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{{Infobox Military Conflict
|conflict = Perang Cina-Jepun Kedua|partof = [[Perang Dunia II]]
|image = [[ImageFail:Japanese Occupation - Map.jpg|300px|Peta yang menunjukkan takat penguasaan Jepun pada tahun 1940]]
|caption=Peta yang menunjukkan takat penguasaan Jepun pada tahun [[1940]]
|date = [[7 Julai]] [[1937]] –– [[9 September]] [[1945]]
|place = [[China]]
|casus = [[Peristiwa Jambatan Marco Polo ]]
|territory = Pengambilan balik [[Manchuria]](Timur-Laut) and [[Taiwan]] & [[Pescadores]] oleh China
|result = Kemenangan China;<br />Empayar Jepun menyerah diri dalam Perang Dunia ke-2
|combatant1 = [[ImageFail:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|20px|Flag of the Republic of China]] [[Republik China]]
|combatant2 = [[ImageFail:Flag_of_Japan (bordered).svg|20px]] [[Empayar Jepun]]<br />
|commander1 = [[ImageFail:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|20px|]] [[Chiang Kai-shek]],<br /> [[ImageFail:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|20px|]] [[Chen Cheng]],<br /> [[ImageFail:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|20px|]] [[Yan Xishan]],<br /> [[ImageFail:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|20px|]] [[Feng Yuxiang]],<br /> [[ImageFail:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|20px|]] [[Li Zongren]],<br /> [[ImageFail:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|20px|]] [[Xue Yue]].
|commander2 = [[ImageFail:Flag_of_Japan (bordered).svg|20px]] [[Hideki Tojo]],<br /> [[ImageFail:Flag_of_Japan (bordered).svg|20px]] [[Matsui Iwane]],<br /> [[ImageFail:Flag_of_Japan (bordered).svg|20px]] [[Jiro Minami]],<br /> [[ImageFail:Flag_of_Japan (bordered).svg|20px]] [[Kesago Nakajima]],<br /> [[ImageFail:Flag_of_Japan (bordered).svg|20px]] [[Toshizo Nishio]],<br /> [[ImageFail:Flag_of_Japan (bordered).svg|20px]] [[Yasuji Okamura]].
|strength1 = 5,600,000 askar
|strength2 = 4,100,000 askar (termasuk 900,000 askar Pihak Berikat) <ref>Jowett, Phillip, ''Rays of the Rising Sun,'' m.s. 72.</ref>
|casualties1 = 3,200,000 tentera,<br /> 17,530,000 orang awam|casualties2 = 2,100,000 askar
}}
{{Campaignbox Second Sino-Japanese War}}
{{Campaignbox Pacific War}}
 
'''Perang China-Jepun Kedua''' ([[7 Julai]] [[1937]]&ndash;–[[9 September]] [[1945]]), juga dikenali sebagai '''Perang Menentang Jepun''', ialah [[perang]] utama antara [[Republik China]] dan [[Empayar Jepun]] sebelum dan semasa [[Perang Dunia II]]. Walaupun kedua-dua pihak telah menyerang satu sama lain, mulai dari tahun [[1931]], perang telah berlaku secara besar-besaran pada tahun [[1937]] dan hanya diakhiri dengan [[penyerahan]] [[Jepun]] pada tahun [[1945]]. Pencerobohan adalah satu [[strategi]] yang dilakukan oleh [[Tentera Diraja Jepun]] sebagai sebuah rancangan besar untuk menguasai China.
 
Sebelum tahun [[1937]], kedua-dua pihak telah melancarkan serangan yang digelar "peristiwa." [[Penaklukan]] [[Manchuria]] oleh Jepun pada tahun [[1931]] dikenali sebagai "[[Peristiwa Mukden]]". 'Peristiwa' terakhir pada tahun [[1937]] yang dikenali sebagai [[Peristiwa Jambatan Marco Polo]] menandakan permulaan [[peperangan]] antara kedua-dua negara. Sejak dari tahun [[1937]] hingga tahun [[1941]], China melawan tanpa bantuan. Selepas [[Serangan Pelabuhan Mutiara]], perang ini menjadi salah satu medan utama dalam [[Perang Dunia II]].
 
== Fakta-fakta Perang ==
Di negara [[China]], Perang China-Jepun Kedua dikenali sebagai '''Perang Menentang Jepun''' ({{zh-tsp|t=抗日戰爭|s=抗日战争|p=Kàng Rì Zhànzhēng}}), atau '''Perang Penentangan 8 tahun''' ({{lang|zh-Hant|八年抗戰}}), atau lebih ringkas lagi, '''Perang Penentangan''' ({{lang|zh-Hant|抗戰}}).
 
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Malah nama ''Perang China-Jepun Kedua'' biasanya tidak digunakan di Jepun kerana mengikut Jepun, perangnya dengan [[Empayar Qing]] (Perang China-Jepun Pertama; {{lang|ja-Hani|日清戦争}}, ''Nisshin-Sensō'') pada tahun [[1894]] langsung tidak berkait dengan perang ini.
 
== Latar belakang ==
Perang China-Jepun Kedua bermula dengan [[Perang China-Jepun I]] pada tahun [[1894]]-[[1895|95]], dengan China di bawah [[Dinasti Qing]] dikalahkan oleh Jepun dan dipaksa menyerahkan [[Taiwan]] serta juga mengiktiraf '[[kemerdekaan]]' [[Korea]] melalui [[Perjanjian Shimonoseki]]. Dinasti Qing berada dalam zaman kejatuhannya, akibat [[imperialisme]] barat serta [[pemberontakan]] dalaman, manakala Jepun menjadi [[kuasa besar]] melalui proses [[pemodenan]] yang berkesan.
 
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Ekspedisi Utara merentasi China dengan mudah sehingga disekat di [[Shandong]] apabila [[Zhang Zongchang]], hulubalang [[Beiyang]] yang disokong oleh Jepun, cuba menghentikan [[Tentera Revolusi Nasional|Tentera Kuomintang]] daripada menyatukan China. Keadaan ini memuncak dengan [[Peristiwa Jinan]] pada tahun [[1928]] yang mengakibatkan pertempuran singkat antara tentera Kuomintang dengan tentera Jepun. Pada tahun yang sama, Zhang Zuolin, hulubalang [[Manchuria]], dibunuh oleh Jepun apabila beliau enggan bekerjasama dengannya. Menyusul peristiwa-peristiwa ini, kerajaan Kuomintang di bawah [[Chiang Kai-shek]] akhirnya berjaya menyatukan China pada tahun [[1928]].
[[ImageFail:Mukden 1931 japan shenyang.jpg|thumb|right|320px|Tentera Jepun memasuki [[Shenyang]] semasa [[Peristiwa Mukden]].]]
 
Walaupun demikian, banyak pertempuran antara China dan Jepun masih berlarutan dengan kebangkitan [[nasionalisme China]] yang memiliki salah satu maklumat [[Tiga Prinsip Rakyat]] yang bertujuan untuk menghapuskan imperialisme asing sama sekali dari China. Bagaimanapun, [[Ekspedisi Utara]] hanya dapat menyatukan China pada nama sahaja, dengan perang-[[perang saudara]] tercetus antara bekas hulubalang-hulubalang dan puak-puak Kuomintang. Tambahan pula, para [[Parti Komunis China|komunis Cina]] memberontak terhadap kerajaan pusat. Kerana keadaan-kedadaan ini, kerajaan pusat China banyak mengalihkan perhatian mereka kepada perang-perang saudara dan mengikut dasar "pendamaian dalaman dahulu sebelum penentangan kuasa asing". Keadaan ini memberikan peluang yang mudah kepada Jepun untuk melanjutkan keganasannya.
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The basis of Chinese strategy during the war, which can be divided into three periods:
#First Period: [[7 July]] [[1937]] (Battle of Lugou Bridge) &ndash;– [[25 October]] [[1938]] (Fall of [[Hankou]]). In this period, one key concept is the trading of "space for time" ([[Chinese language|Chinese]]: {{lang|zh-Hant|以空間換取時間}}). The Chinese army would put up fights to delay Japanese advance to northeastern cities, to allow the [[home front]], along with its professionals and key industries, to retreat west into [[Chongqing]] to build up military strength.
#Second Period: [[25 October]] [[1938]] (Fall of Hankou) - July, 1944. During the second period, the Chinese army adopted the concept of "magnetic warfare" to attract advancing Japanese troops to definite points where they were subjected to [[ambush]], [[Flanking maneuver|flanking attack]]s, and [[encirclement]]s in major engagements. The most prominent example of this tactic is the successful defense of [[Battle of Changsha|Changsha]] numerous times.
#Third Period: July 1944 - [[15 August]] [[1945]]. This period employs general full frontal counter-offensives.
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[[Image:Republic of China Army Flag.svg|thumb|Flag of the National Revolutionary Army]]
 
The [[National Revolutionary Army]] (NRA) throughout its lifespan employed approximately 4,300,000 regulars, in 370 [[Division (military)|Standard Divisions]] ({{lang|zh-Hant|正式師}}), 46 New Divisions ({{lang|zh-Hant|新編師}}), 12 [[Cavalry|Cavalry Divisions]] ({{lang|zh-Hant|騎兵師}}), 8 New Cavalry Divisions ({{lang|zh-Hant|新編騎兵師}}), 66 Temporary Divisions ({{lang|zh-Hant|暫編師}}), and 13 [[Military reserves|Reserve Divisions]] ({{lang|zh-Hant|預備師}}), for a grand total of 515 divisions. However, many divisions were formed from 2 or more other divisions, and many were not active at the same time. Therefore the number of divisions in active service at any given time is much smaller than this. At the start of the war in 1937, there were about 170 NRA divisions. The average [[National Revolutionary Army|NRA]] division had 4,000&ndash;5000–5,000 troops. A Chinese army is roughly the equivalent to a Japanese division in terms of manpower. In addition, the Chinese army was severely understrength due to a general lack of artillery, heavy weapons, and motorized transport. The shortage of military hardware meant that three to four Chinese divisions had the firepower of only one Japanese division. Because of these material constraints, available artillery and heavy weapons were usually assigned to specialist brigades rather than to the general division, which caused more problems as the Chinese command structure lacked precise coordination. The fighting strength of a Chinese division was further reduced with other aspects of warfare, such as [[military intelligence|intelligence]], [[logistics]], communications, and medical services, taken into account.
 
