Kontra-kebudayaan pada 1960an

Kontra-kebudayaan pada 1960an merujuk kepada sebuah fenomena kebudayaan anti-pendirian yang mula-mula berkembang di British Raya dan Amerika Syarikat (AS) dan kemudian tersebar di seluruh dunia Barat pada awal 1960an dan pertengahan 1970an, dengan London, New York City, dan San Francisco menjadi titik panas dari kegiatan kontra-kebudayaan awal. Gerakan agregasi tersebut mencapai momentum semasa Gerakan Hak Awam Amerika makin bertumbuh, dan menjadi revolusioner dengan perkembangan campur tangan ketenteraan ekstensif kerajaan AS di Vietnam.^[3]^[4]^[5] Semasa 1960an berjalan, merebaknya ketegangan sosial yang berkembang berkaitan masalah-masalah lainnya, dan mengelilingi tuntutan-tuntutan berkait keseksualan manusia, hak asasi wanita, mod berkuasa tradisional, eksperimentasi dengan ubat-ubatan psikoaktif, dan tafsiran berbeza terhadap Mimpi Amerika. Beberapa gerakan penting berkait masalah tersebut lahir dan memajukan kontra-kebudayaan pada 1960an.

Rujukan sunting

^ Liungman, Carl (1991). Dictionary of Symbols. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. m/s. 253. ISBN 0-87436-610-0.
^ Westcott, Kathryn (March 20, 2008). "World's best-known protest symbol turns 50". bbc.co.uk. BBC. Dicapai pada June 10, 2014.
^ Hirsch, E. D. (1993). The Dictionary of Cultural Literacy. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-65597-9. p. 419. "Members of a cultural protest that began in the U.S. in the 1960s and affected Europe before fading in the 1970s ... fundamentally a cultural rather than a political protest."
^ Anderson, Terry H. (1995). The Movement and the Sixties. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-510457-8.
^ Landis, Judson R., penyunting (1973). Current Perspectives on Social Problems (ed. Third). Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing Co. m/s. 2. ISBN 0-534-00289-7. Culture is the "social heritage" of society. It includes the complex set of learned and shared beliefs, customs, skills, habits, traditions, and knowledge common to the members of society. Within a culture, there may be subcultures made up of specific groups that are somewhat separate from the rest of society because of distinct traits, beliefs, or interests.

Bacaan tambahan sunting

Jackson, Rebecca. "The 1960s: A Bibliography". Iowa State University Library.
Lemke-Santangelo, Gretchen (2009). Daughters of Aquarius: Women of the Sixties Counterculture. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-1633-6.
Reich, Charles A. (1995) [1970]. The Greening of America (ed. 25th anniversary). Three Rivers Press. ISBN 978-0-517-88636-6.
Roche, Nancy McGuire, "The Spectacle of Gender: Representations of Women in British and American Cinema of the Nineteen-Sixties" (PhD dissertation. Middle Tennessee State University, 2011). DA3464539.
Roszak, Theodore (1968). The Making of a Counter Culture. University of California.
Street, Joe, "Dirty Harry's San Francisco," The Sixties: A Journal of History, Politics, and Culture, 5 (June 2012), 1–21.
"American Experience: Primary Resources: Truth about Indochina, 1954". PBS.
Shribman, David (November 9, 2013). "If JFK had lived". Pittsburg Post-Gazette.
Roberts, Sam (September 21, 2008). "A Spy Confesses, and Still Some Weep for the Rosenbergs". New York Times. Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (bantuan)
Weber, Bruce (March 24, 2011). "Leonard I. Weinglass, Lawyer, Dies at 77; Defended Renegades and the Notorious". New York Times. Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (bantuan)
Perrone, James E. (2004). Music of the Counterculture Era. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-313-32689-4.
Miller, Richard J. (2013). "Timothy Leary's liberation, and the CIA's experiments! LSD's amazing, psychedelic history (Excerpt)". Salon.com. Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (bantuan)
Weekes, Julia Ann (October 31, 2008). "Warhol's Pop Politics". Smithsonian Magazine. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2009-09-27. Dicapai pada 2018-01-02.
Rasmussen, Cecilia (August 5, 2007). "Closing of club ignited the 'Sunset Strip riots'". Los Angeles Times.
Kitchell, Mark, Berkeley in the Sixties (1990 Film Documentary), Libra Films

Pautan luar sunting

[1] Liungman, Carl (1991). Dictionary of Symbols. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. m/s. 253. ISBN 0-87436-610-0.

[2] Westcott, Kathryn (March 20, 2008). "World's best-known protest symbol turns 50". bbc.co.uk. BBC. Dicapai pada June 10, 2014.

[3] Hirsch, E. D. (1993). The Dictionary of Cultural Literacy. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-65597-9. p. 419. "Members of a cultural protest that began in the U.S. in the 1960s and affected Europe before fading in the 1970s ... fundamentally a cultural rather than a political protest."

[4] Anderson, Terry H. (1995). The Movement and the Sixties. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-510457-8.

[5] Landis, Judson R., penyunting (1973). Current Perspectives on Social Problems (ed. Third). Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing Co. m/s. 2. ISBN 0-534-00289-7. Culture is the "social heritage" of society. It includes the complex set of learned and shared beliefs, customs, skills, habits, traditions, and knowledge common to the members of society. Within a culture, there may be subcultures made up of specific groups that are somewhat separate from the rest of society because of distinct traits, beliefs, or interests.

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