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Sturmabteilung: Perbezaan antara semakan

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'''Pasukan''Sturmabteilung''''' ('''SA''') (nama{{IPA-de|ˈʃtʊɐ̯mʔapˌtaɪlʊŋ|listen|De-Sturmabteilung.ogg}}; ringkas bagiPasukan Sturm Abteilung)Penggempur atau jugaDetasmen dikenaliSerangan, sebagaiatau SSSeragam (dalamCoklat) bahasaberfungsi Inggerissebagai "Stormsayap Section")asal dan[[separa beberapatentera]] nama[[Parti lainNazi]]. sepertiIa stormtroopersmemainkan atauperanan brownshirts,penting telahdalam ditubuhkankebangkitan olehkuasa [[Adolf Hitler]] pada 1921.tahun Pada1920an mulanyadan SA1930an. berperananTugas-tugas sebagaiutama askarmereka peribadiialah bagimenyediakan beliau.perlindungan Biasanyabagi SAperhimpunan akandan diarahkanrapat untukumum Nazi, menganggu mesyuarat parti-partimesyuarat pembangkangpihak lawan dengan cara keganasan, sertamenentang unit-unit separa tentera pihak musuh (terutama ''[[Rotfrontkämpferbund]]''), melindungi Hitler dari sebarang serangan balas dan menakut-nakutkan rakyat Yahudi (sebagai contoh [[Boikot Nazi terhadap perniagaan Yahudi]]).
 
SA merupakan kumpulan separa tentera Nazi yang pertama membuat penganugerahan gelaran pseudo tentera kepada ahli-ahlinya. [[Ranks and insignia of the Sturmabteilung|Pangkat SA]] telah diguna pakai oleh beberapa kumpulan lain Parti Nazi, terutamanya [[SS]], iaitu cawangan asal SA. Anggota SA sering dipanggil "'''seragam coklat'''" kerana disebabkan warna [[uniform]] mereka (serupa dengan [[seragam hitam]] [[Benito Mussolini]]). Pakaian seragam berwarna coklat telah dipilih sebagai uniform SA kerana kainnya yang murah dan banyak didapati selepas [[Perang Dunia I]], yang pada asalnya ditempah semasa peperangan untuk [[Schutztruppe|pasukan kolonial]] yang bertugas di [[German colonial empire|bekas koloni Afrika Jerman]].
 
SA dilucutkan kuasa selepas Hitler mengarah "[[Malam Pisau Panjang|Penyingkiran Berdarah]]" tahun 1934. Peristiwa ini dikenali sebagai [[Malam Pisau Panjang]]. SA secara efektifnya telah digantikan oleh SS, tetapi ia tidak dibubarkan dan hanya diharamkan selepas penyerahan terakhir Reich Ketiga kepada [[kuasa Bersekutu]] pada tahun 1945.
==Sejarah Awal==
Kapten [[Ernst Rohm]] dari Tentera Bavaria memainkan tugas yang penting merekrut ahli-ahli yang baru dan merupakan pemimpin SA yang pertama.
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Apabila Roehm meninggalkan Jerman untuk bekerja di [[Bolivia]] pada 1925, jawatannya telah diambil oleh [[Heinrich Himmler]]. Namun demikian, pada 1931 Hitler memanggil balik Roehm ke Jerman untuk mengetuai SA semula. Keputusan Hitler amatlah tepat kerana dalam jangkamasa setahun, Roehm berjaya menambahkan ahli SA dari 70,000 ke 170,000 orang. Pada 1934, keahlian SA telah mencapai angka 4,500,000 orang.
 
Pasukan SA memakai jaket kelabu, pakaian berwarna cokelat (baju khaki yang pada asalnya untuk tentera di Afrika tetapi dibeli secara pukal dari Tentera Jerman oleh Parti Nazi), jalur tangan ''swastika'', topi "ski-caps", knee-breeches, stokin bulu tebal dan but perang ''combat boots''. AccompaniedDi byiringi bandsoleh ofkumpulan musicianspancaragam anddan carryingmembawa swastikabendera-bendera flagsswastika, theymereka wouldberarak paradedisepanjang through the streets ofjalan-jalan Munich. AtPada thepenghujung endbulan of the marchMac Hitler wouldmembuat makeucapan oneberapi-api ofuntuk hismenggalakkan passionatepengikut-pengikutnya speechesmelakukan thattindakan encouragedganas histerhadap supportersorang-orang toYahudi carrydan outpenentang acts of violence against Jews and his left-wingpolitik politicalsayap opponentskiri.
 