The National Revolutionary Army can be divided roughly into two groups. The first one is the so-called ''dixi'' ({{lang|zh-Hant|嫡系}}, "direct descent") group, which was comprised of divisions trained by the [[Whampoa Military Academy]] and loyal to Chiang Kai-shek, and can be considered the Central Army ({{lang|zh-Hant|中央軍}}) of the NRA. The second group is known as the ''zapai'' ({{lang|zh-Hant|雜牌}}, "miscellaneous units"), and was comprised of all divisions led by non-Whampoa commanders, and is more often known as the Regional Army or the Provincial Army ({{lang|zh-Hant|省軍}}). Even though both military groups were part of the National Revolutionary Army, their distinction lies much in their allegiance to the central government of Chiang Kai-shek. Many former warlords and regional militarists were incorporated into the NRA under the flag of the [[Kuomintang]], but in reality they retained much independence from the central government. They also controlled much of the military strength of China, the most notable of them being the Guangxi, Shanxi, Yunnan and Ma Cliques.
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By 1940, the fighting had reached a stalemate. While Japan held most of the eastern coastal areas of China, [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] fighting continued in the conquered areas. The Nationalist government of [[Chiang Kai-shek]] struggled on from a provisional capital at the city of [[Chongqing]]; however, realizing that he also faced a threat from [[communist]] forces of [[Mao Zedong]], he mostly tried to preserve the remaining strength of his army and avoid heavy battle with the Japanese in the hopes of defeating the Communists once the Japanese left. China, with its low industrial capacities and limited experience in [[modern warfare]], could not launch any decisive counter-offensive against Japan. Chiang could not risk an all-out campaign given the poorly-trained, under-equipped, and disorganized state of his armies and opposition to his leadership both within [[Kuomintang]] and in China at large. He had lost a substantial portion of his best trained and equipped army [[Battle of Shanghai (1937)|defending Shanghai]] and the remaining troops were used to preserve his army. On the other hand, Japan had suffered tremendous casualties from unexpectedly stubborn resistance from China and already developed problems in administering and garrisoning fallen territories. Neither side could make any swift progress in a manner resembling the [[Battle of France|fall of France]] and Western Europe to [[Nazi Germany]].
 
Most military analysts predicted that the Kuomintang could not continue fighting with most of the war factories located in the prosperous areas under or near Japanese control. Other global powers were reluctant to provide any support &mdash;— unless supporting an ulterior motive &mdash;— because in their opinion the Chinese would eventually lose the war, and did not wish to antagonize the Japanese who might, in turn, eye their colonial possessions in the region. They expected any support given to Kuomintang might worsen their own relationship with the Japanese, who taunted the [[Kuomintang]] with the prospect of conquest within 3 months.
 
[[Germany]] and the [[Soviet Union]] did provide support to the Chinese before the war escalated to the Asian theatre of World War II. The Soviet Union was helping the Kuomintang government to hinder the Japanese from invading [[Siberia]], thus saving itself from a [[Two Front War|two front war]]. In September [[1937]] the Soviet leadership signed [[Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact]] and approved [[Operation Zet]]. As part of the secret operation Soviet technicians upgraded and handled some of the Chinese war-supply transport. [[Bomber]]s, [[Fighter aircraft|fighters]], military supplies and advisors arrived, including future Soviet [[war hero]] [[Georgy Zhukov]], who won the [[Battle of Halhin Gol]]. It also supported the Communists, at least until war with Germany forced her into conserving everything for her own forces.
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In the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japan Memorial near the [[Marco Polo Bridge]] and in mainland Chinese textbooks, the People's Republic of China claims that it was the Communist Party that directed Chinese efforts in the war and did everything to resist the Japanese invasion. Recently, however, with a change in the political climate, the CPC has admitted that certain Nationalist generals made important contributions in resisting the Japanese. The official history in mainland China is that the KMT fought a bloody, yet indecisive, frontal war against Japan, while it was the CPC that engaged the Japanese forces in far greater numbers behind enemy lines. This emphasis on the CPC's central role is partially reflected by the PRC's labeling of the war as the Chinese People's Anti-Japanese War of Resistance rather than merely the War of Resistance. According to the PRC official point of view, the Nationalists mostly avoided fighting the Japanese in order to preserve its strength for a final showdown with the Communists. However, for the sake of [[Chinese reunification]] and appeasing the ROC on Taiwan, the PRC has now "acknowledged" that the Nationalists and the Communists were "equal" contributors because the victory over Japan belonged to the Chinese people, rather than to any political party.
 
