Donald J. Cram
Donald James Cram (22 April 1919 – 17 Jun 2001) ialah seorang ahli kimia Amerika yang berkongsi Nobel dalam Kimia 1987 bersama Jean-Marie Lehn dan Charles J. Pedersen "untuk pembangunan dan penggunaan molekul mereka dengan interaksi khusus struktur selektif tinggi." Mereka adalah pengasas bidang kimia hos-tamu.
Donald James Cram | |
|---|---|
| Kelahiran | 22 April 1919 Chester, Vermont |
| Meninggal dunia | 17 Jun 2001 (umur 82) Palm Desert, California[1] |
| Warganegara | Amerika |
| Pusat pendidikan | Kolej Rollins Universiti Nebraska Universiti Harvard |
| Terkenal kerana | Peraturan Cram kimia hos-tamu ion fenonium parasiklofen |
| Anugerah | Hadiah Nobel dalam Kimia (1987) Pingat Glenn T. Seaborg (1989) Pingat Sains Kebangsaan (1993) Guggenheim Fellowship (1955) |
| Kerjaya saintifik | |
| Bidang | kimia |
| Institusi | UCLA, Merck & Co., MIT |
| Penasihat kedoktoran | Louis Fieser |
Kerjaya sunting
Dari 1942-1945, Cram bekerja di penyelidikan kimia di makmal Merck & Co., melakukan penyelidikan penisilin dengan mentor Max Tishler. Kerja pasca kedoktoran adalah sebagai pegawai pasca kedoktoran Persatuan Kimia Amerika Syarikat di Institut Teknologi Massachusetts, bersama John D. Roberts. Cram adalah penggubal hukum Cram, yang memberikan model untuk meramalkan hasil serangan sebatian karbonil nukleofilik.[2] Beliau menerbitkan lebih daripada 350 kertas penyelidikan dan lapan buku mengenai kimia organik, dan mengajar pelajar siswazah dan pascasiswazah dari 21 negara yang berbeza.
Bibliografi sunting
Laporan teknikal:
- "Multiheteromacrocycles that Complex Metal Ions. Second Progress Report, 1 May 1975 -- 30 April 1976", UCLA, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration), (January 15, 1976).
- "Multiheteromacrocycles that Complex Metal Ions. Fourth Progress Report, 1 May 1977 -- 30 April 1978", UCLA, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration), (January 15, 1978).
- "Multiheteromacrocycles that Complex Metal Ions. Sixth Progress Report, 1 May 1979-30 April 1980", UCLA, United States Department of Energy, (January 15, 1980).
- "Multiheteromacrocycles that Complex Metal Ions. Ninth Progress Report (includes results of last three years), 1 May 1980 -- 30 April 1983", UCLA, United States Department of Energy, (September 15, 1982).
Buku:
- Cram, Donald J.; Jane M. Cram (1994). Container Molecules and their Guests. Great Britain: Royal Society of Chemistry. m/s. 223 pp. ISBN 978-0-85404-507-5.
- Cram, Donald J. (1990). From Design to Discovery. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society. m/s. 146pp.
- Cram, Jane M.; Donald J. Cram (1978). The Essence of Organic Chemistry. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley. m/s. 456pp.
- Hendrickson, James B.; Donald J. Cram; George S. Hammond (1970). Organic Chemistry. Reading, Massachusetts: McGraw-Hill. m/s. 1279pp. 3rd ed.
- Richards, John; Don Cram; George S. Hammond (1967). Elements of organic chemistry. New York: McGraw-Hill. m/s. 444pp.
- Cram, Donald J. (1965). Fundamentals of Carbanion Chemistry. New York: Academic Press. m/s. 289pp.
- Cram, Donald J.; George S. Hammond (1964). Organic Chemistry. New York: McGraw-Hill. m/s. 846pp. 2nd ed.
- Cram, Donald J.; George S. Hammond (1959). Organic Chemistry. New York: McGraw-Hill. m/s. 712pp. 1st ed.
Rujukan sunting
- ^ Donald J. Cram. "Autobiography". The Nobel Foundation.
- ^ Studies in Stereochemistry. X. The Rule of "Steric Control of Asymmetric Induction" in the Syntheses of Acyclic Systems Donald J. Cram, Fathy Ahmed Abd Elhafez J. Am. Chem. Soc.; 1952; 74(23); 5828-5835. Abstract
Pautan luar sunting
- Nobel Prize Donald Cram autobiography
- Rollins College Biography
- Donald Cram: A Life in Pictures, UCLA Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry. (A tribute in pictures and collected speeches.)
- Harlan Lebo and Stuart Wolpert, UCLA News, "Donald Cram, Nobel Laureate and UCLA Chemist, Dies at 82,'" undated.
- University of California in memoriam
- Donald Cram quotations from the BrainyQuote Web site.