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[[Fail:Closed captioning symbol.svg|right|thumb|[[Jack Foley]] mereka lambang "CC in a TV" ketika berkhidmat sebagai pereka grafik kanan di stesen [[WGBH-TV|WGBH]].]]
 
'''Sari kata tertutup''' atau '''kapsyen tertutup''' (dari {{lang-en|Closed captioning}}) ialah paparan sari kata pada skrin televisyen oleh komputer talian tertutup untuk membolehkan orang yang sukar mendengar membaca apa yang sedang diperkatakan dalam rancangan televisyen atau untuk memaparkan sari kata terjemahan.<ref><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 249); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;"></span>[http://prpm.dbp.gov.my/Cari1?keyword=Penyarikataan+tertutup&d=158212&#LIHATSINI Penyarikataan tertutup]. (t.t.). Dalam ''Kamus Komputer.'' Dicapai 13 Ogos 2019 dari PRPM.</ref> Ia biasanya paparkan bunyi dan pertuturan yang berlaku, dan juga perihal bukan perbualan seperti bunyi haiwan dan muzik.
'''Penyarikataan tertutup''' {{lang-en|Closed captioning}} ialah sebuah istilah yang describing proses mempaparkan [[Bahasa bertulis|teks]] pada [[televisyen]] atau [[Alat pemaparan|skrin]] [[video]] atau [[komputer]] untuk memberi maklumat penjelasan atau tambahan kepada mereka yang menginginkannya. Dalam pawagam, 'penyarikataan tertutup' merujuk kepada keupayaan mempaparkan teks sarikata kepada sebilangan ahli penonton. Sarikata tertutup biasanya mempaparkan [[transkripsi (linguistik)|transkripsi]] bahagian [[bunyi]] [[program televisyen]] atau percakapan semasa ia berlaku (samada tepat atau disunting), dan juga kadang-kala mempunyai unsur bukan percakapan seperti bunyi haiwan dan muzik.
 
== Istilah ==
 
IstilahPerkataan "''tertutup"'' dalam 'penyarikataan tertutup' bermaksud bukanpenonton semuaharus penontonaktifkannya dapatuntuk melihatnya;, hanyakerana merekaia yang ingin menyahkod atausudah mengaktifkannyadimatikan/ditutup. Ini membezakanberbeza merekadengan daripada "'penyarikataan terbuka"', (kadangyang kalaakan "terbakar"dilihat atauoleh "keras")semua penonton tanpa perlu diaktifkan. Di Malaysia, yangsari dapatkata dilihatdan semuasari penontonkata tertutup menjadi beza antara ''subtitle'' dan ''caption''.
 
Ramai tidak tahu beza antara ''subtitle'' dan ''caption''. "Subtitle" adalah untuk penonton yang dapat mendengar tetapi tidak faham sesuatu bahasa atau loghat, mahupun percakapan tidak jelas, jadi dialog dan beberapa teks di skrin disalinkan. "Caption" pula digunakan untuk bahan audio penting yang sukar didengar oleh yang kurang dengar mahupun pekak—dialog dan maklumat yang tidak disebut seperti identiti penutur malah cara mereka bercakap—juga dengan kesan bunyi menggunakan perkataan atau simbol.
Most of the world does not distinguish captions from [[sari kata]]. Di [[Amerika Syarikat]] dan [[Kanada]], these terms do have different meanings, however: "subtitles" menganggap penonton boleh mendengar tetapi tidak terfaham bahasa atau loghat, atau bahasa tidak jelas sepenuhnya, jadi hanya menyarikatakan dialog dan sebahagian teks atas-skrin. "Captions" bertujuan describe kepada golongan pekak atau kurang upaya pendengaran semua all significant audio content—spoken dialogue and non-speech information such as the identity of speakers and, occasionally, their manner of speaking—along with [[music]] or [[sound effect]]s using words or symbols.
 
[[HTML5]] menakrif ''[[sari kata]]'' sebagai "transkripsi atau terjemahan dialog ... bila bunyi wujud tetapi tidak difahami" oleh penonton (contohnya, dialog dalam bahasa asing) manakala kapsyen ialah "transkripsi atau terjemahan dialog, kesan bunyi, kiu muzik, dan apa-apa maklumat audio yang berkenaan ... bila bunyi tiada atau tidak jelas" (contohnya, jika audio dibisukan atau penonton ialah seorang yang mengalami [[Kepekakan|kesukaran pendengaran]]).<ref>W3C. (t.t.). HTML5 (4.7.9). {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606104953/http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/embedded-content-0.html|date=2013-06-06}} Dicapai 13 Ogos 2019 .</ref>
The [[United Kingdom]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], and most other countries do not distinguish between subtitles and closed captions, dan menggunakan "subtitles" sebagai istilah am—persamaan istilah "captioning" biasanya dirujuk sebagai "Sari kata bagi golongan kurang upaya pendengaran" (Subtitles for the hard of hearing). Their presence is referenced on screen by notation which says "Subtitles", atau dulunya "Subtitles 888" atau hanya "888" (dua istilah akhir merujuk kepada saluran [[teleteks]] konvensional untuk sarikata).
 
[[United Kingdom|Kerajaan Syarikat]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], [[Malaysia]] dan pelbagai negara lain tidak bezakan antara ''subtitle'' dan ''closed caption'', dan menggunakan ''subtitle'' sebagai istilah payung yang merangkumi semua sekali—"caption" biasanya digelar "sari kata bagi golongan kurang upaya pendengaran".
== Application ==
Closed captions were created for the [[deaf community]] or [[Hearing impairment|hard of hearing]] individuals to assist in comprehension. Ia juga boleh digunakan sebagai pertolongan bagi mereka yang sedang belajar membaca, mempelajari bahasa asing, atau dalam persekitaran di mana bunyi sukar didengar atau sengaja ditutup. Kapsyen juga boleh dipakai penonton yang hanya ingin membaca transkrip bersama audio program.
 
