk Sosiologi Komputasional] di Bandung Fe Institute.
 
[[af:Sosiologie]]
[[ast:Socioloxía]]
[[bg:Социология]]
[[ca:Sociologia]]
[[cs:Sociologie]]
[[da:Sociologi]]
[[de:Soziologie]]
[[el:Κοινωνιολογία]]
[[en:Sociology]]
[[eo:Sociologio]]
[[es:Sociología]]
[[et:Sotsioloogia]]
[[eu:Soziologia]]
[[fa:جامعه‌شناسی]]
[[fi:Sosiologia]]
[[fr:Sociologie]]
[[fy:Sosjology]]
[[gl:Socioloxía]]
[[he:סוציולוגיה]]
[[hi:समाज शास्त्र]]
[[hr:Sociologija]]
[[hu:Szociológia]]
[[ia:Sociologia]]
[[id:Sosiologi]]
[[io:Sociologio]]
[[it:Sociologia]]
[[ja:社会学]]
[[ko:사회학]]
[[ku:Civaknasî]]
[[la:Sociologia]]
[[li:Sociologie]]
[[lt:Sociologija]]
[[lv:Socioloģija]]
[[mk:Социологија]]
[[nds:Soziologie]]
[[nl:Sociologie]]
[[no:Sosiologi]]
[[pl:Socjologia]]
[[pt:Sociologia]]
[[ro:Sociologie]]
[[ru:Социология]]
[[simple:Sociology]]
[[sk:Sociológia]]
[[sl:Sociologija]]
[[sr:Социологија]]
[[su:Sosiologi]]
[[sv:Sociologi]]
[[th:สังคมวิทยา]]
[[tr:Sosyoloji]]
[[uk:Соціологія]]
[[zh:社会学]]
Diambil daripada "https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosiologi"