Negrito: Perbezaan antara semakan
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Sesetengah populasi Negrito adalah Haplogrup D-M174*, iaitu satu cabang [[Haplogrup D-M174|D-M174]] di kalangan suku Kepulauan Andaman, dan juga [[Haplogrup O-P31]] yang juga umum ditemui di kalangan Negrito yang bertutur dalam [[bahasa-bahasa Austroasiatik]] seperti [[Maniq]] dan [[Semang]] di Malaysia.<ref>Craniodental Affinities of Southeast Asia's "Negritos" and the Concordance with Their Genetic Affinities by David Bulbeck 2013</ref> Suku [[Orang Onge|Onge]] dan semua suku Kepulauan Adamanan hanya tergolong dalam [[Haplogrup M (mtDNA)|Haplogrup mitokondrion M]] (keturunan [[Haplogrup L3 (mtDNA)|haplogrup DNA L3]] yang lazimnya ditemui di Afrika). Haplogrup M juga merupakan tanda persamaan utama puak-puak Negrito lain dari Thailand dan Malaysia dan juga [[Pribumi Australia]] and [[Orang Papua|Papua]].<ref name="thangaraj2002">{{Citation | title=Genetic Affinities of the Andaman Islanders, a Vanishing Human Population | author=Kumarasamy Thangaraj, [[Lalji Singh]], Alla G. Reddy, V. Raghavendra Rao, Subhash C. Sehgal, Peter A. Underhill, Melanie Pierson, Ian G. Frame, and Erika Hagelberg | year=2002 | access-date=2008-11-16 | url=http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/CB_2002_p1-18.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029071336/http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/CB_2002_p1-18.pdf | archive-date=29 October 2008 | url-status=dead}}</ref> Hasil dapatan tadi disahkan oleh analisis mtDNA yang diwarisi dari sebelah saka sahaja. Kesemua orang Onge tergolong dalam mDNA M yang hanya terdapat pada suku Onge.<ref name="endicott2003">{{Citation | title=The Genetic Origins of the Andaman Islanders | author1=M. Phillip Endicott | author2=Thomas P. Gilbert | author3=Chris Stringer | author4=Carles Lalueza-Fox | author5=Eske Willerslev | author6=Anders J. Hansen | author7=Alan Cooper | year=2003 | access-date=2009-04-21 | url=http://www.dna.gfy.ku.dk/course/papers/B2.endicott.pdf | journal=American Journal of Human Genetics | volume=72 | issue=1 | pages=178–184 | pmid=12478481 | doi=10.1086/345487 | pmc=378623 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Reich">{{cite journal|last=Reich|first=David|author2=Kumarasamy Thangaraj |author3=Nick Patterson |author4=Alkes L. Price |author5=Lalji Singh |title=Reconstructing Indian Population History|journal=Nature|volume=461|issue=7263|pages=489–494|doi=10.1038/nature08365|date=24 September 2009|pmid=19779445|pmc=2842210|bibcode=2009Natur.461..489R}}</ref> M merupakan haplogrup mtDNA yang paling umum didapati di Asia.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Ghezzi | display-authors = etal | year = 2005 | title = Mitochondrial DNA haplogroup K is associated with a lower risk of Parkinson's disease in Italians | journal = European Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 13 | issue = 6| pages = 748–752 | doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201425 | pmid=15827561| doi-access = free }}</ref>
▲A 2009 study by the [[Anthropological Survey of India]] and the [[Texas Biomedical Research Institute]] identified seven genomes from 26 isolated "relic tribes" from the Indian mainland, such as the [[Baiga tribe]], which share "two synonymous polymorphisms with the [[Haplogrup M (mtDNA)|M42 haplogrup]], which is specific to [[Indigenous Australians|Australian Aborigines]]". These were specific [[Human mitochondrial genetics|mtDNA]] mutations that are shared exclusively by Australian aborigines and these Indian tribes, and no other known human groupings.<ref name="bmc2009ksg">{{Citation|author1=Satish Kumar|title=Reconstructing Indian-Australian phylogenetic link|date=22 July 2009|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=9|page=173|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-9-173|pmc=2720955|pmid=19624810|quote=In our completely sequenced 966-mitochondrial genomes from 26 relic tribes of India, we have identified seven genomes, which share two synonymous polymorphisms with the M42 haplogroup, which is specific to Australian Aborigines ... direct genetic evidence of an early colonization of Australia through south Asia|author2=Rajasekhara Reddy Ravuri|author3=Padmaja Koneru|author4=BP Urade|author5=BN Sarkar|author6=A Chandrasekar|author7=VR Rao}}</ref>
Bulbeck (2013) menunjukkan bahawa mtDNA saka Andaman adalah [[Haplogrup M (mtDNA)|Haplogrup mitokondrion M]] sepenuhnya.<ref name="Bulbeck" /><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Ghezzi | display-authors = etal | year = 2005 | title = Mitochondrial DNA haplogroup K is associated with a lower risk of Parkinson's disease in Italians | journal = European Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 13 | issue = 6| pages = 748–752 | doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201425 | pmid=15827561| doi-access = free }}</ref> [[Super-Haplogrup M (mtDNA)|Super-haplogrup M]] bertaburan di seluruh [[Asia]], di mana ia mewakili 60% daripada semua keturunan saka.<ref name="petraglia2007">{{Citation | title=The evolution and history of human populations in South Asia |author1=Michael D. Petraglia |author2=Bridget Allchin | publisher=Springer | year=2007 | isbn=978-1-4020-5561-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm9GfjNlnRwC | quote=... As haplogroup M, except for the African sub-clade M1, is not notably present in regions west of the Indian subcontinent, while it covers the majority of Indian mtDNA variation ...}}</ref> Y-DNA mereka tergolong dalam haplogrup D yang hanya terdapat di Asia Tengah, Jepun dan Tibet di luar Kepulauan Andaman.<ref name="thangaraj2002" />
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[[File:A young Onge mother with her baby.jpg|thumb|upright|Seorang ibu muda [[Onge]] bersama bayinya ([[Kepulauan Andaman]], [[British Raj|India]], 1905)]]
This has often been interpreted to the effect that they are remnants of the original expansion from Africa some 70,000 years ago. Studies in osteology, cranial shape and dental morphology have connected the Semang to Australoid populations, while connecting the Andamanese to Africans in craniometry and to South Asians in dental morphology, and Philippine Negritos to Southeast Asians. A possible conclusion of this is that the dispersal of mitochondrial haplogrup B4a1a is connected to the distinction between Philippine and other Negritos.<ref name="Bulbeck">{{cite journal|last=Bulbeck|first=David|title=Craniodental Affinities of Southeast Asia's "Negritos" and the Concordance with Their Genetic Affinities|journal=Human Biology|date=November 2013|volume=85|issue=1|url=http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2053&context=humbiol|doi=10.3378/027.085.0305|pages=95–134|pmid=24297222|s2cid=19981437}}</ref> However, another study suggests that the Onge (indigenous to Little Andaman) are more closely related to Southeast Asian Negritos, Melanesians, and Southeast Asians than they are to present-day South Asians, and that the Great Andamanese (of the northern Andamans, as opposed to the Onge or other Andamanese groups) "appear to have received a degree of relatively recent admixture from adjacent regional populations but also share a significant degree of genetic ancestry with Malaysian negrito groups".<ref name="Chaubey_and_Endicott">{{Cite journal|last1=Chaubey|first1=Gyaneshwer|last2=Endicott|first2=Phillip|date=2013-02-01|title=The Andaman Islanders in a regional genetic context: reexamining the evidence for an early peopling of the archipelago from South Asia|journal=Human Biology|volume=85|issue=1–3|pages=153–172|doi=10.3378/027.085.0307|issn=1534-6617|pmid=24297224|s2cid=7774927|url=https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2055&context=humbiol}}</ref>▼
[[File:PCA of Orang Asli and Andamanese with world populations in HGDP.png|thumb|left|Principal Component analysis of Australo-Melanesians with world populations (Aghakhanian et al. 2015)]]A recent genetic study found that unlike other early groups in [[Oceania]], Andamanese Negritos lack [[Denisovan#Interbreeding|Denisovan hominin admixture]] in their DNA. Denisovan ancestry is found among indigenous Melanesian and Aboriginal Australian populations at between 4–6%.