== Sejarah ==
In the United States, the [[National Captioning Institute]] noted that [[English as a foreign or second language]] (ESL) learners were the largest group buying decoders in the late 1980s and early 1990s before built-in decoders became a standard feature of US television sets. This suggested that the largest audience of closed captioning was people whose native language was not English. In the United Kingdom, of 7.5 million people using TV subtitles (closed captioning), 6 million have no hearing impairment.<ref>[http://www.ofcom.org.uk/consult/condocs/accessservs/summary/] Ofcom, UK: Television access services</ref>
===Penyarikataan terbuka===
Penyiaran bersarikata bermula pada tahun 1972 di saluran PBS dalam rancangan ''The French Chef'' .<ref name="caphist">{{cite web|url=http://www.ncicap.org/caphist.asp|title=A Brief History of Captioned Television}}</ref> [[WGBH-TV|WGBH]] kemudiannya mula menyarikatatutupkan ''[[ZOOM (Siri TV 1972)|ZOOM]]'', ''[[ABC World News Tonight]]'', dan ''[[Once Upon a Classic]]''.
 
=== Pembangunan teknikal penyarikataan tertutup ===
Sari kata tertutup pada mulanya didemonstrasikan di Nashville, Tennessee di Persidangan Nasional Pertama (Amerika Syarikat) bagi Televisyen untuk Golongan Kurang Pendengaran pada tahun 1971.<ref name="caphist" /> Demonstrasi kedua diadakan di Kolej Gallaudet (kininya [[Gallaudet University|Universiti Gallaudet]]) pada 15 Februari 1972 di mana syarikat [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] dan [[National Bureau of Standards|Biro Piawaian Nasional (AS)]] pertunjukkan sari kata yang terimbuh ke dalam siaran ''[[The Mod Squad]]''.
 
Sistem sari kata tertutup akhirnya berjaya dikodkan dan disiarkan pada tahun1973 dengan kerjasama stesen [[WETA-TV|WETA]] PBS.<ref name="caphist" /> Dengan ini, Pesuruhanjaya Komunikasi Persekutuan (FCC) pada tahun 1976 memperuntukkan baris 21 untuk penyiaran sari kata tertutup. Para jurutera PBS kemudiannya bangunkan konsol penyuntingan sari kata yang digunakan untuk menyarikatakan rancangan yang telah dirakam.
 
Sari kata masa nyata, sari kata yang digunakan untuk siaran langsung, dibangunkan pada tahun 1982.<ref name="caphist" /> Dalam situasi ini, wartawan mahkamah dilatih untuk menulis dengan kelajuan lebih daripada 225 perkataan seminit untuk memberi penonton akses langsung kepada berita, sukan dan hiburan. Dengan ini, penonton dapat lihat sari kata dalam 2–3 saat selepas ia disebut.
 
=== Penyarikataan tertutup berskala menyeluruh ===
[[:en:National_Captioning_Institute|Institut Kapsyen Negara (AS)]] ditubuhkan pada tahun 1979 untuk mendapatkan kerjasama rangkaian televisyen pengiklanan.<ref name="ncicap1">http://www.ncicap.org/caphist.asp</ref>
 
The first use of regularly scheduled uses of closed captioning on American television was on March 16, 1980. [[Sears]] had developed and sold the Telecaption adapter, a decoding unit that could be connected to a standard television set. The first programs seen with captioning were the ''ABC Sunday Night Movie'', ''Disney's Wonderful World'' on [[NBC]], and ''[[Masterpiece Theatre]]'' on [[PBS]]. The captioned Disney feature, showing at 7:00 pm EST, was the film [[Son of Flubber]], while the movie at 9:00 EST was [[Semi-Tough]].<ref>"Today on TV", ''Chicago Daily Herald'', March 11, 1980, Section 2-5</ref>
 
== Penggunaan ==
[[Fail:The Dover Boys 190613 LTPC.webm|thumb|The Dover Boys, sebuah kartun parodi 1942 dengan sari kata oleh [[:en:National_Captioning_Institute|Institut Pengapsyenan Kebangsaan Amerika Syarikat]]]]
Sari kata tertutup direka untuk golongan [[Kepekakan|pekak]] atau sukar mendengar untuk membantu dalam segi pemahaman. Ia juga boleh digunakan sebagai bahan untuk sesiapa yang mahu membaca, belajar bahasa asing, atau berada dalam suasana yang menyebabkan audio sukar didengari atau sengaja dibisukan. Ia juga boleh digunakan oleh penonton yang mahu membaca transkripsi audio di samping mendengar rancangan audio.
 
Sari kata tertutup juga digunakan di tempat-tempat awam, seperti hospital dan restoran, di mana penonton tidak dapat mendengar audio dengan jelas kerana suasana bilik, atau tempat di mana ada banyak televisyen dengan pelbagai rancangan. Video di internet kini boleh dijanakan sari katanya dengan sebuah program, namun biasanya ada banyak kesilapan dalam transkripsinya. Apabila video itu diberikan transkripsi yang betul dan sebenar, barulah sari kata tertutup dapat menjalankan tugasnya dengan betul, kemudian terbitan sari kata tersebut tersedia untuk enjin gelintar (search engine) gunakan dalam hasil carian.
Sarikata tertutup juga digunapakai di persekitaran am, seperti bars, dan restoran, dimana pelanggan mungkin tidak dapat mendengar audio atas hingar latar belakang, atau semasa pelbagai televisyen sedang mempaparkan program berbeza.
<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.dbcde.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/84710/Media_Access_Australia_-_Response_to_Media_Access_Review_2008.pdf
Baris 44 ⟶ 61:
| quote = ...will have closed captioning operating in all public areas where there are televisions with closed captioning; televisions in public areas without built-in closed captioning capability will be replaced with televisions that have such capability}}</ref>
 
== Televisyen dan video ==
Some television sets can be set to automatically turn captioning on when the volume is muted.
Untuk siaran ''langsung'', kata-kata yang disuarakan ditranskripsikan oleh seorang [[Trengkas|jurutrengkas]] menggunakan yang kemudiannya langsung dimasukkan ke dalam pengimbas (mesin stenotaip), ataupun suara mereka disalurkan ke mesin pengimbas kata (mesin stenomask), lalu ia dipaparkan pada skrin oleh komputer. Teknik ini dicipta pada zaman 70-an sebagai prakarsa, yakni inisiatif, untuk perkhidmatan [[teleteks]] [[Ceefax]] [[Perbadanan Penyiaran British|Perbadanan Penyiaran British (BBC)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://teletext.mb21.co.uk/timeline/early-ceefax-subtitling.shtml|title=mb21 - ether.net - The Teletext Museum - Timeline|work=mb21.co.uk}}</ref> Demi tujuan ini dengan kerjasama BBC, seorang siswa universiti mengambil penciptaan program penukaran fonetik-ke-teks sebagai projek selidikannya. Kadang-kadang, sari kata dalam siaran langsung, seperti berita, acara sukan, rancangan wawancara, dan sebagainya lambat beberapa saat. Ini kerana mesin tersebut tidak tahu apa yang individu itu akan katakan, jadi selepas pengujar habis bercakap barulah apa yang diperkatakannya muncul.<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/rd/pubs/whp/whp-pdf-files/WHP065.pdf</ref> Sistem pengecaman penuturan automatik kini berfungsi dengan lebih elok dan boleh dilihat dalam berbagai video di YouTube.
 
Kadang-kadang, transkripsi sudahpun ada sebelum sesuatu program disiarkan dan sari kata akan dipaparkan selepas sahaja ia disunting. Buat program yang ada campuran bahan yang tersedia dan bahan secara langsung, seperti berita, kedua-dua teknik digunakan.
== Television and video ==
For ''live'' programs, spoken words comprising the television program's [[soundtrack]] are transcribed by a human operator (a [[Speech-to-text reporter]]) using [[stenotype]] or [[stenomask]] type of machines, whose phonetic output is instantly translated into text by a computer and displayed on the screen. This technique was developed in the 1970s as an initiative of the [[BBC]]'s [[Ceefax]] [[teletext]] service.<ref>http://teletext.mb21.co.uk/timeline/early-ceefax-subtitling.shtml</ref> In collaboration with the BBC, a university student took on the research project of writing the first phonetics-to-text conversion program for this purpose. Sometimes, the captions of live broadcasts, like news bulletins, sports events, live entertainment shows, and other live shows fall behind by a few seconds. This delay is because the machine does not know what the person is going to say next, so after the person on the show says the sentence, the captions appear.<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/rd/pubs/whp/whp-pdf-files/WHP065.pdf</ref> Automatic computer speech recognition now works well when trained to recognize a single voice, and so since 2003, the BBC does live subtitling by having someone re-speak what is being broadcast.
 
Untuk rancangan yang telah dirakam, seperti iklan, audio ditranskripsikan dan sari kata disediakan, diaturkan dan dikenakan waktunya terdahulu.
In some cases, the transcript is available beforehand and captions are simply displayed during the program after being edited. For programs that have a mix of pre-prepared and live content, such as news bulletins, a combination of the above techniques is used.
 
Untuk semua jenis penyiaran [[NTSC]], sari kata dikodkan ke dalam [[:en:EIA-608|EIA-608]] atau baris 21 dalam tempoh padaman tegak (VBI) - sebahagian gambar TV yang duduk di atas bahagian yang dapat dilihat dan biasanya ia tidak terlihat. Untuk penyiaran [[ATSC]] ([[televisyen digital]]), tiga jalur dikodkan ke dalam video: dua daripadanya boleh gunakan sari kata baris 21", dan yang ketiga terdiri daripada 63 jalur sari kata tambahan yang dikodkan ke dalam format [[:en:EIA-708|CEA-708]].<ref name="atsc.org2">{{cite web|url=http://www.atsc.org/faq/faq_closed.html|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2008-05-31|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080901221032/http://www.atsc.org/faq/faq_closed.html|archivedate=2008-09-01|df=}} - ATSC Closed Captioning FAQ ([http://www.evertz.com/resources/cc-imp-paper.pdf cached copy])</ref>
For prerecorded programs, commercials, and home videos, audio is transcribed and captions are prepared, positioned, and timed in advance.
 
Ada dua kaedah yang lazim digunakan dalam penyarikataan tertutup:
Bagi semua jenis program [[NTSC]], captions are "encoded" into [[EIA-608|Baris 21]] of the [[vertical blanking interval]] – a part of the TV picture that sits just above the visible portion dan biasanya tidak dapat dilihat. Bagi [[Piawaian ATSC|ATSC]] ([[digital television]]) programming, three streams are encoded in the video: two are backward compatible Line 21 captions, and the third is a set of up to 63 additional caption streams encoded in [[EIA-708]] format.<ref name="atsc.org">[http://www.atsc.org/faq/faq_closed.html] - ATSC Closed Captioning FAQ ([http://www.evertz.com/resources/cc-imp-paper.pdf cached copy])</ref>
 
* '''Bertatal''' atau '''menggulung''': Perkataan dipaparkan secara bergulung atau bertatal dari kiri ke kanan, sebaris demi sebaris. Ia biasanya muncul di bahagian bawah skrin, tetapi boleh diaturkan untuk berada di tempat lain untuk mengelak sebarang teks atau gambar bertindih dengannya. Kaedah ini digunakan untuk menyarikatakan video secara langsung, di mana fail sari kata tidak tersedia terlebih dahulu.
Captioning is transmitted and stored differently in [[PAL]] and [[SECAM]] countries, where [[teletext]] is used rather than Line 21,{{Whom?|date=April 2010}} but the methods of preparation are similar. For home videotapes, a variation of the Line 21 system is used in PAL countries.{{Attribution needed|date=April 2010}} Teletext captions can't be stored on a standard VHS tape (due to limited bandwidth), although they are available on [[S-VHS]] tapes and DVDs.
 
[[File:Closed_Caption_Demonstration_Still-Felix.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Caption_Demonstration_Still-Felix.png|thumb|225x225px|A still frame showing simulated closed captioning in the pop-on style]]
For older televisions, a set-top box or other decoder is usually required. In the US, since the passage of the Television Decoder Circuitry Act, manufacturers of most television receivers sold have been required to include closed captioning display capability. High-definition TV sets, receivers, and [[TV tuner card|tuner cards]] are also covered, though the technical specifications are different. (High-definition display screens, as opposed to high-definition TVs, may lack captioning.) Canada has no similar law, but receives the same sets as the US in most cases.
 