== Kejatuhan ==
 
== Selepas "penyingkiran berdarah" ==
 
== Pemimpin ==
 
== Organisasi ==
 
== Lihat juga ==
 
== Bacaan lanjut ==
* Allen, William Sheridan (1965). ''The Nazi Seizure of Power: The Experience of a Single German Town 1930–1935'', Quadrangle Books.
* Bessel, Richard (1984). ''Political Violence and The Rise of Nazism: The Storm Troopers in Eastern Germany, 1925–1934'', [[Yale University Press]], ISBN 0-300-03171-8.
* Campbell, Bruce (1998). ''The SA Generals and The Rise of Nazism'', [[University Press of Kentucky]], ISBN 0-8131-2047-0.
* Evans, Richard (2004). ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. Penguin Group.
* Evans, Richard (2005). ''The Third Reich in Power''. Penguin Group.
* Fischer, Conan (1983). ''Stormtroopers: A Social, Economic, and Ideological Analysis, 1929–35'', Allen & Unwin, ISBN 0-04-943028-9.
* Fuller, James David (1985). ''Collectors Guide to SA Insignia'', Matthäus Publishers, Postal Instant Press, ISBN 0-931065-04-6.
* Halcomb, Jill (1985). ''The SA: A Historical Perspective'', Crown/Agincourt Publishers, ISBN 0-934870-13-6.
* Hatch, Nicholas H. (trans. and ed.) (2000). ''The Brown Battalions: Hitler's SA in Words and Pictures'', Turner, ISBN 1-56311-595-6.
*{{cite book | last = Kershaw | first = Ian | title = Hitler: A Biography | author-link = Ian Kershaw | publisher = W. W. Norton & Company | location = New York | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-393-06757-6 | ref = harv }}
* Littlejohn, David (1990). ''The Sturmabteilung: Hitler's Stormtroopers 1921 – 1945'', Osprey Publishing, London.
* Manchester, William Raymond (2003). ''The Arms of Krupp, 1587–1968: The Rise and Fall of the Industrial Dynasty That Armed Germany at War'', Back Bay, ISBN 0-316-52940-0.
* Maracin, Paul (2004). ''The Night of the Long Knives: 48 Hours that Changed the History of the World'', The Lyons Press.
* {{cite book | last = McNab | first = Chris | title = The SS: 1923–1945 | publisher = Amber Books Ltd | year = 2009 | isbn = 1906626499 | ref = harv }}
* Merkl, Peter H. (1980). ''The Making of a Stormtrooper'', [[Princeton University Press]], ISBN 0-691-07620-0.
*{{cite book | last = Toland | first = John | title = Adolf Hitler | author-link = John Toland (author)| publisher = Doubleday & Company | year = 1976 | location = Garden City, New York | isbn = 0-385-03724-4 }}
 
== Pautan luar ==
In 1933, General Werner von Blomberg, Hitler's minister of war, and Walther von Reichenau, chief liaison officer between the German Army and the Nazi Party, became increasingly concerned about the growing power of the SA. Ernst Roehm had been given a seat on the National Defence Council and began to demand more say over military matters. On 2nd October 1933, Roehm sent a letter to Reichenau that said: "I regard the Reichswehr now only as a training school for the German people. The conduct of war, and therefore of mobilization as well, in the future is the task of the SA.
 
* [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=2870 Axis History Factbook{{spaced ndash}}SA]
Werner von Blomberg and Walther von Reichenau began to conspire with Hermann Goering and Heinrich Himmler against Roehm and the SA. Himmler asked Reinhard Heydrich to assemble a dossier on Roehm. Heydrich, who also feared him, manufactured evidence that suggested that Roehm had been paid 12 million marks by the French to overthrow Hitler.
* [http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERsa.htm Spartacus Educational{{spaced ndash}}Sturm Abteilung (SA)]
 
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Hitler liked Ernst Roehm and initially refused to believe the dossier provided by Heydrich. Roehm had been one of his first supporters and, without his ability to obtain army funds in the early days of the movement, it is unlikely that the Nazis would have ever become established. The SA under Roehm's leadership had also played a vital role in destroying the opposition during the elections of 1932 and 1933.
{{Nazisme}}
{{Fascisme}}
 
[[Kategori:Adolf Hitler]]
However, Adolf Hitler had his own reasons for wanting Roehm removed. Powerful supporters of Hitler had been complaining about Roehm for some time. Generals were afraid that the SA, a force of over 3 million men, would absorb the much smaller German Army into its ranks and Roehm would become its overall leader.
[[Category:Nazi SA]]
[[Category:Perang Dunia Kedua]]
[[Category:Jerman Nazi]]
[[Category:Nazi Party organizations]]
[[Category:Jerman]]
 
Industrialists, who had provided the funds for the Nazi victory, were unhappy with Roehm's socialistic views on the economy and his claims that the real revolution had still to take place. Many people in the party also disapproved of the fact that Roehm and many other leaders of the SA were homosexuals.
 
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Adolf Hitler was also aware that Roehm and the SA had the power to remove him as leader. Hermann Goering and Heinrich Himmler played on this fear by constantly feeding him with new information on Roehm's proposed coup. Their masterstroke was to claim that Gregor Strasser, whom Hitler hated, was part of the planned conspiracy against him. With this news Hitler ordered all the SA leaders to attend a meeting in the Hanselbauer Hotel in Wiesse.
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