Huruf patah
Huruf patah[1] (Jerman: gebrochene Schrift "tulisan patah", bahasa Inggeris: blackletter) atau huruf Gothik (bahasa Inggeris: Gothic script, Itali: scrittura gotica) adalah jenis rupa huruf abjad Rumi yang digunakan dalam persuratan Eropah Barat dari kira-kira 1152 hingga abad ke-17.[2]
Kelompok huruf ini dinamakan sedemikian kerana reka bentuk aksara-aksaranya yang tampak "patah-patah" pada lengkungan setiap blok huruf baik pada sebahagian atau keseluruhannya, hasil gerakan menukik tiba-tiba pada saat menulis bahagian tertentu huruf. Rupa huruf ini dilihat para pengkaji Zaman Pembaharuan di Itali sebagai "gasar" lalu dikaitkan dengan orang Goth (Goti)[3][nota 1] meskipun tiada kaitan malah jauh berlainan rupanya dari abjad digunakan untuk bahasa tuturan masyarakat Goth itu sendiri.
Rupa huruf ini digunakan terutamanya dalam persuratan rumpun bahasa Jermanik seperti bahasa Denmark, bahasa Norway dan bahasa Sweden selewat tahun 1870-an,[5] serta bahasa Jerman sehingga tahun 1940-an semasa pemerintahan rejim Nazi berikutan ketidaksenangan Adolf Hitler terhadap estetika rupa huruf ini yang dianggap "keyahudian" lalu menghentikan penggunaannya secara rasmi pada tahun 1941.[6]
Nota sunting
- ^ Penulis lain seperti Riccardo Predelli ( Sulla storia della scrittura. Discorso, Venezia, Naratovich, 1881, m/s. 22), penamaan ini juga dikatakan kerana penjalinan "hubungan rapat tulisan dan seni bina bangunan suci yang wujud zaman Pertengahan yang juga disebutkan sebagai 'Gothik'" bercirikan gerbang memuncak mirip likuan pada rupa aksara-aksara ini. («...per la stretta parentela che è tra questa forma di scrittura e l'architettura sacra del medio evo, che fu pure chiamata gotica, nella quale l'arco acuto si palesa e si svolge nell'età medesima che il carattere angoloso nei libri...») [4].
Rujukan sunting
- ^ Scheder, Georg (1989). Perihal Cetak-mencetak. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius. m/s. 19.
- ^ Dowding, Geoffrey (1962). An introduction to the history of printing types; an illustrated summary of main stages in the development of type design from 1440 up to the present day: an aid to type face identification. Clerkenwell [London]: Wace. m/s. 5.
- ^ Paoli 1901, m/s. 32–33.
- ^ Paoli 1901, m/s. 33.
- ^ "Styles of Handwriting". Rigsarkivet. The Danish National Archives. Dicapai pada March 26, 2017.
- ^ Facsimile of Bormann's Memorandum (in German)
The memorandum itself is typed in Antiqua, but the NSDAP letterhead is printed in Fraktur.
"For general attention, on behalf of the Führer, I make the following announcement:
It is wrong to regard or to describe the so-called Gothic script as a German script. In reality, the so-called Gothic script consists of Schwabach Jew letters. Just as they later took control of the newspapers, upon the introduction of printing the Jews residing in Germany took control of the printing presses and thus in Germany the Schwabach Jew letters were forcefully introduced.
Today the Führer, talking with Herr Reichsleiter Amann and Herr Book Publisher Adolf Müller, has decided that in the future the Antiqua script is to be described as normal script. All printed materials are to be gradually converted to this normal script. As soon as is feasible in terms of textbooks, only the normal script will be taught in village and state schools.
The use of the Schwabach Jew letters by officials will in future cease; appointment certifications for functionaries, street signs, and so forth will in future be produced only in normal script.
On behalf of the Führer, Herr Reichsleiter Amann will in future convert those newspapers and periodicals that already have foreign distribution, or whose foreign distribution is desired, to normal script".
- Sumber utama
- Paoli, Cesare (1901). "Scrittura gotica". Programma scolastico di paleografia latina e di diplomatica (dalam bahasa Itali). 1 (ed. ke-3). Firenze: G.C. Sansoni. m/s. 32-35.