* '''Memuncul''' atau '''memblok''': Sari kata muncul secara lengkap dan boleh diikuti dengan sari kata tambahan. Kaedah ini digunakan apabila sari kata berkenaan diambil dari fail pengantara (seperti format fail Scenarist atau EBU STL) untuk program yang sudah dirakam, dan biasanya dihasilkan di pusat penyarikataan. Kaedah ini boleh dipertambahtepatkan dengan perisian pengecaman suara, dan jika digunakan untuk acara langsung, masih akan ada kelewatan tetapi pada video untuk mengelak kelewatan pada pemaparan sari kata di skrin, yang berlaku pada sari kata langsung berkod-Teletext.
There are three styles of Line 21 closed captioning:{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}}
 
Sesuatu program video boleh ada kedua-dua sari kata bertatal dan memuncul (mis., bertatal untuk penceritaan dan memuncul untuk lirik lagu pop). Simbol muzik (kadangkala tanda syap atau '♯' di UK, Ireland dan Australia) digunakan untuk menanda lirik muzik atau muzik latar belakang. Biasanya, lirik ditulis dahulu kemudian diikuti dengan not muzik (atau tanda pagar, '#'), sementara judul lagu ditulis dalam kurungan sama seperti kesan bunyi. Standard dan piawai berbeza mengikut negara dan syarikat.
*'''Roll-up''' or '''scroll-up''' or '''scrolling''': The words appear from left to right, up to one line at a time; when a line is filled, the whole line scrolls up to make way for a new line, and the line on top is erased. The captions usually appear at the bottom of the screen, but can actually be placed anywhere to avoid covering graphics or action. This method is used for live events, where a sequential word-by-word captioning process is needed.
 
Untuk rancangan siaran langsung, beberapa [[drama lipur lara]], dan rancangan yang menggunakan kaedah bertatal, penyarikataan Line 21 menggunakan simbol '>>' untuk menunjukkan penutur lain (nama penutur kadangkala disertakan sekali) dan '>>>' dalam laporan berita untuk menyatakan rencana baru. Dalam beberapa situasi, '>>' bermaksud satu individu sedang bercakap dan '>>>' bermaksud dua atau ramai orang sedang bercakap. Hurud besar sering digunakan kerana kebanyakan rupa huruf (''font'') penyahkod sari kata di rumah tidak mempunyai garis bawah—baris yang terdapat pada bahagian bawah huruf-huruf kecil—seperti huruf j, p, q dan y, tetapi hampir kesemua TV moden mempunyai set aksara sari kata dengan garis bawah. Teks boleh dicondongkan, dan pelbagai penggayaan mampu dilakukan. Sari kata juga boleh dipaparkan dalam pelbagai warna tetapi jarang digunakan. Di Kerajaan Syarikat, Malaysia, [[Australia]] dan New Zealand gunakan ia untuk perbezaan pertuturan, misalnya bahasa Melayu dalam warna putih dan Mandarin dalam warna kuning.
[[Image:Closed Caption Demonstration Still-Felix.png|thumb|225px|A still frame showing simulated closed captioning in the pop-on style]]
*'''Pop-on''' or '''pop-up''' or '''block''': A caption appears anywhere on the screen as a whole, followed by another caption or no captions. This method is used for most pre-taped television and film programming. One error for some programs that use this style is a white space will appear at the beginning of the program. Another is when the screen momentarily will, as if it was the "roll up" style, type random letters on screen, and then revert back to normal. Also, the capitalization varies based on the caption provider. Though most of the time they're all capitalized, some caption providers will have capital and lower case letters.
 
=== Format penyarikataan ===
*'''Paint-on''': The caption, whether it be a single word or a line, appears on the screen letter-by-letter from left to right, but ends up as a stationary block like pop-on captions. Rarely used, it is most often seen in very first captions when little time is available to read the caption or in "overlay" captions added to an existing caption.
Contoh Perkhidmatan Akses Televisyen New Zealand dan Red Bee Media untuk BBC dan Australia:<pre style="color:#004000;">
I got the machine ready.</pre><pre style="color:red;"> ENGINE STARTING
(speeding away)
</pre>Contoh IMS UK untuk ITV dan Sky:<pre style="color:red;">
(man) I got the machine ready. (engine starting)
</pre>Contoh Perkhidmatan Akses WGBH AS:<pre>
MAN: I got the machine ready.
(engine starting)
</pre>Contoh [[:en:National_Captioning_Institute|Institut Kapsyen Negara]] AS:<pre>
I GOT THE MACHINE READY.
</pre>Contoh pembekal AS lain:<pre>
I GOT THE MACHINE READY.
[engine starting]
</pre>Contoh siaran umum bergulung AS masa nyata:<pre>
>> Man: I GOT THE MACHINE READY.
[engine starting]
</pre>Contoh siaran umum bergulung bukan AS masa nyata:<pre style="color:#808000;">
MAN: I got the machine ready.
(ENGINE STARTING)
</pre>
 
==== Sintaksis ====
A single program may include scroll-up and pop-on captions (e.g., scroll-up for [[narrator|narration]] and pop-on for song lyrics). A musical note symbol ([[sharp sign]] in UK, Ireland and Australia) is used to indicate song [[lyrics]] or background music. Generally, lyrics are preceded and followed by music notes (or hash signs), while song titles are bracketed like a sound effect. Standards vary from country to country and company to company.
Bagi penyarikataan masa nyata yang dilakukan di luar pusat penyarikataan, sintaksis berikut digunakan:
 
* '>>' (dua tanda 'lebih besar daripada' di hadapan dialog) menyatakan perubahan penutur secara tunggal.
For live programs, some [[soap opera]]s, and other shows captioned using scroll-up, Line 21 caption text include the symbols '>>' to indicate a new speaker (the name of the new speaker sometimes appears as well), and '>>>' in news reports to identify a new story. In some cases, '>>' means one person is talking and '>>>' means two or more people are talking. Capitals are frequently used because many older home caption decoder fonts had no [[descender]]s for the lowercase letters g, j, p, q, and y, though virtually all modern TVs have caption character sets with descenders. Text can be [[italic type|italicized]], among a few other style choices. Captions can be presented in different colors as well. Coloration is rarely used in North America, but can sometimes be seen on music videos on [[MTV]] or [[VH-1]], and in the captioning's production credits. More often, coloration is used in the United Kingdom, Ireland, [[Australia]] and New Zealand for speaker differentiation.
** Kadangkala digabungkan dengan nama penutur dalam petak alternatif (jika huruf besar guna huruf kecil dan sebegitunya), diikuti dengan titik bertindih.
* '>>>' (tiga tanda 'lebih besar daripada' di hadapan dialog) menyatakan perubahan pada rencana berita atau penutur secara majmuk.
 