Leaving aside Nationalists sources, scholars researching third party Japanese and Soviet sources have documented quite a different view. Such studies claim that the Communists actually played a miniscule involvement in the war against the Japanese compared to the Nationalists and used guerilla warfare as well as opium sales to preserve its strength for a final showdown with the Kuomintang.<ref>Chang and Ming, [[July 12]] [[2005]], pg.&nbsp;8; and Chang and Halliday, pg.&nbsp;233, 246, 286&ndash;287286–287</ref> This is congruent with the Nationalist viewpoint, as demonstrated by history textbooks published in Taiwan, which gives the KMT credit for the brunt of the fighting. According to these third-party scholars, the Communists were not the main participants in any of the 22 major battles, most involving more than 100,000 troops on both sides, between China and Japan. Soviet liaison to the Chinese Communists [[Peter Vladimirov]] documented that he never once found the Chinese Communists and Japanese engaged in battle during the period from 1942 to 1945. He also expressed frustration at not being allowed by the Chinese Communists to visit the frontline,<ref>Chang and Ming, [[July 12]] [[2005]]</ref> although as a foreign diplomat Vladimirov may have been overly optimistic to expect to be allowed to join Chinese guerrilla sorties. The Communists usually avoided open warfare (the [[Hundred Regiments Campaign]] and the [[Battle of Pingxingguan]] are notable exceptions), preferring to fight in small squads to harass the Japanese supply lines. In comparison, right from the beginning of the war the Nationalists committed their best troops (including the 36th, 83rd, 88th divisions, the crack divisions of Chiang's Central Army) to [[Battle of Shanghai|defend Shanghai]] from the Japanese, a third of whom were killed or wounded. The Japanese considered the Kuomintang rather than the Communists as their main enemy<ref>Chang and Halliday, pg.&nbsp;231</ref> and [[Bombing of Chongqing|bombed the Nationalist wartime capital]] of Chongqing to the point that it was the most heavily bombed city in the world to date.<ref>Chang and Halliday, pg.&nbsp;232</ref> Also, the main bulk of Japanese forces were fighting mainly in Central and Southern China, away from major Communist strongholds such as those in [[Shaanxi]].
 
A third perspective advocated by some historians is that the former warlords actually did most of the fighting with the Japanese, considering that a large part the [[National Revolutionary Army]] was actually composed of troops from different factions. Chiang Kai-shek's Central Army sustained heavy casualties in the beginning of the war in Shanghai-Nanjing campaigns and his military strength was never to recover to pre-war levels. This situation forced Chiang to rely on other divisions of the National Revolutionary Army. These non-[[Whampoa]] divisions, also known as the "provincial army," were nominally part of the National Revolutionary Army but in reality had their own command structures. Some major engagements after the initial 1937 campaigns, such as [[Battle of Xuzhou]] and the [[Battle of Changsha]] were fought by former warlords under the banner of the Kuomintang.
--->
== Tokoh utama ==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
| width=33% valign=top|
==== China: Pihak Nationalis ====
* [[Bai Chongxi]] ({{lang|zh-t|白崇禧}})
* [[Chen Cheng]] ({{lang|zh-t|陳誠}}, {{lang|zh-s|陈诚}})
* [[Chiang Kai-Shek]] ({{lang|zh-t|蔣介石}}, {{lang|zh-s|蒋介石}})
* [[Du Yuming]] ({{lang|zh-t|杜聿明}})
* [[Fang Xianjue]] ({{lang|zh-t|方先覺}}, {{lang|zh-s|方先觉}})
* [[Feng Yuxiang]] ({{lang|zh-t|馮玉祥}}, {{lang|zh-s|冯玉祥}})
* [[Gu Zhutong]] ({{lang|zh-t|顧祝同}}, {{lang|zh-s|顾祝同}})
* [[He Yingqin]] ({{lang|zh-t|何應欽}}, {{lang|zh-s|何应钦}})
* [[H. H. Kung]] ({{lang|zh-t|孔祥熙}})
* [[Hu Zongnan]] ({{lang|zh-t|胡宗南}})
* [[Li Zongren]] ({{lang|zh-t|李宗仁}})
* [[Long Yun]] ({{lang|zh-t|龍雲}}, {{lang|zh-s|龙云}})
* [[Ma Zhanshan]] ({{lang|zh-s|馬占山}})
* [[Song Zheyuan]] ({{lang|zh-t|宋哲元}})
* [[Soong May-ling]] ({{lang|zh-t|宋美齡}}, {{lang|zh-s|宋美龄}})
* [[T. V. Soong]] ({{lang|zh-t|宋子文}})
* [[Sun Lianzhong]] ({{lang|zh-t|孫連仲}}, {{lang|zh-s|孙连仲}})
* [[Sun Liren]] ({{lang|zh-t|孫立人}}, {{lang|zh-s|孙立人}})
* [[Tang Enbai]] ({{lang|zh-t|湯恩伯}}, {{lang|zh-s|汤恩伯}})
* [[Tang Shengzhi]] ({{lang|zh-t|唐生智}})
* [[Wang Jingwei]] ({{lang|zh-t|汪精衛}}, {{lang|zh-s|汪精卫}})
* [[Wei Lihuang]] ({{lang|zh-t|衛立煌}}, {{lang|zh-s|卫立煌}})
* [[Xue Yue]] ({{lang|zh-t|薛岳}})
* [[Yan Xishan]] ({{lang|zh-t|閻錫山}}, {{lang|zh-s|阎锡山}})
* [[Xie Jinyuan]] ({{lang|zh-t|謝晉元}}, {{lang|zh-s|谢晋元}})
* [[Ye Ting]] ({{lang|zh-t|叶挺}})
* [[Zhang Fakui]] ({{lang|zh-t|張發奎}})
* [[Zhang Zhizhong]] ({{lang|zh-t|張治中}}, {{lang|zh-s|张治中}})
* [[Zhang Zizhong]] ({{lang|zh-t|張自忠}}, {{lang|zh-s|张自忠}})
* [[Zhu Shaoliang]] ({{lang|zh-t|朱紹良}})
{{col-break}}
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==== China: Pihak Komunis ====
* [[Chen Yi (komunis)|Chen Yi]] ({{lang|zh-t|陳毅}}, {{lang|zh-s|陈毅}})
* [[Deng Xiaoping]] ({{lang|zh-t|鄧小平}}, {{lang|zh-s|邓小平}})
* [[He Long]] ({{lang|zh-t|賀龍}}, {{lang|zh-s|贺龙}})
* [[Lin Biao]] ({{lang|zh-t|林彪}})
* [[Liu Bocheng]] ({{lang|zh-t|劉伯承}}, {{lang|zh-s|刘伯承}})
* [[Liu Shaoqi]] ({{lang|zh-t|劉少奇}}, {{lang|zh-s|刘少奇}})
* [[Luo Ronghuan]] ({{lang|zh-t|羅榮桓}}, {{lang|zh-s|罗荣桓}})
* [[Mao Zedong]] ({{lang|zh-t|毛澤東}}, {{lang|zh-s|毛泽东}})
* [[Nie Rongzhen]] ({{lang|zh-t|聶榮臻}}, {{lang|zh-s|聂荣臻}})
* [[Peng Dehuai]] ({{lang|zh-t|彭德懷}}, {{lang|zh-s|彭德怀}})
* [[Su Yu]] ({{lang|zh-t|粟裕}})
* [[Xu Xiangqian]] ({{lang|zh-t|徐向前}})
* [[Ye Jianying]] ({{lang|zh-t|葉劍英}}, {{lang|zh-s|叶剑英}})
* [[Zhang Aiping]] ({{lang|zh-t|张爱萍}})
* [[Zhou Enlai]] ({{lang|zh-t|周恩來}}, {{lang|zh-s|周恩来}})
* [[Zhu De]] ({{lang|zh-t|朱德}})
{{col-break}}
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==== Jepun: Tentera Empayar Jepun ====
* Maharaja Shōwa [[Hirohito]]
* [[Anami Korechika]] ({{lang|ja-Hani|阿南 惟幾}})
* [[Abe Nobuyuki]] ({{lang|ja-Hani|阿部 信行}})
* [[Putera Asaka]] Yasuhiko
* [[Putera Chichibu]] Yasuhito
* [[Doihara Kenji]] ({{lang|ja-Hani|土肥原 賢二}})
* [[Putera Fushimi Hiroyasu]] ({{lang|ja-Hani|伏見宮博恭王}})
* [[Hashimoto Kingoro]] ({{lang|ja-Hani|橋本 欣五郎}})
* [[Hata Shunroku]] ({{lang|ja-Hani|畑 俊六}})
* [[Putera Higashikuni]] Naruhiko
* [[Honma Masaharu]] ({{lang|ja-Hani|本間 雅晴}})
* [[Isogai Rensuke]] ({{lang|ja-Hani|磯谷 廉介}})
* [[Ishii Shiro]] ({{lang|ja|石井四郎}})
* [[Itagaki Seishiro]] ({{lang|ja-Hani|板垣 征四郎}})
* [[Putera Kan'in]] Kotohito
* [[Konoe Fumimaro]] ([[Kyūjitai]]: {{lang|ja-Hant|近衞 文麿}}, [[Shinjitai]]: {{lang|ja-Hani|近衛 文麿}})
* [[Kanji Ishiwara]] ({{lang|ja-Hani|石原 莞爾}})
* [[Koiso Kuniaki]] ({{lang|ja-Hani|小磯 國昭,小磯 国昭}})
* [[Matsui Iwane]] ({{lang|ja-Hani|松井 石根}})
* [[Kesago Nakajima|Nakajima Kesago]] ({{lang|ja-Hani|中島 今朝吾}})
* [[Toshizo Nishio|Nishio Toshizo]] ({{lang|ja-Hant|西尾 壽造}}, {{lang|ja-Hani|西尾 寿造}})
* [[Renya Mutaguchi|Mutaguchi Renya]] ({{lang|ja-Hani|牟田口 廉也}}）
* [[Sakai Takashi]] ({{lang|ja-Hani|酒井 隆}})
* [[Hajime Sugiyama|Sugiyama Hajime]] ({{lang|ja-Hani|杉山 元}})
* [[Putera Takeda]] Tsuneyochi
* [[Terauchi Hisaichi]] ({{lang|ja-Hant|寺内 壽一}}, {{lang|ja-Hani|寺内 寿一}})
* [[Tojo Hideki]] ({{lang|ja-Hant|東條 英機}}, {{lang|ja-Hani|東条 英機}})
* [[Umezu Yoshijiro]] ({{lang|ja-Hani|梅津 美治郎}})
* [[Yamaguchi Tamon]] ({{lang|ja-Hani|山口 多聞}})
* [[Yamashita Tomoyuki]] ({{lang|ja-Hani|山下 奉文}})
* [[Yasuji Okamura|Okamura Yasuji]] ({{lang|ja-Hani|岡村 寧次}})
{{col-end}}
 
