Bahasa Palau: Perbezaan antara semakan

'''Bahasa Palau''' (juga dieja Bahasa '''Belau''') ialah salah satu daripada dua bahasa rasmi yang ditutrkan di [[Palau|Republik Palau]] (bahasa kedua ialah [[Bahasa Inggeris|Bahasa Inggeris]]). Bahasa ini tergolong dalam [[bahasa Austronesia]] dan ia juga dianggap sebagai bahasa kedua di [[Micronesia]] (yang lain adalah [[bahasa Chamorro]]) tergolong dalam kumpulan [[bahasa Melayu-Polynesia Barat]], semua bahasa yang lain di anggap ahli samaada [[bahasa Micronesian]] atau [[bahasa Samoic|pinggir (''outlier'') Polynesian]] kumpulan kecil kepada [[bahasa Melayu-Polynesia Timur]].

== Bunyian ==

The [[phoneme|phonemic]] inventory of Palauan consists of 10 consonants and 6 vowels.<ref>Only 5 vowel phonemes are listed in {{Harvard citation|Wilson|1972}} because she avoids the issue of how to treat indeterminate underlying vowels. The vowel chart here tentatively reflects the analysis of {{Harvard citation|Flora|1974}}, who treats indeterminate vowels as instances of underlying {{IPA|ə}}. Furthermore, the analysis of Palauan {{IPA|[w]}} in {{Harvard citation|Flora|1974}} treats it as a phoneme distinct from {{IPA|/u/}}, while {{IPA|[w]}} is merely an allophone of {{IPA|/u/}} according {{Harvard citation|Wilson|1972}}. The consonant chart tentatively reflects Wilson's analysis.</ref> [[phonetics|Phonetic]] charts of the vowel and consonant phonemes are provided below, utilizing the [[helpBantuan:IPA|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]].

While the phonemic inventory of Palauan is relatively small, comparatively, many phonemes contain at least two [[allophone|allophones]]s that surface as the result of various [[phonology|phonological processes]] within the language. The full phonetic inventory of consonants is given below in [[helpBantuan:IPA|IPA]] (the phonemic inventory of vowels, above, is complete).

=== Diphthongs ===

Palauan contains several [[diphthongs]] (sequences of [[vowel]]s within a single [[syllable]]). A list of diphthongs and corresponding Palauan words containing them are given below, adapted from {{Harvard citation|Zuraw|2003}}.

The extent to which it is accurate to characterize each of these vowel sequences as diphthongs has been a matter of debate, as in {{Harvard citation|Wilson|1972}}, {{Harvard citation|Flora|1974}}, {{Harvard citation|Josephs|1975}}, {{Harvard citation|Zuraw|2003}}. Nevertheless, a number of the sequences above, such as {{IPA|/ui/}}, clearly behave as diphthongs given their interaction with other aspects of Palauan phonology like stress shift and vowel reduction. Others do not behave as clearly like monosyllabic diphthongs.

== Sistem Penulisan ==

In the early 1970s, the Palau Orthography Committee worked with linguists from the [[University of Hawaii]] to devise a common [[writing system]] based on the [[Latin alphabet]].<ref>The final report of the Palau Orthography Committee was released in 1972.</ref> The resulting orthography was largely based on the "one sound/one symbol" notion of the pre-[[Noam Chomsky|Chomskyan]] [[structuralism|structuralists]], yielding an [[alphabet]] of ten native Palauan consonants (plus two double consonants), five consonants used exclusively in borrowed words, and five vowels (plus four double vowels). The 20 vowel sequences listed above under the heading '''Diphthongs''' are also all officially recognized in the orthography.

On May 10, 2007, the [http://www.palauoek.net/senate/welcome.asp Palauan Senate] passed [http://www.palauoek.net/senate/legislation/sb/sb_7-79.pdf Bill No. 7-79], which mandates that educational institutions recognize the Palauan orthography laid out in {{Harvard citation|Josephs|1997}} and {{Harvard citation|Josephs|1999}}. The bill also establishes an Orthography Commission to maintain the language as it develops as well as to oversee and regulate any additions or modifications to the current official orthography.

== Sintaksis ==

=== Susunan Perkataan ===

The [[word order]] of Palauan is usually thought to be [[Verb Object Subject|Verb-Object-Subject (VOS)]], but this has been a matter of some debate in the linguistic literature.<ref>See {{Harvard citation|Waters|1980}}, {{Harvard citation|Georgopoulos|1986}}, and {{Harvard citation|Georgopoulos|1991}} for arguments in favor of treating Palauan as VOS. cf. {{Harvard citation|Wilson|1972}} and {{Harvard citation|Josephs|1975}}, which assume an [[Subject Verb Object|SVO]] order for Palauan.</ref> Those who accept the VOS analysis of Palauan word order generally treat Palauan as a [[pro-drop language]] with preverbal [[subject (grammar)|subject]] [[agreement (linguistics)|agreement]] [[morpheme|morphemes]]s, final pronominal subjects are deleted (or [[null morpheme|null]]).

Example 1: Ak milenga er a ringngo ''pro''. (means: "I ate the apple.")

On the other hand, those who have analyzed Palauan as SVO necessarily reject the pro-drop analysis, instead analyzing the subject agreement morphemes as subject pronouns. In the preceding example, SVO-advocates assume that there is no ''pro'' and that the morpheme ''ak'' is simply an overt subject pronoun meaning "I." One potential problem with this analysis is that it fails to explain why overt (3rd person) subjects occur clause-finally in the presence of a co-referring 3rd person "subject pronoun" --- treating the subject pronouns as agreement morphemes circumvents this weakness. Consider the following example.

Example 2: Ng milenga er a ringngo a Alan. (means: "Alan ate the apple.")

== Frasa ==

Sebahagian perkataan dan frasa biasa dan berguna Bahasa Palau disenaraikan seperti dibawah dengan terjemahan Bahasa Melayu dan Bahasa Inggeris

== Nota Kaki ==

{{col-begin}}