Penggayaan sintaksis yang digunakan oleh pelbagai penerbit sari kata tertutup:
There were many shortcomings in the original Line 21 specification from a [[typography|typographic]] standpoint, since, for example, it lacked many of the characters required for captioning in languages other than English. Since that time, the core Line 21 character set has been expanded to include quite a few more characters, handling most requirements for languages common in North and South America such as [[French language|French]], [[spanish language|Spanish]], and [[portuguese language|Portuguese]], though those extended characters are not required in all decoders and are thus unreliable in everyday use. The problem has been almost eliminated with the [[EIA-708]] standard for digital television, which boasts a far more comprehensive character set.
 
* Huruf besar menyatakan dialog utama dan nama penutur.
Captions are often edited to make them easier to read and to reduce the amount of text displayed onscreen. This editing can be very minor, with only a few occasional unimportant missed lines, to severe, where virtually every line spoken by the actors is condensed. The measure used to guide this editing is words per minute, commonly varying from 180 to 300, depending on the type of program. Offensive words are also captioned, but if the program is censored for TV broadcast, the broadcaster might not have arranged for the captioning to be edited or censored also. The "TV Guardian", a [[television]] [[set top box]], is available to parents who wish to censor offensive language of programs–the video signal is fed into the box and if it detects an offensive word in the captioning, the audio signal is bleeped or muted for that period of time.
** Rupa huruf dalam penyahkod sari kata [[EIA-608]] Legacy tidak mempunyai garis bawah pada huruf kecil.
** Di luar Amerika Utara, huruf besar dengan warna latar menunjukkan judul lagu atau menyatakan kesan bunyi.
** Di luar Amerika Utara, huruf besar dengan latar hitam atau tiada menunjukkan tegasan pada perkataan.
* Huruf kecil menunjukkan bunyi latar belakang dan dialog di luar pandangan skrin.
** Kebanyakan penerbit sari kata kini, seperti [[WGBH-TV]], gunakan [[Kapitalisasi|petak (huruf besar dan kecil) campuran]] untuk dialog pada dan luar pandangan skrin.
* '-' (sempang di hadapan baris) menandakan perubahan dalam penutur tunggal (digunakan oleh [[CaptionMax]]).
* Kata-kata dalam bentuk condong menunjukkan apabila suatu perkataan ditekankan atau ditegaskan dan apabila nama-nama tempat sebenar dipetik.
** Penggayaan condong dan tebal hanya disokong oleh [[:en:EIA-608|EIA-608]].
** Beberapa pembekal sari kata Amerika Utara gunakan ini untuk dialog pencerita.
* Pewarnaan teks menunjukkan penghargaan untuk penyari kata dan penajaan.
** Sekali sekala ia digunakan untuk kesan [[karaoke]] untuk video muzik di [[MTV]] atau [[VH1|VH-1]].
** Dalam negara-negara yang mengguna Ceefax/Teletext, ia menunjukkan perubahan pada penutur tunggal, menggantikan '>>'.
** Beberapa negara yang mengguna Teletext gunakan warna untuk menunjukkan tekanan atau tegasan pada perkataan.
** Warna hanya terhad kepada putih, hijau, biru, sian, merah, kuning dan ungu/magenta.
** Susunan teks mengikut warna di [[Britania Raya|KS]] ialah putih, hijau, sian, kuning; dan warna latar pula ialah hitam, merah, biru, ungu, dan putih.
** Susunan teks mengikut warna di [[Amerika Syarikat|AS]] ialah putih, kuning, sian, hijau; dan warna latar pula ialah hitam, biru, merah, ungu, dan putih.
* Kurungan biasa '()' dan kurungan siku '[]' menandakan judul lagu atau maklumat kesan bunyi.
* Kurungan biasa menandakan nada suara penutur mis., (lelaki), (wanita), (budak lelaki), (budak perempuan).
** Di semua tempat kecuali Amerika Utara, tanda kurung biasa menandakan aksi bisu.
* Sepasang kuaver '🎵' digunakan untuk mengurung [[lirik]] lagu dan menandakan nyanyian.
** Sepasang kuaver pada baris sari kata tanpa teks menandakan muzik instrumental.
** Di semua tempat kecuali Amerika Utara, sejunjung tanda pagar '#' digunakan pada hadapan lirik untuk menandakan nyanyian.
** Satu aksara muzik tambahan dilekat di hujung baris terakhir lirik untuk menandakan penghujung lagu tersebut.
** Oleh kerana simbol kuaver tidak disokong [[Ceefax]]/[[Teleteks]], tanda pagar '#' digunakan untuk menggantikan tanda syap '♯'.
 
==== Segi teknikal ====
== Conversations ==
Ada banyak kekurangan dalam tentuan Baris 21 yang asal menurut segi tipografi, kerana, sebagai contoh, ia kekurangan banyak aksara yang diperlukan untuk menyari kata bahasa-bahasa lain melainkan Inggeris. Sejak itu, aksara asas Baris 21 telahpun diperluaskan untuk menampung lebih sedikit aksara, untuk bahasa yang biasa digunakan di Amerika Utara dan Selatan seperti [[Bahasa Perancis|Perancis]], [[Bahasa Sepanyol|Sepanyol]], dan [[Bahasa Portugis|Portugis]], tetapi tidak semua penyahkod dapat faham aksara-aksara tersebut maka ia tidak boleh diperharapkan untuk kegunaan awam. Masalah ini hampir seluruhnya selesai dengan standard [[EIA-708]] untuk televisyen digital, yang memperagakan bidang aksara yang jauh lebih luas.
Software programs are now available that automatically generate a closed-captioning of conversations. Examples of such conversations include discussions in conference rooms, classroom lectures, and/or religious services. One such example of an available product is Auditory Sciences' Interact-AS product suite.<ref>http://www.auditorysciences.com Auditory Sciences website</ref>
 