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==== Kerajaan Boneka ====
[[Manchukuo]]
* [[Puyi]]
[[Mengjiang]]
* [[Demchugdongrub]]
[[ Majilis Autonomi Hebei Timur ]]
* [[Yin Ju-keng]]
[[Kerajaan Sementara Republik China]]
* [[Wang Kemin]] 王克敏
[[Kerajaan Nasionalis Nanjing]]
* [[Chen Gongbo]] 陈公博
* [[Wang Jingwei]] 汪精卫
* [[Zhou Fohai]] 周佛海
 
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==== Tokoh asing yang menyebelahi China ====
* [[Alexander von Falkenhausen]]
* [[Joseph Stilwell]]
* [[Albert Coady Wedemeyer]]
* [[Claire Chennault]]
* [[Agnes Smedley]]
* [[Edgar Snow]]
* [[Norman Bethune]]
* [[John Rabe]]
* [[Jakob Rosenfeld]]
* [[Morris Cohen (pengembara)|Morris Abraham "Two-Gun" Cohen]]
* [[James Gareth Endicott]]
* [[Dwarkanath Kotnis]]
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== Pertempuran dalam Perang China-Jepun Kedua ==
=== Kempen ===
* [[Kempen Honan-Hupeh]]
* [[Kempen Hunan Barat]]
* [[Kempen-kempen Jepun dalam Perang Cina]]
 