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Reich | display-authors = etal | year = 2011 | title = Denisova Admixture and the First Modern Human Dispersals into Southeast Asia and Oceania | journal = The American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 89| issue = 4| pages = 516–528| doi = 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.09.005 | pmid = 21944045 | pmc=3188841}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|quote=About 3% to 5% of the DNA of people from Melanesia (islands in the southwest Pacific Ocean), Australia and New Guinea as well as aboriginal people from the Philippines comes from the Denisovans.|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/12/09/health/oldest-human-dna/|title=Oldest human DNA found in Spain – Elizabeth Landau's interview of Svante Paabo|publisher=CNN|date=2013-12-09}}</ref>▼
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Some studies have suggested that each group should be considered separately, as the genetic evidence refutes the notion of a specific shared ancestry between the "Negrito" groups of the Andaman Islands, the Malay Peninsula, and the Philippines.<ref>{{citation |url=http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/msl124v1.pdf |title=Phylogeography and Ethnogenesis of Aboriginal Southeast Asians |author1=Catherine Hill |author2=Pedro Soares |author3=Maru Mormina |author4=Vincent Macaulay |author5=William Meehan |author6=James Blackburn |author7=Douglas Clarke |author8=Joseph Maripa Raja |author9=Patimah Ismail |author10=David Bulbeck |author11=Stephen Oppenheimer |author12=Martin Richards |year=2006 |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |doi=10.1093/molbev/msl124 |pmid=16982817 |volume=23 |issue=12 |pages=2480–91 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409132033/http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/msl124v1.pdf |archive-date=9 April 2008|doi-access=free }}</ref> Indeed, this sentiment is echoed in a more recent work from 2013 which concludes that "at the current level of genetic resolution ... there is no evidence of a single ancestral population for the different groups traditionally defined as 'negritos'.<ref name="Chaubey_and_Endicott" />▼
[[File:PCA of Orang Asli and Andamanese with world populations in HGDP.png|thumb|left|Analisis Principal Component terhadap orang Australo-Melanesia dengan populasi dunia (Aghakhanian et al. 2015)]]
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Chaubey et al. 2013 notes that the Andamanese people are closely related to other Negrito populations as well as [[Melanesians]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chaubey, Gyaneshwer|last2=Endicott, Phillip|date=2013|title=The Andaman Islanders in a Regional Genetic Context: Reexamining the Evidence for an Early Peopling of the Archipelago from South Asia|url=https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/humbiol/vol85/iss1/7|journal=Human Biology|language=en|volume=85|issue=1|pages=153–72|issn=0018-7143|doi=10.3378/027.085.0307|pmid=24297224|s2cid=7774927}}</ref>▼
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Kajian 2014 tentang sejarah populasi Asia Tenggara mendapati bahawa kebanyakan populasi Negrito di rantau berkenaan terdapat percampuran Eurasia Timur (Austronesia dan Austroasiatik) yang agak ketara, iaitu dalam 30% hingga 50% keturunan mereka.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Reconstructing Austronesian population history in Island Southeast Asia |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2014/05/27/005603.full.pdf|last1=Lipson|display-authors=etal|date=2014-05-27|accessdate=2021-05=29}}</ref>
▲Chaubey et al. 2013
===Antropologi fizikal===
[[File:Ati woman.jpg|thumb|Wanita [[Orang Ati|Ati]] di [[Kalibo]], Filipina, 2006]]
Berdasarkan persamaan luaran dengan sebilangan ciri-ciri fizikal seperti susuk badan rendah, kulit gelap, bulu jarang, dan ada kalanya [[steatopygia]] (bentuk punggung dan paha yang besar dan montok) – ada yang berpendapat bahawa Negrito seasal dengan suku [[Pigmi Afrika|Pigmi]] dari Afrika Tengah. Teori ini disokong oleh dakwaan bahawa [[orang Andaman]] lebih menyerupai pigmi Afrika daripada lain-lain populasi Austronesia dari segi morfologi
Pelbagai kajian juga menunjukkan bahawa Negrito berkongsi kesamaan
==Catatan==
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