Sari kata biasanya disunting untuk mudah dibaca dan kurangkan bilangan teks yang terpapar. Penyuntingan ini boleh jadi secara skala kecil, dengan membuang seberapa baris yang tidak penting, hingga pada skala yang besar, di mana hampir kesemua percakapan yang diungkap oleh pelakon dipenggal. Ukuran yang digunakan untuk mengendali penyuntingan ini ialah perkataan per minit, biasanya pada lingkungan 180 hingga 300, mengikut jenis penyiaran. Kata-kata kesatjuga disarikatakan, tetapi kalau penyiaran tersebut telah ditapis untuk penyiaran awam, penyiar mungkin tidak suruh sari kata disunting atau ditapis pula. "TV Guardian", sebuah [[kotak atas set]] [[televisyen]] seperti [[Astro (televisyen satelit)|ASTRO]], ada untuk ibu bapa yang ingin unsur-unsur lucah ditapis untuk kanak-kanak mereka—isyarat siaran dimasukkan ke dalam kotak tersebut dan jika ia kenal kata-kata lucah dalam sari kata, isyarat audio akan ditapis dengan mengenakan bunyi bip seberapa lamanya mereka sebut perkataan tersebut.
== Saluran sari kata ==
[[Image:Cc3tout.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Telemundo bug touting CC1 and CC3 captions.]]
Strim data Baris 21 boleh mengandungi data dari pelbagai saluran yang di[[multipleks]] bersama. Medan 1 mempunyai empat saluran data: dua sarikata (CC1, CC2) dan dua teks (T1, T2). Medan 2 mempunyai lima saluran data tambahan: dua sarikata (CC3, CC4), dua teks (T3, T4), dan [[Extended Data Services]] (XDS) (Perkhidmatan data tambahan). Struktur data XDS didefinisikan dalam CEA–608.
 
== Dalam perbualan ==
Oleh kerana CC1 dan CC2 berkongsi jaluran, jika terdapat banyak data dalam CC1, terdapat sedikit ruang data dalam CC2. Sama juga dengan CC3 dan CC4 yang berkongsi medan kedua baris 21. Segelintir pennyahkod sarikata menyokong CC1 dan CC2, sarikata bahasa kedua lazimnya dimasukkan dalam CC2. Ini mengakibatkan masalah jaluran, dan pensyoran U.S. [[Federal Communications Commission]] (FCC) (Suruhanjaya Komunikasi Kebangsaan Amerika Syarikat) terkini adalah program dwibahasa patut meletakkan sarikata bahasa kedua dalam CC3.[[Telemundo]], contohnya, memberi [[Telemundo#Sarikata bahasa Inggeris|sarikata bahasa Inggeris]] bagi pelbagai program bahasa Sepanyolnya dalam CC3.
Kini, atur cara perisian yang dapat menjana sari kata tertutup untuk perbualan sudah wujud. Contoh situasi perbualan ia boleh digunakan ialah dalam bilik persidangan, bilik darjah/syarahan, dan tujuan keagamaan seperti khutbah. Contoh produk seperti ini ialah ''Interact-AS'' yang dibangunkan oleh Auditory Science.<ref>http://www.auditorysciences.com Auditory Sciences website</ref>
 
== DVDsDVD ==
Bagi [[NTSC]], DVDsDVD mayboleh carrymempunyai closedsari captionskata intertutup dalam bingkisan data packetssaluran of thevideo MPEG-2 videodalam streams inside of thefail Video-TS folder. Setelah Once played out ofdata theisyarat analog outputsdipancar ofdari aatas set toppemain DVD player, thedata captionsari datakata isditukarkan convertedke toformat the LineBaris 21 format.<ref>http://www.dvddemystified.com/dvdfaq.html#3.4</ref> TheyIa aredisampaikan sentke totelevisyen thedengan TVpemain bytersebut thedan playerboleh anddipaparkan candengan bepenyahkod displayedtelevisyen withatau apenyahkod TV'sluar built-in decoder or a set-top decoder as usualtelevisyen. WhenApabila vieweddigunakan ondalam a personal computer captionkomputer, data cansari bekata viewedboleh bydilihat softwaredengan thatperisian canyang readdapat andmembaca decodedan thenyahkod captionbingkisan data packets in thesaluran MPEG-2 streamsdalam of thecakera DVD-Video disc. BothKedua-dua Windows Media Player (before pra-[[Windows 7]]) anddan Apple'spemain DVD PlayerApple havedapat themembaca abilitydan tonyahkodkan read and decode caption dataia.
 
Media [[HD DVD]] dan [[cakera Blu-ray]] tidak dapat menampung sari kata tertutup Baris 21 kerana tentuan reka bentuk [[High-Definition Multimedia Interface|Antara Muka Multimedia Definisi Tinggi]] (HDMI) direka untuk menggantikan standard analog dan digital yang lama, seperti Tatasusunan Grafik Video (VGA), S-Video, dan [[DVI]]. Cakera Blu-ray dan HD DVD boleh gunakan sari kata peta bit DVD atau 'sari kata tinggi' untuk membawa sari kata jenis SDH, yang berdasarkan format teks XML yang mengandungi rupa hurud, penggayaan dan maklumat pemosisi dan juga pewakilan unicode untuk teks tersebut. Sari kata tinggi juga boleh mengandungi ciri-ciri tambahan seperti "audio deskriptif".
In addition to Line 21 closed captions, video DVDs may also carry subtitles as a bitmap overlay which can be turned on and off via a set top DVD player or DVD player software, just like captions. This type of captioning is usually carried in a subtitle track labeled either "English for the hearing impaired" or, more recently, "SDH" (Subtitled for the Deaf and Hard of hearing).<ref>http://www.dvddemystified.com/dvdfaq.html#1.45</ref> Many popular Hollywood DVD-Videos can carry both subtitles and closed captions (see Stepmom DVD by Columbia Pictures). On some DVDs, the Line 21 captions may contain the same text as the subtitles; on others, only the Line 21 captions include the additional non-speech information (even sometimes song lyrics) needed for deaf and hard of hearing viewers. European Region 2 DVDs do not carry Line 21 captions, and instead list the subtitle languages available—English is often listed twice, one as the representation of the dialogue alone, and a second subtitle set which carries additional information for the deaf and hard of hearing audience. (Many deaf/HOH subtitle files on DVDs are reworkings of original teletext subtitle files.)
 
[[HD DVD]] and [[Blu-ray disc]] media cannot carry Line 21 closed captioning due to the design of [[High-Definition Multimedia Interface]] (HDMI) specifications that were designed to replace older analog and digital standards, such as [[VGA]], S-Video, and DVI. Both Blu-ray disc and HD DVD can use either DVD bitmap subtitles (with extended definition) or 'advanced subtitles' to carry SDH type subtitling, the latter being an XML based textual format which includes font, styling and positioning information as well as a unicode representation of the text. Advanced subtitling can also include additional media accessibility features such as "descriptive audio".
 