=== Pertempuran ===
Pertempuran dengan rencana. Bendera menunjukkan pihak pemenang, manakala tarikh menunjukkan permulaan, kecuali [[Changsa]] yang bermula pada Disember 1941.
* [[ImageFail:Flag of Japan (bordered).svg|20px|]] [[Peristiwa Mukden|Mukden]], September [[1931]]
* [[ImageFail:Flag of Japan (bordered).svg|20px|]] [[Penjajahan Manchuria]] ,September 1931
** [[ImageFail:Flag of Japan (bordered).svg|20px|]] [[Kempen Jiangqiao ]] , Oktober 1931
*** [[ImageFail:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|20px|]] [[Penentangan di Jambatan Nenjiang]], November 1931
** [[ImageFail:Flag of Japan (bordered).svg|20px|]] [[Operasi Chinchow]], Disember 1931
** [[ImageFail:Flag of Japan (bordered).svg|20px|]] [[Pertahanan Harbin]], Januari [[1932]]
* [[ImageFail:Flag of Japan (bordered).svg|20px|]] [[ImageFail:Naval Ensign of Japan.svg|20px|]] [[Peristiwa 28 Januari|Shanghai (1932)]], Januari 1932
* [[ImageFail:Flag of Japan (bordered).svg|20px|]] [[Pengamanan Manchukuo]], Mac 1932
** [[ImageFail:Flag of Japan (bordered).svg|20px|]] [[Operasi Anti Penyamun Manchukuo]], Mac 1932
* [[ImageFail:Flag of Japan (bordered).svg|20px|]] [[Operasi Nekka]], Januari [[1933]]
** [[ImageFail:Flag of Japan (bordered).svg|20px|]] [[Pertahanan Tembok Besar|Tembok Besar]], Januari 1933
** [[ImageFail:Flag of Japan (bordered).svg|20px|]] [[Pertempuran Rehe]], Februari 1933
* [[Aksi di Mongolia Dalam (1933-36)]]
** [[ImageFail:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|20px|]] [[Kempen Suiyuan (1936)|Suiyuan]], Oktober [[1936]]
* [[ImageFail:Flag of Japan (bordered).svg|20px|]] [[Pertempuran Jambatan Lugou]] (Peristiwa Jambatan Marco Polo), Julai [[1937]]
* [[ImageFail:Flag of Japan (bordered).svg|20px|]] [[Pertempuran Beiping-Tianjin|Beiping-Tianjin]], Julai 1937
* [[ImageFail:Flag of Japan (bordered).svg|20px|]] [[Operasi Chahar|Chahar]], Ogos 1937
* [[ImageFail:Flag of Japan (bordered).svg|20px|]] [[ImageFail:Naval Ensign of Japan.svg|20px|]] [[Pertempuran Shanghai (1937)|Pertempuran Shanghai]], Ogos 1937
* [[ImageFail:Flag of Japan (bordered).svg|20px|]] [[Operasi Landasan Keretapi Beiping–Hankou]], Ogos 1937
* [[ImageFail:Flag of Japan (bordered).svg|20px|]] [[Operasi Landasan Keretapi Tianjin–Pukou]], Ogos 1937
* [[ImageFail:Flag of Japan (bordered).svg|20px|]] [[Pertempuran Taiyuan|Taiyuan]], September 1937
** [[ImageFail:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|20px|]] [[Pertempuran Pingxingguan]], September 1937
** [[ImageFail:Flag of Japan (bordered).svg|20px|]] [[Pertempuran Xinkou]], September 1937
* [[ImageFail:Flag of Japan (bordered).svg|20px|]] [[Pertempuran Nanjing]], Disember 1937
* [[ImageFail:Flag of Japan (bordered).svg|20px|]] [[PertempuranXuzhou]], Disember 1937
** [[ImageFail:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|20px|]] [[Pertempuran Taierzhuang]], Mac [[1938]]
* [[ImageFail:Flag of Japan (bordered).svg|20px|]] [[Honan Utara dan Timur,1938]], Januari 1938
** [[ImageFail:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|20px|]] [[Pertempuran Lanfeng]], Mei 1938
* [[ImageFail:Naval Ensign of Japan.svg|20px|]] [[Operasi Amoy]], Mei 1938
* [[ImageFail:Flag of Japan (bordered).svg|20px|]] [[Pertempuran Wuhan]], Jun 1938
** [[ImageFail:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|20px|]] [[Pertempuran Wanjialing]]
* [[ImageFail:Flag of Japan (bordered).svg|20px|]] [[Operasi Canton]], Oktober 1938
* [[ImageFail:Naval Ensign of Japan.svg|20px|]] [[Operasi Pulau Hainan]], Februari [[1939]]
* [[ImageFail:Flag of Japan (bordered).svg|20px|]] [[Pertempuran Nanchang]], Mac 1939
** [[ImageFail:Flag of Japan (bordered).svg|20px|]] [[Pertempuran Sungai Xiushui]], Mac 1939
* [[ImageFail:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|20px|]] [[Pertempuran Suixian-Zaoyang]], Mei 1939
* [[ImageFail:Naval Ensign of Japan.svg|20px|]] [[Operasi Swatow]], Jun 1939
* [[ImageFail:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|20px|]] [[Pertempuran Changsha (1939)]], September 1939
* [[ImageFail:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|20px|]] [[Pertempuran Guangxi Selatan]], November 1939
** [[ImageFail:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|20px|]] [[Pertempuran Genting Kunlun]], Disember 1939
* [[ImageFail:Flag of Japan (bordered).svg|20px|]] [[Serangan Musim Sejuk (1939-40)]], November 1939
** [[ImageFail:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|20px|]] [[Pertempuran Wuyuan]], Mac [[1940]]
* [[ImageFail:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|20px|]] [[Pertempuran Zaoyang-Yichang]], Mei 1940
* [[ImageFail:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|20px|]] [[Serangan Seratus Rejimen]], Ogos 1940
* [[ImageFail:Flag of Japan (bordered).svg|20px|]] [[Ekspedisi Indochina]], September 1940
* [[ImageFail:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|20px|]] [[Operasi Hopei Tengah]], November 1940
* [[ImageFail:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|20px|]] [[Pertempuran Henan Selatan]], Januari [[1941]]
* [[ImageFail:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|20px|]] [[Operasi Hopei Barat]], Mac 1941
* [[ImageFail:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|20px|]] [[Pertempuran Shanggao]], Mac 1941
* [[ImageFail:Flag of Japan (bordered).svg|20px|]] [[Pertempuran Shanxi Selatan]], Mei 1941
* [[ImageFail:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|20px|]] [[Pertempuran Changsha (1941)]], September 1941
* [[ImageFail:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|20px|]] [[Pertempuran Changsha (1942)]], Januari [[1942]]
* [[ImageFail:Flag of Japan (bordered).svg|20px|]] [[Pertempuran Jalan Yunnan-Burma]], Mac 1942
** [[ImageFail:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|20px|]] [[Pertempuran Yenangyaung]]
* [[ImageFail:Flag of Japan (bordered).svg|20px|]] [[Pertempuran Zhejiang-Jiangxi]], April 1942
* [[ImageFail:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|20px|]] [[Pertempuran Hubei Barat]], Mei [[1943]]
* [[ImageFail:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|20px|]] [[Pertempuran Buram Utara dan Yunnan Barat]], Oktober 1943
* [[ImageFail:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|20px|]] [[Pertempuran Changde]], November 1943
* [[ImageFail:Flag of Japan (bordered).svg|20px|]] [[Pertempuran Henan-Hunan-Guangxi]], April [[1944]]
* [[ImageFail:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|20px|]] [[Pertempuran Hengyang|Pertempuran Changsha (1944)]], Ogos 1944
* [[ImageFail:Flag of Japan (bordered).svg|20px|]] [[Pertempuran Guilin-Liuzhou]], Ogos 1944
* [[ImageFail:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|20px|]] [[Pertempuran Hunan Barat]], April - Jun [[1945]]
* [[ImageFail:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|20px|]] [[Operasi Ribut Ogos]], Ogos – September 1945
 
=== Pertempuran udara ===
* [[Pertempuran udara Perang China-Jepun Kedua]]
 
=== Serangan dan operasi terancang Jepun ===
* [[Serangan Sczechwan]]
* [[Operasi Kuolichi-Taierhchuang]]
* [[Operasi CHE-KIANG]]
* [[Operasi Peiping-Hankow]]
* [[Operasi Siang-Kwei]]
* [[Operasi Canton-Hankow]]
* [[Operasi Kiangsi-Fukien]]
* [[Pendudukan Kwanchow-Wan]]
* [[Operasi Laohokow]]
* [[Operasi Chichiang]]
* [[Pendaratan di Tsingtao]]
 