== Filem ==
Baris 104 ⟶ 164:
 
== Permainan video ==
The infrequent appearance of closed captioning in [[:en:Video_game|video games]] became a problem in the 1990s as games began to commonly feature voice tracks, which in some cases contained information which the player needed in order to know how to progress in the game.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=June 1997|title=Letters|url=https://archive.org/stream/NextGeneration30Jun1997/Next_Generation_30_Jun_1997#page/n134|magazine=[[Next Generation (magazine)|Next Generation]]|publisher=[[Imagine Media]]|issue=30|page=133}}</ref> Closed captioning of video games is becoming more common. One of the first video game companies to feature closed captioning was [[:en:Bethesda_Softworks|Bethesda Softworks]] in their 1990 release of ''Hockey League Simulator'' and ''[[:en:The_Terminator_2029|The Terminator 2029]]''.{{cn|date=October 2018}} Infocom also offered ''[[:en:Zork_Grand_Inquisitor|Zork Grand Inquisitor]]'' in 1997.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://garydrobson.com/2014/09/10/captioning-computer-games/|title=Captioning Computer Games|last=Robson|first=Gary|year=1998}}</ref> Many games since then have at least offered subtitles for spoken dialog during [[:en:Cutscene|cutscenes]], and many include significant in-game dialog and sound effects in the captions as well; for example, with subtitles turned on in the ''[[:en:Metal_Gear_Solid|Metal Gear Solid]]'' series of stealth games, not only are subtitles available during cut scenes, but any dialog spoken during real-time gameplay will be captioned as well, allowing players who can't hear the dialog to know what enemy guards are saying and when the main character has been detected. Also, in many of developer [[:en:Valve_Corporation|Valve Corporation]]'s video games (such as ''[[:en:Half-Life_2|Half-Life 2]]'' or ''[[:en:Left_4_Dead|Left 4 Dead]]''), when closed captions are activated, dialog and nearly all sound effects either made by the player or from other sources (e.g. gunfire, explosions) will be captioned.
Penyarikata tertutupan [[permainan video]] semakin menjadi lazim. Antara permainan video pertama feature penyarikataan tertutup sebenar adalah [[Zork Grand Inquisitor]] pada 1997.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.captioncentral.com/articles/newswaves/newswaves9810.html |title=Captioning Computer Games |last=Robson |first=Gary |year=1998 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060320095440/http://www.captioncentral.com/articles/newswaves/newswaves9810.html |archivedate=2006-03-20 |publisher=Caption Central}}</ref> Sejak itu pelbagai permainan telah sekurang-kurangnya memberi sarikata untuk dialog percakapan semasa cut scenes, dan kebanyakan juga menyarikatakan dialog dalam-permainan penting dan kesan bunyi; contohnya, dengan pengaktifan sarikata dalam permainan siri [[Metal Gear Solid]] series of stealth games, bukan saja cut scenes disarikatakan, tetapi juga apa-apa dialog yang dikatakan semasa bermain akan disarikatakan. Ini membolehkan pemain yang tidak dapat mendengar dialog mengetahui apa yang dikatakan pegawai keselamatan musuh dan apabila watak utama telah dilihat. Also, in many of developer [[Valve (developer)|Valve]]'s video games (seperti ''[[Half-Life 2]]'' atau ''[[Left 4 Dead]]''), semasa sarikata tertutup diaktifkan, hampir semua kesan bunyi dan dialog yang dihasilkan pemain atau punca lain (contohnya: tembakan senjata, letupan) akan disarikatakan.
 
Video games don't offer Line 21 captioning, decoded and displayed by the television itself but rather a built-in subtitle display, more akin to that of a DVD. The game systems themselves have no role in the captioning either:; each game must have its subtitle display programmed individually.
 
Reid Kimball, a game designer who is hearing impaired, is attempting to educate game developers about closed captioning for games. Reid started the [http://gamescc.rbkdesign.com/ Games<nowiki>[CC]</nowiki>] group to closed caption games and serve as a research and development team to aid the industry. Kimball designed the Dynamic Closed Captioning system,{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}} writes articles, and speaks at developer conferences. Games[CC]'s first closed captioning project called Doom3[CC] was nominated for an award as [http://www.igf.com/php-bin/entries2006.php?entry_id=207 Best Doom3 Mod of the Year] for IGDA's Choice Awards 2006 show.
<br />
 
==Online Video Streaming==
Baris 135 ⟶ 196:
== HDTV interoperability issues ==
=== Americas ===
The US [[ATSC Standards|ATSC]] [[HDTV]] system originally specified two different kinds of closed captioning datastream standards—the original (available by [[EIA-608|Line 21]]) and another more modern version encoded in [[MPEG-2]], the [[CEA-708]] standard.<ref name="atsc.org">[http://www.atsc.org/faq/faq_closed.html] - ATSC Closed Captioning FAQ ([http://www.evertz.com/resources/cc-imp-paper.pdf cached copy])</ref> The US FCC mandates that broadcasters deliver (and generate, if necessary) both datastream formats.<ref name="atsc.org" /> The Canadian CRTC has not mandated that broadcasters either broadcast both datastream formats or exclusively in one format.
 
==== Incompatibility issues with HDTV ====
Baris 161 ⟶ 222:
=== DTV standard captioning improvements ===
The CEA-708 specification provides for dramatically improved captioning
 
* An enhanced character set with more accented letters and non-Latin letters, and more special symbols
* Viewer-adjustable text size (called the "caption volume control" in the specification), allowing individuals to adjust their TVs to display small, normal, or large captions
Baris 168 ⟶ 230:
* Higher bandwidth, to allow more data per minute of video
* More language channels, to allow the encoding of more independent caption streams
 
As of 2009, however, most closed captioning for DTV environments is done using tools designed for analog captioning (working to the CEA-608 NTSC spec rather than the CEA-708 DTV spec). The captions are then run through transcoders made by companies like EEG Enterprises or Evertz, which convert the analog Line 21 caption format to the digital format. This means that none of the CEA-708 features are used unless they were also contained in CEA-608.
 
Baris 182 ⟶ 245:
Other non-linear editing systems indirectly support closed captioning only in Standard Definition line-21. Video files on the editing timeline must be composited with a line-21 VBI graphic layer known in the industry as a "blackmovie" with closed caption data.<ref>http://www.cpcweb.com/nle/</ref> Alternately, video editors working with the DV25 and DV50 firewire workflows must encode their DV .avi or .mov file with VAUX data which includes CEA-608 closed caption data.
 
<br />
== Sejarah ==
===Penyarikataan terbuka===
Regular open captioned broadcasts began on [[PBS]]’s ''[[The French Chef]]'' in 1972.<ref name="caphist">{{cite web|url=http://www.ncicap.org/caphist.asp|title=A Brief History of Captioned Television}}</ref> [[WGBH-TV|WGBH]] began open captioning of ''[[ZOOM (Siri TV 1972)|ZOOM]]'', ''[[ABC World News Tonight]]'', dan ''[[Once Upon a Classic]]'' shortly thereafter.
 
=== Pembangunan teknikal penyarikataan tertutup ===
Closed captioning was first demonstrated at the First National Conference on Television for the Hearing Impaired in Nashville, Tennessee in 1971.<ref name="caphist" /> A second demonstration of closed captioning was held at Gallaudet College (now [[Gallaudet University]]) on February 15, 1972 where [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] and the [[National Bureau of Standards]] demonstrated closed captions embedded within a normal broadcast of ''[[The Mod Squad]]''.
 
The closed captioning system was successfully encoded and broadcast in 1973 with the cooperation of PBS station [[WETA-TV|WETA]].<ref name="caphist" /> As a result of these tests, the FCC in 1976 set aside line 21 for the transmission of closed captions. PBS engineers then developed the caption editing consoles that would be used to caption prerecorded programs.
 
Real-time captioning, a process for captioning live broadcasts, was developed in 1982.<ref name="caphist" /> In real-time captioning, court reporters trained to write at speeds of over 225 words per minute give viewers instantaneous access to live news, sports and entertainment. As a result, the viewer sees the captions within two to three seconds of the words being spoken.
 
=== Full-scale closed captioning ===
The National Captioning Institute was created in 1979 in order to get the cooperation of the commercial television networks.<ref name="ncicap1">http://www.ncicap.org/caphist.asp</ref>
 
The first use of regularly scheduled uses of closed captioning on American television was on March 16, 1980. [[Sears]] had developed and sold the Telecaption adapter, a decoding unit that could be connected to a standard television set. The first programs seen with captioning were the ''ABC Sunday Night Movie'', ''Disney's Wonderful World'' on [[NBC]], and ''[[Masterpiece Theatre]]'' on [[PBS]]. The captioned Disney feature, showing at 7:00 pm EST, was the film [[Son of Flubber]], while the movie at 9:00 EST was [[Semi-Tough]].<ref>"Today on TV", ''Chicago Daily Herald'', March 11, 1980, Section 2-5</ref>
 
=== Legislative development in the U.S. ===
Until the passage of the Television Decoder Circuitry Act of 1990, television captioning was performed by a set-top box manufactured by Sanyo Electric and marketed by The National Captioning Institute (NCI). Through discussions with the manufacturer it was established that the appropriate circuitry integrated into the television set would be less expensive than the stand-alone box, and a Sanyo employee provided expert witness testimony on behalf of Sanyo and Gallaudet University in support of the passage of the bill. On January 23, 1991, the [[Television Decoder Circuitry Act of 1990]] was passed by US Congress.<ref name="caphist" /> This Act gave the [[Federal Communications Commission]] (FCC) power to enact rules on the implementation of Closed Captioning. This Act required all analog television receivers with screens of at least 13&nbsp;inches or greater, either sold or manufactured, to have the ability to display closed captioning by July 1, 1993.<ref>{{cite web|title=Television Decoder Circuitry Act of 1990|url=http://www.access-board.gov/sec508/guide/1194.24-decoderact.htm}}</ref>
 
Also in 1990, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) was passed to ensure equal opportunity for persons with disabilities.<ref name="ncicap1"/> The ADA prohibits discrimination against persons with disabilities in public accommodations or commercial facilities. Title III of the ADA requires that public facilities, such as hospitals, bars, shopping centers and museums (but not movie theaters), provide access to verbal information on televisions, films or slide shows.
 
The [[Telecommunications Act of 1996]] expanded on the Decoder Circuity Act to place the same requirements on [[digital television]] receivers by July 1, 2002.<ref>{{cite web|title=FCC Consumer Facts on Closed Captioning|url=http://www.fcc.gov/cgb/consumerfacts/closedcaption.html}}</ref> All TV programming distributors in the U.S. are required to provide closed caption for Spanish language video programming as of January 1, 2010.<ref>{{cite web|title=Part 79 &ndash; Closed Captioning of Video Programming|url=http://www.fcc.gov/cgb/dro/captioning_regs.html}}</ref>
 
A bill, H.R. 3101, the Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act of 2010, was passed by the United States House of Representatives in July 2010, and was signed by President [[Barack Obama]] on October 8, 2010. The Act requires, in part, for HDTV-decoding set-top box remotes to have a button to turn on or off the closed captioning in the output signal. It also requires broadcasters to provide captioning for television programs redistributed on the web.<ref>{{cite web|title=Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act of 2010|year=2010|url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h111-3101}}</ref>
 
=== Legislative development di Australia ===
Kerajaan Australia provided seed funding in 1981 bagi pertubuhan Australian Caption Centre (ACC) (Pusat Sarikata Australia) dan pembelian perkakas. Captioning by the ACC commenced in 1982 and a further grant from the Australian government enabled the ACC to achieve and maintain financial self-sufficiency. The ACC, sekarang dikenali sebagai [[Media Access Australia]], sold its commercial captioning division to [[Red Bee Media]] pada Disember 2005. Red Bee Media continues to provide captioning services to Australia sehingga kini.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.dbcde.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/84710/Media_Access_Australia_-_Response_to_Media_Access_Review_2008.pdf
| title = Submission to DBCDE’s investigation into Access to Electronic Media for the Hearing and Vision Impaired
| accessdate = 2009-02-07
| author = Alex Varley, Chief Executive, Media Access Australia
| date = June 2008
| format = PDF
| publisher = Media Access Australia
| location = Australia
| pages = 12, 18, 43
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.mediaaccess.org.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=359&Itemid=100
| title = About Media Access Australia
| accessdate = 2009-02-07
| publisher = Media Access Australia
| location = Australia
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.redbeemedia.com.au/aboutus-australia.html
| title = About Red Bee Media Australia
| accessdate = 2009-02-07
| publisher = Red Bee Media Australia Pty Limited
| location = Australia
}}</ref>
 
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