=== [[Senarai peristiwa politik dan tentera Jepun]] ===
== Serangan ke atas orang awam ==
* [[Pembunuhan beramai-ramai Nanjing]]
* [[Pembunuhan beramai-ramai Sook Ching]] (terhadap Cina perantauan)
* [[Pengeboman Chongqing]]
* [[Peristiwa Shantung]]
* [[Pertempuran Zhejiang-Jiangxi]]
* [[Sanko sakusen]]
* [[Serangan Senjata Kimia Changteh]]
* [[Serangan senjata kuman Kaimingye]]
* [[Serangan Udara Taihoku]]
* [[Unit 731]]
* [[Unit 100]]
* [[Unit 516]]
* [[Unit 1855]]
* [[Unit 2646]]
* [[Unit 8604]]
* [[Unit 9420]]
* [[Unit Ei 1644]]
* [[Wanita keselesaan]] (''comfort women'')
 
 
{{IJA special research units}}
== Lihat juga ==
{{ChineseText}}
* [[Akademi Tentera Whampoa]]
* [[Divisyen-divisyen dilatih Jerman]]
* [[Harimau Terbang]]
* [[Hubungan China-Jepun]]
* [[Kerajaan Wang Jingwei]]
* [[Kerjasama China-Jerman]]
* [[Lingkungan Sekemakmuran Asia Timur Raya]]
* [[Mitsubishi]]
* [[Pasca perang Jerman lwn pasca perang Jepun]]
* [[Perang Asia Timur Raya]]
* [[Perang China-Jepun Pertama]]
* [[Perang Pasifik]]
* [[Peristiwa-peristiwa yang mendahului Perang Dunia II di Asia]]
* [[Sejarah China]]
* [[Sejarah Jepun]]
* [[Sejarah Republik China]]
* [[Sejarah ketenteraan China]]
* [[Sejarah ketenteraan Jepun]]
* [[Serangan Udara Taihoku]]
* [[Tentera Pertama Baru]]
* [[Tentera Republik China]]
* [[Tentera Republik Rakyat China]]
* [[Tentera Revolusi Nasional]]
* [[Tentera Udara Republik China]]
* [[Tentera-tentera Cina dalam Perang China-Jepun Kedua]]
* [[Zaman Kehulubalangan]]
 
== Nota ==
{{WWIITheatre}}
{{reflist}}
 
== Rujukan ==
{{commonscat|Second Sino-Japanese War}}
* [http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2005/07/12/2003263221/ Laman web ''Taipei Times:'' Penulisan semula tidak mengendahkan kebenaran sejarah (12 Julai 2005)] &ndash;– ditulis oleh Chang, Flora dan Ming, Chu-cheng
* [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_military_history/v070/70.1gordon.html Gordon, David M. "Perang China-Jepun, 1931&ndash;19451931–1945" ''Jurnal Sejarah Ketenteraan'' (Januari 2006),&nbsp;70#1, m.s.&nbsp;137&ndash;82137–82] &ndash;– gambar keseluruhan historiografi buku-buku utama
* Jung Chang dan Jon Halliday, ''[[Mao: Cerita Yang Tidak Diketahui|Mao: The Unknown Story]]'' (London, 2005); Jonathan Cape, ISBN 0-679-42271-4
* Annalee Jacoby dan Theodore H. White, ''Thunder out of China'', New York: William Sloane Associates, 1946
* {{cite book
| last = Jowett
| first = Phillip
Baris 496:
| id = ISBN 1-874622-21-3
}} - buku tentang orang-orang Cina dan Mongol yang bertempur untuk pihak Jepun semasa perang.
* {{cite book
| last = Long-hsuen
| first = Hsu
Baris 509:
}}
 
== Pautan luar ==
* [http://warmuseum.ca/cwm/newspapers/operations/china_e.html Arkib Akhbar Perang Dunia II: Perang di China, 1937-1945]
* [http://www.warbirdforum.com/avg.htm Catatan Tahunan Harimau Terbang]
* {{zh icon}} [http://www.kangzhan.org/ Laman web ''KangZhan:'' Galeri dan sejarah Perang China-Jepun]
* {{ja}} [http://www.geocities.jp/torikai007/japanchina/1937.html Askar Jepun dalam Perang China-Jepun, 1937-1938]
* [http://map.huhai.net/ Sejarah dan Buku Peta Komersil China] &ndash;– Percetakan Universiti Harvard oleh Albert Herrmann, Ph.D. Sila lihat bahagian bawah senarai untuk peta-peta tahun 1930.
 
{{WWII history by nation}}
Baris 541:
[[he:מלחמת סין-יפן השנייה]]
[[lt:Antrasis Kinijos-Japonijos karas]]
[[my:ဒုတိယ တရုတ် ဂျပန် စစ်ပွဲ]]
[[nl:Tweede Chinees-Japanse Oorlog]]
[[ja:日中戦争]]
Diambil daripada "https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_China-Jepun_Kedua"